麥(mai)(mai)稈扇,清王廷鼎《杖扇新錄》:“麥(mai)(mai)扇:以麥(mai)(mai)稈編成扁(bian)帶,廣寸余(yu),圈作規形(xing)(xing),如盆大(da),用竹片兩面夾之為(wei)柄,中(zhong)心貼(tie)五(wu)色(se)綾緞一小圓(yuan),繡山(shan)水、人物(wu),極細,麥(mai)(mai)色(se)金(jin)黃而(er)潤(run),輕(qing)靈便捷。麥(mai)(mai)稈扇,風格獨具,各顯(xian)其長,相映爭輝。現浙江、江蘇等地尚(shang)有生(sheng)產,有的扇中(zhong)間鑲嵌(qian)有精美剪花,有的中(zhong)間貼(tie)一圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)絹綢,上繪彩畫或刺繡。別具一格。
麥稈扇(shan)(shan):以浙江(jiang)浦(pu)江(jiang)縣編織的(de)最為多(duo)樣。有(you)的(de)將(jiang)(jiang)麥秸(jie)(jie)從柄向四周輻射(she)狀地(di)展開,然后(hou)編成石(shi)榴、孔(kong)(kong)雀尾(wei)羽等(deng)(deng)形,再(zai)用(yong)(yong)繡線將(jiang)(jiang)麥秸(jie)(jie)中間串(chuan)(chuan)聯在一(yi)起,稱(cheng)為“串(chuan)(chuan)扇(shan)(shan)”。有(you)的(de)將(jiang)(jiang)麥秸(jie)(jie)一(yi)端(duan)緊扎為圓(yuan)心(xin),然后(hou)用(yong)(yong)線將(jiang)(jiang)麥秸(jie)(jie)扎結成網孔(kong)(kong),中間隔(ge)一(yi)層布,用(yong)(yong)以襯托(tuo)網孔(kong)(kong)圖案(an),稱(cheng)為“扎花扇(shan)(shan)”。玲瓏輕巧,呈立體(ti)狀圖案(an),過去多(duo)為姑娘作(zuo)嫁妝、禮品之用(yong)(yong)。此外,還有(you)貼(tie)扇(shan)(shan)(用(yong)(yong)麥秸(jie)(jie)拼(pin)貼(tie)而(er)成)、團扇(shan)(shan)(以麥秸(jie)(jie)辮圍繞中心(xin)盤(pan)制而(er)成)、平扇(shan)(shan)(麥秸(jie)(jie)平織)等(deng)(deng)。能觀賞,又(you)實用(yong)(yong)。
現浙江、江蘇等地尚有(you)(you)生產,有(you)(you)的(de)扇中間(jian)鑲嵌有(you)(you)精美剪花,有(you)(you)的(de)中間(jian)貼一(yi)圓(yuan)形絹綢,上(shang)繪(hui)彩畫(hua)或刺繡。別具(ju)一(yi)格。
麥稈扇(shan),風格(ge)獨具,品種很多(duo)。從編織(zhi)方法(fa)上分,有串扇(shan)、扎花(hua)扇(shan)、貼扇(shan)、團扇(shan)、平扇(shan)。從花(hua)型上分則更多(duo),諸如(ru)五色扇(shan)、孔(kong)雀扇(shan)、石榴(liu)扇(shan)、拍扇(shan)、粗(cu)扇(shan)、細扇(shan)……等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng),各(ge)顯其長(chang),相映爭(zheng)輝。
羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)(shan)至今已經有三(san)千年的(de)歷史了(le)。明文震(zhen)亨《長物志》卷七:“扇(shan)(shan),羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)最古。”“扇(shan)(shan)”字從“羽(yu)(yu)”也證明了(le)扇(shan)(shan)子大(da)家族中(zhong),以羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)的(de)出現為(wei)最早。晉崔豹《古今注》:“雉尾扇(shan)(shan)起于殷世(shi)高宗。”據前秦王(wang)嘉(jia)《拾遺記(ji)》記(ji)載,羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)始于周昭(zhao)王(wang)時,有盂(yu)夏取鵲翅為(wei)扇(shan)(shan)之(zhi)說(shuo),則(ze)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)(shan)已經有三(san)千年的(de)歷史了(le)。
絹(juan)宮扇(shan)又叫紈扇(shan)、團(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)、羅扇(shan),它出現(xian)于羽扇(shan)之后、摺扇(shan)以(yi)(yi)前。西(xi)(xi)漢成帝的(de)(de)妃(fei)嬪班婕妤(yu)寫過(guo)一(yi)首(shou)有名(ming)的(de)(de)《團(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)歌》:“新制齊紈素,皎(jiao)潔如(ru)霜雪(xue)。裁為合歡(huan)扇(shan),團(tuan)(tuan)團(tuan)(tuan)似明月。出入君懷(huai)袖,動搖微風發。常(chang)恐(kong)秋節至,涼飆奪(duo)炎熱(re)。棄(qi)捐篋笥中(zhong),恩情中(zhong)道(dao)絕。”借詠團(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)表露受趙飛燕嫉妒(du)排擠(ji)恐(kong)受君王冷落的(de)(de)復雜心(xin)理(li)。從歷代(dai)散見的(de)(de)詠扇(shan)的(de)(de)詩賦散文來看(kan),團(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)盛行于西(xi)(xi)漢至宋代(dai)的(de)(de)一(yi)千多年間(jian),宋代(dai)以(yi)(yi)后又與摺扇(shan)并駕齊驅(qu),深受妃(fei)嬪仕女、文人雅士(shi)的(de)(de)喜(xi)愛。古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)絹(juan)宮扇(shan)大多制作精細,裝飾華美:“團(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan):近(jin)世士(shi)民通用,素絹(juan)兩面繃之,或泥金(jin),或瓷青(qing)湖色,亦(yi)有月圓、腰圓、六角之形,皆(jie)倩名(ming)人書(shu)畫其(qi)上,名(ming)曰(yue)‘團(tuan)(tuan)扇(shan)’。柄用梅烙、湘妃(fei)、棕竹居多,亦(yi)有洋漆、象牙之類。”
又叫篾(mie)絲(si)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)或竹(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。清王廷鼎《杖扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)新錄》:“篾(mie)絲(si)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan):來自嶺表,削竹(zhu)(zhu)青(qing)細如縷,織成如布(bu),光滑無痕(hen),方、圓、六角均有(you)(you)之(zhi)。積五六年(nian),色(se)自紅潤,風來倍(bei)涼,雅品(pin)也(ye)。”這種扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)四川青(qing)神縣也(ye)生產(chan),又名“青(qing)竹(zhu)(zhu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”或“竹(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”。另(ling)有(you)(you)一種用較粗(cu)竹(zhu)(zhu)片(pian)編成的低(di)檔竹(zhu)(zhu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),浙江北部(bu)、安徽南部(bu)都有(you)(you)出產(chan),經(jing)久耐(nai)用,價(jia)廉物美,城鄉居民都喜歡用它。
芭蕉(jiao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),又(you)叫(jiao)蒲(pu)(pu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、葵(kui)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、蒲(pu)(pu)葵(kui)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。清王廷鼎《杖扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)新錄》:“古有棕(zong)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、葵(kui)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、蒲(pu)(pu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、蕉(jiao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)諸名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),實(shi)(shi)即今(jin)之(zhi)蒲(pu)(pu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),江浙呼為(wei)芭蕉(jiao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)也。棕(zong)櫚一(yi)種名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)蒲(pu)(pu)葵(kui),《研北雜(za)志》稱《唐韻》‘棕(zong)’字注(zhu)云‘蒲(pu)(pu)葵(kui)也,乃棕(zong)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)耳’。以(yi)(yi)其(qi)似蕉(jiao),故亦名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)芭蕉(jiao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),產閩廣者多葉(xie)圓大而厚(hou),柄長尺外,色(se)淺碧,乾則白而不枯(ku)。土人采下陰干,以(yi)(yi)重(zhong)物(wu)鎮之(zhi)使平,剪成圓形,削細篾絲(si),雜(za)錦(jin)線(xian)緣其(qi)邊,即仍(reng)其(qi)柄以(yi)(yi)為(wei)柄,曰(yue)‘自來柄’,是為(wei)粗(cu)者。有截其(qi)柄,以(yi)(yi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)竹、文木(mu)、洋漆、象(xiang)牙、玳瑁為(wei)之(zhi),飾以(yi)(yi)翠蝶銀花(hua),緣以(yi)(yi)錦(jin)邊,是為(wei)細者。通稱之(zhi)曰(yue)蒲(pu)(pu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),或曰(yue)芭蕉(jiao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),實(shi)(shi)一(yi)物(wu)也。”這種扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)輕(qing)便(bian)風大,價(jia)格低廉,從古到今(jin)人們都(dou)喜歡(huan)用它。
輕便(bian)扇(shan)(shan)又叫袖(xiu)珍扇(shan)(shan),它收(shou)折自(zi)如,小(xiao)巧玲瓏,攜帶方便(bian)。一(yi)種是(shi)鐵柄(bing)的,扇(shan)(shan)殼(ke)用鐵皮(pi)沖壓而成(cheng),涂(tu)以各(ge)色油漆,彩(cai)(cai)紙扇(shan)(shan)面,花樣新(xin)異,價格低(di)廉。另一(yi)種是(shi)木(mu)(mu)柄(bing)或竹柄(bing)的,用彩(cai)(cai)紙或香木(mu)(mu)做(zuo)扇(shan)(shan)面,同樣收(shou)折自(zi)如。
綢(chou)舞(wu)扇(shan)(shan)、絹面花邊(bian)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)多(duo)為戲劇舞(wu)蹈(dao)用(yong)(yong)扇(shan)(shan),有(you)(you)(you)半綢(chou)全(quan)綢(chou)之分(fen),扇(shan)(shan)骨以竹為主,也有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)檀香木或牛骨的。扇(shan)(shan)面采用(yong)(yong)各式絲綢(chou),印上(shang)或繪(hui)上(shang)花草圖案,有(you)(you)(you)的還(huan)加上(shang)閃光(guang)鋁片,舞(wu)動時絢麗多(duo)彩,或金光(guang)熠(yi)熠(yi)。也有(you)(you)(you)在扇(shan)(shan)面沿邊(bian)外加絲綢(chou)花邊(bian)作裝飾,做成女用(yong)(yong)絹面花邊(bian)折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)。
帽(mao)扇半打(da)開(kai)時可用作扇子(zi)取涼(liang),全打(da)開(kai)時可當帽(mao)子(zi)遮陽蔽日。它透風耐曬(shai),易于(yu)折疊,規格(ge)多樣,形狀各異,是旅游佳品。
又(you)叫屏風扇(shan)(shan),掛(gua)在墻上(shang)(shang)(shang)或擺(bai)在大(da)堂之內(nei)作(zuo)裝飾用(yong),扇(shan)(shan)骨長(chang)六七十(shi)(shi)(shi)厘(li)米,實際上(shang)(shang)(shang)是一種特大(da)型的折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)。杭州(zhou)王星記扇(shan)(shan)廠曾制作(zuo)過巨(ju)(ju)型屏風扇(shan)(shan)《杭州(zhou)西湖(hu)(hu)全(quan)圖》,扇(shan)(shan)邊長(chang)2.6米,展開面積約十(shi)(shi)(shi)平方米,重16公斤,扇(shan)(shan)骨用(yong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)等木料制作(zuo),兩根大(da)邊外側,以淺浮雕形(xing)式分組(zu)雕出(chu)著名“西湖(hu)(hu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)景”圖,扇(shan)(shan)面采用(yong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六張牛皮紙(zhi)拼接而(er)成,灰黃色底上(shang)(shang)(shang)灑以銀(yin)鉑,上(shang)(shang)(shang)繪巨(ju)(ju)幅(fu)青綠山水“西湖(hu)(hu)全(quan)景”,曾送香港展覽。這大(da)概是我國古今最大(da)的折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)了。
象(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)質地細(xi)(xi)(xi)密堅韌,便于雕刻(ke),并可(ke)染(ran)色(se),是名貴(gui)的(de)制扇(shan)用料。北京故官博物院珍藏著一把(ba)(ba)以象(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)篾絲編綴的(de)雕花(hua)團(tuan)扇(shan),是清代乾(qian)隆年間廣(guang)東官員進獻宮廷的(de)禮(li)品。此扇(shan)呈蕉葉(xie)形,縱57.3cm,橫34.1cm。扇(shan)面用潔(jie)白(bai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)潤(run)、寬不足(zu)1mm的(de)極薄的(de)象(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)絲編成,均勻細(xi)(xi)(xi)密。扇(shan)面上鑲(xiang)有(you)淺刻(ke)、浮雕和撥(bo)鏤(lou)結合的(de)染(ran)色(se)牙(ya)刻(ke)菊(ju)、蘭、佛手等花(hua)卉(hui),布局(ju)嚴謹,色(se)調穩重。扇(shan)邊包鑲(xiang)玳(dai)瑁框,畫琺瑯彩繪花(hua)果紋柄把(ba)(ba),上下嵌金星玻璃(li),棕竹柄梁,垂(chui)如意形銅鍍(du)金護,頂上鑲(xiang)有(you)鏨蝙蝠紋。柄梁上、中(zhong)、下部分嵌有(you)雕花(hua)玳(dai)瑁,卷云勾蓮琥珀及雕夔(kui)龍(long)嵌玳(dai)瑁護托。全扇(shan)突出了象(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)絲細(xi)(xi)(xi)膩澤(ze)潤(run)的(de)質感,莊重典雅,古(gu)(gu)色(se)古(gu)(gu)香。