國(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)化組(zu)織(International Organization for Standardization,簡稱為(wei)ISO)成立于1947年(nian),是標準(zhun)化領域(yu)中的一(yi)個國(guo)際(ji)組(zu)織,該組(zu)織自我定(ding)義為(wei)非政(zheng)府組(zu)織,官方語言(yan)是英語、法(fa)語和俄語。ISO一(yi)來(lai)源于希臘語“ISOS”,其意為(wei)“平(ping)等”。
ISO現有165個成(cheng)員(yuan)包括各會(hui)員(yuan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的國(guo)(guo)(guo)家標(biao)準機構和(he)主要工(gong)業(ye)和(he)服務業(ye)企業(ye),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家標(biao)準化管理委員(yuan)會(hui)(由(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家市場監督管理總(zong)局管理)于1978年加入ISO,在2008年10月的第(di)31屆國(guo)(guo)(guo)際化標(biao)準組織大會(hui)上(shang),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)正式成(cheng)為ISO的常任(ren)理事國(guo)(guo)(guo)。
ISO負責當(dang)今(jin)世界上多數領域(yu)(包(bao)括軍工、石油、船舶(bo)等壟斷行業)的(de)標準(zhun)化(hua)活動(dong),通過2856個(ge)技術(shu)結構(gou)(含技術(shu)委員會611個(ge)、工作組2022個(ge)、特別(bie)工作組38個(ge))開展(zhan)技術(shu)活動(dong)。
全體大會(hui)是(shi)ISO最高權(quan)力(li)機構;理事(shi)會(hui)是(shi)ISO重(zhong)要決策(ce)機構;中央秘書處是(shi)ISO日常(chang)辦事(shi)機構,設(she)在瑞(rui)士日內瓦,現有170名職員,由秘書長領導。
國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準化組織(zhi)的前身是國(guo)家標(biao)準化協(xie)(xie)會國(guo)際(ji)(ji)聯(lian)合(he)(he)會和(he)聯(lian)合(he)(he)國(guo)標(biao)準協(xie)(xie)調委員會。1946年10月(yue),25個國(guo)家標(biao)準化機構的代表在(zai)倫敦召開大會,決定成(cheng)立(li)新的國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準化機構,定名為ISO。大會起(qi)草(cao)(cao)了ISO的第(di)一個章(zhang)程和(he)議事規則,并認可通過了該章(zhang)程草(cao)(cao)案。1947年2月(yue)23日,國(guo)際(ji)(ji)標(biao)準化組織(zhi)正式成(cheng)立(li)。
國(guo)際標準化(hua)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)全稱(cheng)(International Organization for standardization)和縮寫(ISO)不(bu)完(wan)全一致。事實上,“ISO”是(shi)一個詞源,它(ta)引自希(xi)臘語,意思是(shi)“同等(deng)”。從“同等(deng)”到“標準”,將“ISO”作為組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)名稱(cheng)的(de)(de)思路就顯得很順理成(cheng)章。另(ling)外,ISO作為一個名稱(cheng)在全世界被用(yong)來代表該組(zu)織(zhi),這(zhe)樣就避免了各成(cheng)員團(tuan)體(ti)用(yong)不(bu)同國(guo)家(jia)語言將“國(guo)際標準化(hua)組(zu)織(zhi)”轉(zhuan)成(cheng)首字母(mu)縮寫時(shi)出現的(de)(de)不(bu)同情(qing)況,無論在哪個國(guo)家(jia),該組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)縮寫一直是(shi)“ISO”。
國(guo)際標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化組(zu)(zu)織的目的和宗旨是:“在全世界范(fan)圍內促進標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化工(gong)作(zuo)的開展,以便于國(guo)際物(wu)資交(jiao)流和服務,并擴大在知識、科學、技術和經濟方(fang)面的合(he)作(zuo)。”其主要活動是制定國(guo)際標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),協調(diao)世界范(fan)圍的標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化工(gong)作(zuo),組(zu)(zu)織各(ge)成(cheng)員和技術委員會進行(xing)情(qing)報(bao)交(jiao)流,與其他國(guo)際組(zu)(zu)織進行(xing)合(he)作(zuo),共同研(yan)究(jiu)有(you)關標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化問題。
ISO的任務(wu)是(shi)推動全世界標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化和相關活(huo)動的發展,目的在(zai)于(yu)方便物品和服務(wu)的國際交換,進(jin)一步加強在(zai)知(zhi)識、科學(xue)、技術和經濟領域的合作。ISO形成(cheng)的國際協議作為國際標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)出版(ban)。ISO的第一個標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)《工業長度測(ce)量標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)參(can)考溫(wen)度》于(yu)1951年出版(ban)。
ISO其成員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)由來自(zi)世(shi)界(jie)上100多(duo)個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)團體(ti)組(zu)成,代(dai)表中國(guo)(guo)參加(jia)ISO的國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)管理委(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)。ISO與國(guo)(guo)際電(dian)工(gong)委(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(IEC)有(you)密切的聯(lian)(lian)系,中國(guo)(guo)參加(jia)IEC的國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構也是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)管理委(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)。ISO和IEC作(zuo)(zuo)為一個(ge)整體(ti)擔負著(zhu)(zhu)制訂(ding)全球(qiu)協商一致的國(guo)(guo)際標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的任務,ISO和IEC都是(shi)非(fei)政府機(ji)(ji)(ji)構,它(ta)(ta)們制訂(ding)的標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)實(shi)質上是(shi)自(zi)愿性的,這(zhe)就意味著(zhu)(zhu)這(zhe)些標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)必須是(shi)優(you)秀的標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun),它(ta)(ta)們會(hui)給(gei)工(gong)業(ye)和服務業(ye)帶來收益(yi),所以他們自(zi)覺使用這(zhe)些標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。ISO和IEC不(bu)是(shi)聯(lian)(lian)合國(guo)(guo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構,但它(ta)(ta)們與聯(lian)(lian)合國(guo)(guo)的許多(duo)專門機(ji)(ji)(ji)構保持(chi)技(ji)術聯(lian)(lian)絡關系。ISO和IEC有(you)約1000個(ge)專業(ye)技(ji)術委(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)和分(fen)委(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui),各會(hui)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)國(guo)(guo)以國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)為單(dan)位參加(jia)這(zhe)些技(ji)術委(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)和分(fen)委(wei)(wei)(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)的活(huo)動(dong)。ISO和IEC還有(you)約3000個(ge)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)組(zu),ISO、IEC每(mei)年制訂(ding)和修訂(ding)1000個(ge)國(guo)(guo)際標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。
ISO的組織(zhi)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)分(fen)為非(fei)常設機(ji)(ji)構(gou)和(he)常設機(ji)(ji)構(gou)。ISO的最高權力機(ji)(ji)構(gou)是ISO全(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(General Assembly),是ISO的非(fei)常設機(ji)(ji)構(gou)。1994年(nian)以前(qian),全(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)每3年(nian)召開(kai)(kai)(kai)一(yi)次。全(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)召開(kai)(kai)(kai)時,所有ISO團體(ti)(ti)成員(yuan)、通信(xin)成員(yuan)、與ISO有聯(lian)絡關(guan)系的國際組織(zhi)均派代(dai)表(biao)與會(hui)(hui),每個成員(yuan)有3個正式代(dai)表(biao)的席位,多于3位的代(dai)表(biao)以觀(guan)察員(yuan)的身份與會(hui)(hui);全(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)的規(gui)模(mo)大(da)(da)(da)約200~260人。大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)的主要議程包括年(nian)度報告中涉及(ji)的有關(guan)項(xiang)目的活(huo)動情況、ISO的戰略(lve)計劃以及(ji)財政情況等。ISO中央秘(mi)書處(chu)承(cheng)擔全(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)、全(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)設立的4個政策(ce)制(zhi)定委員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)、理事會(hui)(hui)、技術(shu)管理局和(he)通用標準化(hua)原理委員(yuan)會(hui)(hui)的秘(mi)書處(chu)的工作。自(zi)1994年(nian)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)根據ISO新章程,ISO全(quan)體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)改(gai)為一(yi)年(nian)一(yi)次。
ISO的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)官(guan)員有(you)5位,他們是:ISO主(zhu)席(xi)(President);ISO副(fu)主(zhu)席(xi)(政策)(Vice President,Policy),ISO副(fu)主(zhu)席(xi)(技術)(Vice President,Technical Management);ISO司庫(Treasurer);ISO秘(mi)書(shu)長(chang)(Secretary—General),所有(you)主(zhu)要(yao)官(guan)員由理(li)事會任命,享有(you)終身任期;ISO秘(mi)書(shu)長(chang)負責主(zhu)持(chi)ISO的(de)日常工作。
ISO的組織結構如下:
全體(ti)大會 主要官員(yuan) 成員(yuan)團體(ti) 通信成員(yuan)
捐助成員(yuan) 政策發展(zhan)委員(yuan)會 理事會 ISO中央秘書處(chu)
特別咨(zi)詢(xun)組(zu) 技術(shu)管理處 標樣委員會 技術(shu)咨(zi)詢(xun)組(zu)
技術委(wei)員(yuan) 合格評定委(wei)員(yuan)會(CASCO)
消費(fei)者(zhe)政策委員會(COPOLCO)
發展中國家事務委員會(DEVCO)
信(xin)息系統(tong)和服務委員會(INFCO)特別咨詢小組(zu)技(ji)術管理局
技術委員(yuan)會TC 理事會 中(zhong)央秘(mi)書處 ISO全體大會
國(guo)際(ji)標準由技(ji)術(shu)委(wei)員會(hui)(TC)和分技(ji)術(shu)委(wei)員會(hui)(SC)經過六(liu)個階段形成:
申請階段
預備階段
委員會階段
審查階段
批準階段
發布階段
成員名單
截止2020年8月,ISO共有165個成員。
Country A2 Code Country A3 Code Country Code No. Country Name (English) Standards Body ISO Status
AF AFG 004 Afghanistan ANSA Correspondent Member
AL ALB 008 Albania DPS Correspondent Member
DZ DZA 012 Algeria IANOR Member Body
AD AND 020 Andorra IRAM Member Body
AO AGO 024 Angola IANORQ Correspondent Member
AG ATG 028 Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Subscriber Member
AR ARG 032 Argentina IRAM Member Body
AM ARM 051 Armenia SARM Member Body
AU AUS 036 Australia SA Member Body
AT AUT 040 Austria ON Member Body
AZ AZE 031 Azerbaijan AZSTAND Member Body
BS BHS 044 Bahamas -
BH BHR 048 Bahrain BMSD Member Body
BD BGD 050 Bangladesh BSTI Member Body
BB BRB 052 Barbados BNSI Member Body
BY BLR 112 Belarus BELST Member Body
BE BEL 056 Belgium NBN Member Body
BZ BLZ 084 Belize -
BJ BEN 204 Benin CEBENOR Correspondent Member
BT BTN 064 Bhutan SQCA Correspondent Member
BO BOL 068 Bolivia IBNORCA Correspondent Member
BA BIH 070 Bosnia & Herzegovina BASMP Member Body
BW BWA 072 Botswana BOBS Member Body
BR BRA 076 Brazil ABNT Member Body
BN BRB 096 Brunei Darussalam CPRU Correspondent Member
BG BGR 100 Bulgaria BDS Member Body
BF BFA 854 Burkina Faso FASONORM Correspondent Member
BI BDI 108 Burundi BBN Subscriber Member
KH KHM 116 Cambodia ISC Subscriber Member
CM CMR 120 Cameroon CDNQ Correspondent Member
CA CAN 124 Canada SCC Member Body
CV CPV 132 Cape Verde -
CF CAF 140 Central African Republic -
TD TCD 148 Chad -
CL CHL 52 Chile INN Member Body
CN CHN 156 China SAC Member Body
CO COL 170 Colombia ICONTEC Member Body
KM COM 174 Comoros -
CG COG 178 Congo, Republic of the -
CD(ZR) COD 180 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) OCC Member Body
CR CRI 188 Costa Rica INTECO Member Body
CI CIV 384 C?te d'Ivoire CODINORM Member Body
HR HRV 191 Croatia HZN Member Body
CU CUB 192 Cuba NC Member Body
CY CYP 196 Cyprus CYS Member Body
CZ CZE 203 Czech Republic CNI Member Body
DK DNK 208 Denmark DS Member Body
DJ DJI 262 Djibouti -
DM DMA 212 Dominica DBOS Subscriber Member
DO DOM 214 Dominican Republic DIGINOR Correspondent Member
EC ECU 218 Ecuador INEN Member Body
EG EGY 818 Egypt EOS Member Body
SV SLV 222 El Salvador CONACYT Correspondent Member
GQ GNQ 226 Equatorial Guinea -
ER ERI 232 Eritrea ESI Correspondent Member
EE EST 233 Estonia EVS Correspondent Member
ET ETH 231 Ethiopia QSAE Member Body
FJ FJI 242 Fiji FTSQCO Member Body
FI FIN 246 Finland SFS Member Body
FR FRA 250 France AFNOR Member Body
GA GAB 266 Gabon CNTT Correspondent Member
GM GMB 270 Gambia, The -
GE GEO 268 Georgia GEOSTM Correspondent Member
DE DEU 276 Germany DIN Member Body
GH GHA 288 Ghana GSB Member Body
GR GRC 300 Greece ELOT Member Body
GD GRD 308 Grenada -
GT GTM 320 Guatemala COGUANOR Correspondent Member
GN GIN 324 Guinea INNM Correspondent Member
GW GNB 624 Guinea-Bissau DSNPQ Correspondent Member
GY GUY 328 Guyana GNBS Subscriber Member
HT HTI 332 Haiti -
HN HND 340 Honduras COHCIT Subscriber Member
HK HKG 344 Hong Kong, China ITCHKSAR Correspondent Member
HU HUN 348 Hungary MSZT Member Body
IS ISL 352 Iceland IST Member Body
IN IND 356 India BIS Member Body
ID IDN 360 Indonesia BSN Member Body
IR IRN 364 Iran, Islamic Republic of ISIRTI Member Body
IQ IRW 368 Iraq COSQC Member Body
IE IRL 372 Ireland NSAI Member Body
IL ISR 376 Israel SII Member Body
IT ITA 380 Italy UNI Member Body
JM JAM 388 Jamaica JBS Member Body
JP JPN 392 Japan JISC Member Body
JO JOR 400 Jordan JISM Member Body
KZ KAZ 398 Kazakhstan KAZMEMST Member Body
KE KEN 404 Kenya KEBS Member Body
KI KIR 296 Kiribati -
KP PRK 408 Korea, Democratic People's Republic CSK Member Body
KR KOR 410 Korea, Republic of KATS Member Body
KW KWT 414 Kuwait KOWSMD Member Body
KG KGZ 417 Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZST Correspondent Member
LA LAO 418 Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic) DISM Subscriber Member
LV LVA 428 Latvia LVS Correspondent Member
LB LBN 422 Lebanon LIBNOR Member Body
LS LSO 426 Lesotho LSQAS Subscriber Member
LR LBR 430 Liberia -
LY LBY 434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LNCSM Member Body
LI LIE 438 Liechtenstein -
LT LTU 440 Lithuania LST Correspondent Member
LU LUX 442 Luxembourg SEE Member Body
MO MAC 446 Macau (Macau China) CPTTM Correspondent Member
MK MKD 807 Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of ISRM Member Body
MG MDG 450 Madagascar BNM Correspondent Member
MW MWI 454 Malawi MBS Correspondent Member
MY MYS 458 Malaysia DSM Member Body
MV MDV 462 Maldives -
ML MLI 466 Mali MLIDNI Correspondent Member
MT MLT 470 Malta MSA Member Body
MH MHL 584 Marshall Islands -
MR MRT 478 Mauritania -
MU MUS 480 Mauritius MSB Member Body
MX MEX 484 Mexico DGN Member Body
FM FSM 583 Micronesia, Federated States Of -
MD MDA 498 Moldova, Republic of MOLDST Correspondent Member
MC MCO 492 Monaco -
MN MNG 496 Mongolia MASM Member Body
(YS)- - Montenegro ISME Correspondent Member
MA MAR 504 Morocco SNIMA Member Body
MZ MOZ 508 Mozambique INNOQ Correspondent Member
MM MMR 104 Myanmar MSTRD Correspondent Member
NA NAM 516 Namibia NSIQO Correspondent Member
NR NRU 520 Nauru -
NP NPL 524 Nepal NBSM Correspondent Member
NL NLD 528 The Netherlands NEN Member Body
NZ NZL 554 New Zealand SNZ Member Body
NI NIC 558 Nicaragua DTNM Correspondent Member
NE NER 562 Niger DNQM Correspondent Member
NG NGA 566 Nigeria SON Member Body
NO NOR 578 Norway SN Member Body
OM OMN 512 Oman DGSM Member Body
PK PAK 586 Pakistan PSQCA Member Body
PW PLW 585 Palau -
PS PSE 275 Palestinian State PSI Correspondent Member
PA PAN 591 Panama COPANIT Member Body
PG PNG 598 Papua New Guinea NISIT Correspondent Member
PY PRY 600 Paraguay INTN Correspondent Member
PE PER 604 Peru INDECOPI Member Body
PH PHL 608 The Philippines BPS Member Body
PL POL 616 Poland PKN Member Body
PT PRT 620 Portugal IPQ Member Body
QA QAT 634 Qatar QS Member Body
RO ROU 642 Romania ASRO Member Body
RU RUS 643 Russian Federation GOST R Member Body
RW RWA 646 Rwanda RBS Correspondent Member
KN KNA 659 St. Kitts & Nevis -
LC LCA 662 St. Lucia SLBS Member Body
VC VCT 670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVGBS Subscriber Member
WS WSM 882 Samoa -
SM SMR 674 San Marino -
ST STP 678 S?o Tomé & Príncipe -
SA SAU 682 Saudi Arabia SASO Member Body
SN SEN 686 Senegal ASN Correspondent Member
CS SCG 891 Serbia ISS Member Body
SC SYC 690 Seychelles SBS Correspondent Member
SL SLE 694 Sierra Leone -
SG SGP 702 Singapore SPRING SG Member Body
SK SVK 703 Slovakia SUTN Member Body
SI SVN 705 Slovenia SIST Member Body
SB SLB 090 Solomon Islands -
SO SOM 706 Somalia -
ZA ZAF 710 South Africa SABS Member Body
ES ESP 724 Spain AENOR . Member Body
LK LKA 144 Sri Lanka SLSI Member Body
SD SDN 736 Sudan SSMO Member Body
SR SUR 740 Suriname SSB Subscriber member
SZ SWZ 748 Swaziland SQAS Correspondent Member
SE SWE 752 Sweden SIS Member Body
CH CHE 756 Switzerland SNV Member Body
SY SYR 760 Syrian Arab Republic SASMO Member Body
TW TWN 158 Taiwan(Province of China)
TJ TJK 762 Tajikistan TJKSTN Correspondent Member
TZ TZA 834 Tanzania, United Republic of TBS Member Body
TH THA 764 Thailand TISI Member Body
TL(TP) TLS 206 Timor Leste, Democratic Republic of (East Timor) -
TG TGO 768 Togo CSN Correspondent Member
TO TON 776 Tonga -
TT TTO 780 Trinidad & Tobago TTBS Member Body
TN TUN 788 Tunisia INNORPI Member Body
TR TUR 792 Turkey TSE Member Body
TM TKM 795 Turkmenistan MSST Correspondent Member
TV TUV 798 Tuvalu -
UG UGA 800 Uganda UNBS Correspondent Member
UA UKR 804 Ukraine DSSU Member Body
AE ARE 784 United Arab Emirates ESMA Member Body
UK GBR 826 United Kingdom (Great Britain) BSI Member Body
US USA 840 United States ANSI Member Body
UY URY 858 Uruguay UNIT Member Body
UZ UZB 860 Uzbekistan UZSTANDARD Member Body
VU VUT 548 Vanuatu -
VA VAT 336 Vatican City (Holy See) -
VE VEN 862 Venezuela FONDONORMA Member Body
VN VNM 704 Vietnam TCVN Member Body
EH ESH 732 Western Sahara -
YE YEM 887 Yemen YSMO Correspondent Member
ZM ZMB 894 Zambia ZABS Correspondent Member
ZW ZWE 816 Zimbabwe SAZ Member Body
Tips:
1.Does not have representation in ISO under any membership class as of January 2008.
2.Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia were part of Former Yugoslavia. Although it is a country, ISO 3166-1993 (E) does not separately list Montenegro.
3.Although not technically a Country, the Palestinian State has representation in ISO as if it was.
4.Although technically the official country name for the 'UK' is the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' it is referred to as 'Great Britain' by the ISO.
5.Although technically they are Countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are not listed separately from Great Britain in ISO 3166-1993 (E) and do not have their own ISO representation.
標準的(de)(de)內容涉及廣泛(fan),從基礎的(de)(de)緊固(gu)件(jian)、軸(zhou)承各種原材(cai)料到半成(cheng)品和成(cheng)品,其技(ji)術領(ling)域涉及信息(xi)技(ji)術、交通運(yun)輸、農業、保健和環境等。每個工作(zuo)機構都(dou)有(you)自(zi)己的(de)(de)工作(zuo)計(ji)劃,該計(ji)劃列出需要(yao)制訂的(de)(de)標準項目(試(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法、術語、規格、性能要(yao)求等)。
ISO的(de)主要功能是為人們(men)制訂國際標準達成(cheng)一(yi)致意見(jian)提(ti)供一(yi)種機(ji)制。其主要機(ji)構及運作規則(ze)都在一(yi)本名為ISO/IEC技術(shu)工作導則(ze)的(de)文件中予(yu)以規定,其技術(shu)結(jie)構在ISO是有800個技術(shu)委(wei)員(yuan)會和分(fen)委(wei)員(yuan)會,它(ta)們(men)各有一(yi)個主席(xi)和一(yi)個秘書(shu)處,秘書(shu)處是由各成(cheng)員(yuan)分(fen)別擔(dan)任,承擔(dan)秘書(shu)國工作的(de)成(cheng)員(yuan)團(tuan)體有30個,各秘書(shu)處與位于(yu)日內瓦(wa)的(de)ISO中央秘書(shu)處保持直(zhi)接聯系。
通過(guo)這些(xie)工作機構,ISO已經發布了(le)17000多個國(guo)際標(biao)準,如(ru)ISO公制螺紋、ISO的(de)A4紙張尺寸、ISO的(de)集(ji)裝箱(xiang)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)(世界上95%的(de)海運集(ji)裝箱(xiang)都(dou)符合ISO標(biao)準)、ISO的(de)膠片(pian)速(su)度代碼、ISO的(de)開放(fang)系(xi)(xi)統互(hu)聯(OS2)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)(廣泛用(yong)于(yu)信息(xi)技術領域)和有名的(de)ISO9000質量管理系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)準。
此外(wai)(wai),ISO還與450個(ge)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)和區域的組織在(zai)(zai)標準(zhun)(zhun)方面有聯絡關系,特別與國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)電信聯盟(ITU)有密切聯系。在(zai)(zai)ISO/IEC系統(tong)之外(wai)(wai)的國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun)機構(gou)共有28個(ge)。每個(ge)機構(gou)都在(zai)(zai)某一(yi)領域制(zhi)訂(ding)一(yi)些國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun),通常它們在(zai)(zai)聯合國(guo)(guo)控制(zhi)之下。一(yi)個(ge)典型(xing)的例子就是世界衛生組織(WHO)。ISO/IEC制(zhi)訂(ding)的85%的國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun),剩下的15%由(you)這(zhe)28個(ge)其他國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun)機構(gou)制(zhi)訂(ding)。
ISO質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)標(biao)準包括ISO9000、ISO9001、ISO9004。ISO9000標(biao)準明確了(le)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保證體系(xi)(xi)(xi),適用于(yu)生產型及服(fu)務型企業。ISO9001標(biao)準為從事和(he)審核質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保證體系(xi)(xi)(xi)提供了(le)指導方針。
ISO9000質(zhi)量體(ti)系(xi)(xi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)包(bao)括了3個(ge)(ge)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和(he)(he)8條指(zhi)(zhi)導方針。3個(ge)(ge)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)分別(bie)是(shi)(shi)ISO9001、9002和(he)(he)9003;8個(ge)(ge)指(zhi)(zhi)導方針是(shi)(shi)ISO9000-1至4和(he)(he)ISO9004-1至4。其中(zhong)首要標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)是(shi)(shi)ISO9001,它(ta)為設計(ji)、制造產品(pin)及提供(gong)(gong)服務的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi),明(ming)確指(zhi)(zhi)出了一(yi)(yi)(yi)套完整質(zhi)量體(ti)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)20條要素。ISO9002為只制造產品(pin)但不設計(ji)產品(pin)及提供(gong)(gong)服務的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)明(ming)確指(zhi)(zhi)出了19條要素。ISO9003為只進行檢驗的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)明(ming)確指(zhi)(zhi)出了16條要素。ISO9000標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)每5至7年(nian)(nian)(nian)修(xiu)(xiu)訂一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)批(pi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)已(yi)于(yu)1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)公布(bu),第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)訂則(ze)公布(bu)于(yu)1994年(nian)(nian)(nian),第(di)二(er)次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)訂于(yu)2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)公布(bu),第(di)三次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)訂于(yu)2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)公布(bu),新的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)訂本再過3年(nian)(nian)(nian)將取代現行譯本。
ISO9001的(de)(de)新(xin)修訂本要(yao)包括一(yi)個(ge)單一(yi)質量體系(xi)標準。其指明了ISO9001將適用于一(yi)切組織。它(ta)將涉(she)及(ji)(ji)以下4個(ge)部(bu)(bu)分(fen):管(guan)(guan)(guan)理職責、資源管(guan)(guan)(guan)理、工序管(guan)(guan)(guan)理、測量、分(fen)析及(ji)(ji)改(gai)進。資源管(guan)(guan)(guan)理這(zhe)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)是全新(xin)的(de)(de),其它(ta)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包含了新(xin)項目。新(xin)修訂本將包含所(suo)有(you)舊的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu),并增加了附加管(guan)(guan)(guan)理要(yao)求(qiu)、工序管(guan)(guan)(guan)理要(yao)求(qiu),工序測量及(ji)(ji)改(gai)進要(yao)求(qiu)。
ISO/iec對(dui)(dui)于標準檢驗實(shi)驗室的(de)(de)(de)承認(ren)(ren)(ren)及(ji)其被規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)權限標準包括ISO指(zhi)(zhi)導25、58、61、62及(ji)65。ISO/iec指(zhi)(zhi)導58明(ming)(ming)(ming)確了(le)對(dui)(dui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)標準、檢驗實(shi)驗室的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。ISO/iec指(zhi)(zhi)導61明(ming)(ming)(ming)確對(dui)(dui)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)產(chan)品(pin)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證的(de)(de)(de)及(ji)質量體(ti)(ti)系(xi)注冊團體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。ISO/iec指(zhi)(zhi)導62明(ming)(ming)(ming)確了(le)對(dui)(dui)質量體(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。ISO/iec指(zhi)(zhi)導65明(ming)(ming)(ming)確了(le)對(dui)(dui)產(chan)品(pin)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。ISO/iec指(zhi)(zhi)導用(yong)于對(dui)(dui)產(chan)品(pin)及(ji)服務的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致性評估。存在于國家(jia)認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)中的(de)(de)(de)分歧由國際(ji)及(ji)區(qu)域性認(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)合作組織進行(xing)調(diao)節。為縮(suo)(suo)短(duan)電訊設施及(ji)其它被校對(dui)(dui)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致性評估過程,制定(ding)了(le)相互承認(ren)(ren)(ren)協(xie)定(ding)(mras),為協(xie)定(ding)將縮(suo)(suo)短(duan)和減少獲得產(chan)品(pin)和質量體(ti)(ti)系(xi)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證的(de)(de)(de)時間和成本。
ISO9000認證需要一(yi)個(ge)同(tong)ISO9001相一(yi)致的正在運行的質量體(ti)系(xi),由注冊(ce)團體(ti)所(suo)作的成功且獨立的評(ping)估。為了維(wei)持認證,注冊(ce)團體(ti)需要每6或12個(ge)月進行監(jian)督評(ping)估,每到3年還(huan)要進行一(yi)次全面再評(ping)估。
ISO9000系列2000版(ban)以(yi)后的版(ban)本,將(jiang)9002和9003融合(he)到ISO9001:2000標準(zhun)中。所以(yi)用于(yu)認證的只(zhi)有(you)ISO9001,ISO9002和ISO9003已經退出歷(li)史舞臺。ISO9004是業績改(gai)進指南(nan),不用于(yu)認證,只(zhi)用于(yu)組織內部綜合(he)績效(xiao)改(gai)進指南(nan)。
制定一項實施ISO質量體系標(biao)準的計劃(hua);
參照ISO質(zhi)量體系(xi)標準對現(xian)存(cun)的質(zhi)量體系(xi)進行(xing)評價;
采(cai)取(qu)正確行動來(lai)遵守所有ISO質量體(ti)系要求;
建立文件和記錄系統;
完(wan)成質量手冊并(bing)使之行之有效;
讓注(zhu)冊(ce)團體安排(pai)一(yi)次(ci)評估(gu)前的審核(he);
被(bei)認證組織為正式(shi)評估做(zuo)準備;
注(zhu)冊(ce)團體實行評估審核(he)。
ISO9000認(ren)證在(zai)正常(chang)情況下在(zai)美國(guo)需要花(hua)1年或更(geng)長一(yi)段(duan)時間來完成。如(ru)果現存(cun)的質量體系已(yi)包括所有的ISO9000要素,那(nei)么所用的時間會少于(yu)1年。需要一(yi)支實施隊伍在(zai)正常(chang)情況下付(fu)出3至6人(ren)1年的勞動,還(huan)需要注冊團體提供3年有償(chang)服務。注冊團體的外(wai)部(bu)成本將保(bao)持在(zai)75000美元至150000美元之(zhi)間,而這將取(qu)決于(yu)被(bei)認(ren)證組織的規模。內(nei)部(bu)成本和外(wai)部(bu)成本大致相(xiang)當(dang)。
ISO9000質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)提(ti)供了信(xin)息及工序(xu)控(kong)制(zhi)機制(zhi)用來(lai)更有(you)效地管理企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)。ISO質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)可(ke)以控(kong)制(zhi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)成本,減(jian)少浪費和提(ti)高生產(chan)(chan)率。顧(gu)客將對(dui)來(lai)自有(you)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)認證(zheng)的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的產(chan)(chan)品更感興趣,行之有(you)效的質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)也能改(gai)進產(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang),這兩個因素將提(ti)高企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)及其產(chan)(chan)品在開(kai)放(fang)市(shi)場的中(zhong)的競爭力(li)。
1998年被調查(cha)的一大批美國公(gong)司(si)承(cheng)認下列ISO9000認證所帶來的內部利益(yi):更(geng)好的文件提(ti)供,雇員(yuan)中(zhong)更(geng)加(jia)濃厚(hou)的質(zhi)量意(yi)識,公(gong)司(si)內部聯系的增加(jia)。辦公(gong)效率(lv)及和生產率(lv)的提(ti)高。這些公(gong)司(si)同(tong)樣承(cheng)認了(le)下列ISO9000認證所帶來的外(wai)部利益(yi);顧客(ke)對質(zhi)量劣好的領(ling)悟,競爭優勢是提(ti)高及顧客(ke)對質(zhi)量審查(cha)的減少(shao)。
1998年被(bei)調查的(de)一(yi)小(xiao)批美(mei)國制造公司(si)承(cheng)認下列(lie)ISO9000認證(zheng)所帶來的(de)內部和外部利益:產(chan)品(pin)質量的(de)改善,顧客注意程度的(de)增加,為重新設計功能步驟而形成的(de)基礎,市場(chang)份額的(de)增加;21%的(de)公司(si)稱質量認證(zheng)對(dui)質量體系及產(chan)品(pin)沒有產(chan)生效果。