薛濤設計的箋紙,是一種便于寫詩,長寬適度的箋。此箋原用(yong)作寫詩作為詩箋,后(hou)來逐漸用(yong)作寫信,甚至官方國札也(ye)用(yong)此箋,流(liu)傳。
薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)生于唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)。唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)名(ming)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)紙(zhi),又名(ming)“浣花(hua)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”。亦(yi)名(ming)“松花(hua)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”、“減樣箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”、“紅(hong)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”。唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)詩(shi)人(ren)李(li)商隱《送崔玨往西川》云(yun):“浣花(hua)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)紙(zhi)桃(tao)花(hua)色(se)(se),好好題詩(shi)詠玉鉤。”北宋(song)蘇(su)易(yi)簡《文房四(si)譜(pu)》云(yun):“元和之(zhi)初(chu)(九世紀(ji)初(chu)葉),薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)尚(shang)斯色(se)(se),而(er)好制(zhi)小(xiao)詩(shi),惜其幅大,不欲(yu)長(chang),乃命匠(jiang)人(ren)狹小(xiao)為(wei)之(zhi)。蜀中才(cai)子既以(yi)(yi)為(wei)便(bian),后裁諸箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)亦(yi)如(ru)是(shi),特名(ming)曰薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)焉(yan)。”又說:“府城(指成都)之(zhi)南五里有(you)百花(hua)潭,支(zhi)流為(wei)一(yi),皆有(you)橋(qiao)焉(yan)。其一(yi)王(wang)溪,其一(yi)薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),以(yi)(yi)紙(zhi)為(wei)業者家其旁(pang)。……以(yi)(yi)浣花(hua)潭水造(zao)紙(zhi)故佳,其亦(yi)水之(zhi)宜也(ye)。”從這些記載中可知,“薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”的(de)(de)形(xing)制(zhi)是(shi)紅(hong)色(se)(se)小(xiao)幅詩(shi)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),九世紀(ji)初(chu)造(zao)于成都郊外浣花(hua)溪的(de)(de)百花(hua)潭。這種紅(hong)色(se)(se)小(xiao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)曾被薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)用(yong)以(yi)(yi)寫詩(shi)與元稹、白居易(yi)、杜牧、劉禹錫(xi)等人(ren)相唱和,因而(er)名(ming)著于文壇,乃濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)設(she)計“命匠(jiang)人(ren)狹小(xiao)為(wei)之(zhi)”。薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)雖(sui)只深紅(hong)一(yi)色(se)(se),但顏色(se)(se)、花(hua)紋甚精巧鮮麗。薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在我國制(zhi)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)展史(shi)上,占有(you)重要地位,后歷代(dai)(dai)均有(you)仿制(zhi)。宋(song)代(dai)(dai)發(fa)展了胭(yan)脂版紙(zhi)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)稱薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),用(yong)產(chan)于嘉(jia)州(今(jin)四(si)川樂山縣)的(de)(de)胭(yan)脂樹花(hua)染色(se)(se)。宋(song)人(ren)詩(shi)曰:“名(ming)得只從嘉(jia)郡樹,樣傳仍自薛(xue)(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)時。”明(ming)宋(song)應星《天工開物》認為(wei):“其美(mei)在色(se)(se)”。
相(xiang)傳薛濤(tao)箋是由“浣花溪的(de)水(shui),木芙蓉的(de)皮,芙蓉花的(de)汁”制作而成。
薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao),唐朝女詩(shi)人。其父(fu)薛(xue)鄖為(wei)(wei)官(guan),仕宦入(ru)蜀,定(ding)居(ju)成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)。薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)父(fu)早逝,母孀,生(sheng)活(huo)困頓無依,后為(wei)(wei)歌(ge)妓。薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)和(he)當(dang)時著名(ming)(ming)詩(shi)人白居(ju)易、劉禹(yu)錫、杜牧等人都(dou)(dou)有(you)唱(chang)酬(chou)交往。居(ju)浣(huan)(huan)(huan)花(hua)(hua)溪上,自(zi)造桃紅(hong)色(se)的小(xiao)彩箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),用以寫(xie)詩(shi)。早年居(ju)成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)浣(huan)(huan)(huan)花(hua)(hua)溪,善制(zhi)詩(shi)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。蜀中產紙(zhi)甚佳,制(zhi)以為(wei)(wei)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),早有(you)盛名(ming)(ming),杜甫已有(you)“蜀箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)染翰光”詩(shi)句(ju),這句(ju)詩(shi)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)高適而(er)言,高適時在蜀西為(wei)(wei)官(guan)。成(cheng)都(dou)(dou)浣(huan)(huan)(huan)花(hua)(hua)溪自(zi)古以來(lai)就是(shi)產箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之地,屢見于記載,唐末韋(wei)莊有(you)《乞彩箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)歌(ge)》也說:“浣(huan)(huan)(huan)花(hua)(hua)溪上如花(hua)(hua)客,綠閣深藏人不(bu)(bu)識(shi)。留得溪頭瑟(se)(se)瑟(se)(se)波,潑成(cheng)紙(zhi)上猩猩色(se)。”就是(shi)指薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)在浣(huan)(huan)(huan)花(hua)(hua)溪制(zhi)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。明(ming)(ming)朝何宇度《益部談(tan)資》說“蜀箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)古已有(you)名(ming)(ming),至(zhi)唐而(er)后盛,至(zhi)薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)而(er)后精。”明(ming)(ming)曹(cao)學佺《蜀中名(ming)(ming)勝記》及(ji)萬歷刻本“薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)小(xiao)傳”都(dou)(dou)說薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)僑居(ju)百花(hua)(hua)潭,躬制(zhi)深紅(hong)小(xiao)彩箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。詩(shi)歌(ge)唱(chang)和(he),多是(shi)一張紙(zhi)上寫(xie)一首(shou)律詩(shi)或絕句(ju),但當(dang)時的紙(zhi)張尺寸較大,以大紙(zhi)寫(xie)小(xiao)詩(shi),浪費倒不(bu)(bu)要緊,要緊的是(shi)不(bu)(bu)和(he)諧、不(bu)(bu)好看。薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)便讓造紙(zhi)工(gong)匠特地改(gai)小(xiao)尺寸,做成(cheng)小(xiao)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),自(zi)己又發明(ming)(ming)了(le)新奇的染色(se)技法(fa),能染出深紅(hong)、粉紅(hong)、明(ming)(ming)黃等十種顏色(se),這就是(shi)所謂的“十樣變箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”,這不(bu)(bu)是(shi)普通的信箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),而(er)是(shi)專門的詩(shi)箋(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
據《唐音癸簽》載(zai):詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)箋(jian)始薛濤(tao)(tao),濤(tao)(tao)好制小詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),惜紙(zhi)長剩(sheng),命匠狹小之(zhi),時謂便,因行用。其箋(jian)染演作十色,故詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家有十樣(yang)變(bian)箋(jian)之(zhi)語。《牧豎(shu)閑談》載(zai):澆花人多(duo)造十色彩箋(jian),于是薛濤(tao)(tao)另(ling)模新樣(yang),小幅松花紙(zhi),多(duo)用題詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。《益部談資》載(zai):花箋(jian)古已有名,至唐而(er)(er)后盛,至薛詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)后精。
薛濤(tao)一(yi)生(sheng)酷愛(ai)紅色(se)(se),她常(chang)常(chang)穿著(zhu)紅色(se)(se)的(de)(de)衣(yi)裳(shang)在成都浣花(hua)溪邊流連,隨處(chu)可(ke)尋的(de)(de)紅色(se)(se)芙蓉花(hua)常(chang)常(chang)映(ying)入(ru)她的(de)(de)眼簾(lian),于(yu)是(shi)制作(zuo)紅色(se)(se)箋紙(zhi)的(de)(de)創意進入(ru)她的(de)(de)腦海。薛濤(tao)最愛(ai)寫四(si)言絕句(ju)(ju),律詩也常(chang)常(chang)只寫八句(ju)(ju),她嫌常(chang)用的(de)(de)紙(zhi)張尺幅太大,一(yi)直有制作(zuo)適于(yu)寫詩的(de)(de)小巧紙(zhi)箋的(de)(de)想法。薛濤(tao)所(suo)居住盼浣花(hua)溪畔,是(shi)當時四(si)川造紙(zhi)業的(de)(de)中(zhong)心之一(yi),于(yu)是(shi),薛濤(tao)指點工(gong)匠(jiang)制成了這種(zhong)既便于(yu)攜帶又便于(yu)交(jiao)流且帶有個人色(se)(se)彩的(de)(de)“薛濤(tao)箋”,這大概是(shi)中(zhong)國最早的(de)(de)“個人定制”產(chan)品。
不僅(jin)如(ru)此(ci),后世更有人(ren)認為(wei),薛濤(tao)(tao)從此(ci)以技術專利入(ru)行,進入(ru)了造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)業。南宋(song)記錄各地地理風物的專著《方(fang)輿勝覽》中,就(jiu)說薛濤(tao)(tao)濤(tao)(tao)”蜀(shu)妓也,以造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)業”,《蜀(shu)箋譜》甚(shen)至(zhi)把薛濤(tao)(tao)與當(dang)時的造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)名家“謝(xie)公”謝(xie)師厚相(xiang)提并(bing)論。
蘊含女性特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)美妙才思,紅色的(de)(de)(de)“薛濤箋”配上以薛濤俊逸的(de)(de)(de)行書書寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)雅(ya)脫俗的(de)(de)(de)薛濤詩,一時(shi)間廣為風行,成了(le)文(wen)人雅(ya)士收藏的(de)(de)(de)珍品。后來,甚至官方的(de)(de)(de)國札也用此箋,流傳。
據載(zai):薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)用毛筆或毛刷把小(xiao)紙(zhi)(zhi)涂(tu)上紅(hong)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)雞冠花(hua)(hua)(hua)、荷花(hua)(hua)(hua)及不知(zhi)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua),將(jiang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)搗成(cheng)泥再加(jia)清水(shui),經反復實(shi)驗,從紅(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)中得(de)到染(ran)料,并加(jia)進一(yi)(yi)些膠質調勻(yun),涂(tu)在紙(zhi)(zhi)上,一(yi)(yi)遍一(yi)(yi)遍地(di)使(shi)顏色(se)(se)均勻(yun)涂(tu)抹。再以書(shu)夾濕紙(zhi)(zhi),用吸水(shui)麻紙(zhi)(zhi)附貼色(se)(se)紙(zhi)(zhi),再一(yi)(yi)張張疊(die)壓(ya)成(cheng)摞(luo),壓(ya)平陰干。由此解(jie)決了(le)外(wai)觀不勻(yun)和一(yi)(yi)次制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)多張色(se)(se)紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)問題。薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)用自(zi)己設計的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)刷法(fa)(fa),做出了(le)小(xiao)彩箋。為了(le)變(bian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)樣,還(huan)將(jiang)小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)灑在小(xiao)箋上,制(zhi)成(cheng)了(le)紅(hong)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)彩箋。薛(xue)濤(tao)(tao)(tao)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)刷加(jia)工制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)色(se)(se)紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),與(yu)傳統的(de)(de)(de)浸漬(zi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)相比,有(you)省(sheng)料、加(jia)工方(fang)(fang)便、生產成(cheng)本低(di)之特點,類(lei)似現代的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)布加(jia)工工藝(yi)。
薛濤名箋有(you)(you)十(shi)種顏色:深(shen)(shen)(shen)紅(hong)(hong)、粉紅(hong)(hong)、杏(xing)紅(hong)(hong)、明黃(huang)、深(shen)(shen)(shen)青、淺(qian)青、深(shen)(shen)(shen)綠、淺(qian)綠、銅綠、殘云。何以特喜紅(hong)(hong)色,一(yi)般認為紅(hong)(hong)是快(kuai)樂的(de)(de)顏色,它(ta)使人(ren)喜悅(yue)興奮(fen),也(ye)象征了她(ta)對正常生活的(de)(de)渴望和(he)對愛(ai)情的(de)(de)渴望。這可(ke)能(neng)就是薛濤喜愛(ai)紅(hong)(hong)色的(de)(de)原因所在。另(ling)一(yi)方面,薛濤可(ke)能(neng)有(you)(you)意(yi)打(da)破當時(shi)一(yi)味黃(huang)色的(de)(de)沉悶枯(ku)燥的(de)(de)色調。
薛(xue)濤(約768~832年)唐代女詩(shi)(shi)人(ren),歌(ge)妓,字(zi)洪度。長安(今陜西西安)人(ren)。父薛(xue)鄖(yun),仕宦(huan)入蜀(shu),死(si)后(hou),妻女流(liu)寓(yu)蜀(shu)中。薛(xue)濤姿(zi)容(rong)美艷,性(xing)敏慧(hui),8歲能詩(shi)(shi),洞(dong)曉音律(lv),多才(cai)藝,聲名(ming)傾動一時(shi)。第二批四(si)川歷史名(ming)人(ren)。創薛(xue)濤箋(jian)。在(zai)唐代女詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)中,薛(xue)濤和李冶、魚(yu)玄(xuan)機最為著名(ming)。流(liu)傳詩(shi)(shi)作90余(yu)首,收于《錦江集》。