《水龍吟·賦張(zhang)斗墅(shu)家古(gu)松(song)五粒》是宋代(dai)詞(ci)人吳文(wen)英的作品。此詞(ci)贊譽張(zhang)家五株古(gu)松(song)盆(pen)景(jing)。全詞(ci)緊扣題(ti)意(yi),既刻畫出(chu)松(song)之(zhi)“古(gu)”、“小(xiao)(xiao)”,又(you)用(yong)山野松(song)樹襯托,再以盆(pen)中小(xiao)(xiao)擺設陪襯,顯示出(chu)古(gu)松(song)的長青(qing)可愛。
水龍吟·賦張斗墅家(jia)古松五粒
有人獨(du)立空山,翠(cui)髯未(wei)覺(jue)霜顏老。新香秀粒,濃光綠浸,千年春(chun)小。布(bu)影參旗(qi),障空云蓋,沉沉秋曉。駟蒼虬萬里,笙吹(chui)鳳女①,驂飛乘(cheng)、天風裊。
般巧。霜斤不到。漢(han)游仙、相從最早。皺鱗細雨,層陰(yin)藏月,朱弦古調。問訊(xun)東(dong)橋,故人南嶺,倚天長(chang)嘯②。待凌(ling)霄謝了③,山深歲晚(wan),素心才表。
①吹(chui):一本作(zuo)“飛”。
②倚(yi)天長嘯:一本無(wu)“長”字。
③了(le):一(yi)本作“后”。
吳(wu)文英(ying),宋代詞(ci)人(ren)。字君特,號(hao)(hao)夢(meng)窗(chuang),晚(wan)號(hao)(hao)覺翁,四明(今浙江寧波)人(ren)。原出翁姓(xing),后(hou)出嗣吳(wu)氏。一生未第,游幕(mu)終(zhong)身。紹定(宋理宗年號(hao)(hao),1228—1233)中入蘇州倉(cang)幕(mu)。曾任吳(wu)濳浙東安(an)撫使幕(mu)僚,復為榮王府(fu)門(men)客。出入賈似道(dao)、史(shi)宅之(史(shi)彌遠(yuan)之子)之門(men)。知音律,能自度曲。詞(ci)名極重,以綿麗為尚,思深語麗,多從李賀(he)詩(shi)中來。有《夢(meng)窗(chuang)甲(jia)乙丙丁稿(gao)》傳世。
《水龍吟(yin)》,又名《龍吟(yin)曲》、《莊椿歲》、《小樓連苑(yuan)》。《清真集》入(ru)“越(yue)調”,《夢窗(chuang)詞(ci)》集入(ru)“無(wu)射商(shang)”。
張斗墅,即張蘊(yun),字(zi)仁溥,號斗墅,揚州人,嘉熙(宋理宗(zong)年號,公元1237—1240年)間為沿江(jiang)制(zhi)置使屬官(guan),公元1256年(寶祐四年)干(gan)辦行在諸司糧料院。有(you)《斗墅支稿》。“古(gu)(gu)松(song)五粒(li)(li)”,“粒(li)(li)”,言其細小。因(yin)而(er),在張斗墅家的五株(zhu)古(gu)(gu)松(song),實為盆栽(zai)之松(song)。又說“粒(li)(li)”者(zhe)鬣(lie)也,系音近,故稱者(zhe)異。五鬣(lie)者(zhe),言如馬鬣(lie)形也,如李(li)賀(he)有(you)《五粒(li)(li)小松(song)歌》,岑參詩“五粒(li)(li)松(song)花酒”,林寬詩“庭高五粒(li)(li)松(song)”皆是(shi)。
上(shang)片將盆(pen)栽(zai)古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)與山野(ye)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)作一對(dui)比。“有(you)人”兩(liang)句,將盆(pen)中古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)擬人化。此言(yan)盆(pen)景上(shang)怪石嶙峋如(ru)(ru)(ru)山兀立(li),古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)栽(zai)于其(qi)旁,猶如(ru)(ru)(ru)人獨立(li)于山間。古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)雖(sui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)已有(you)千年的(de)(de)樹齡,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)看起來(lai)仍舊是(shi)(shi)(shi)郁(yu)郁(yu)蔥蔥蒼翠(cui)欲滴。“新香”三(san)(san)(san)句。言(yan)古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)雖(sui)小,卻能散發出陣陣清香。在陽光照射下(xia)(xia)(xia),松(song)(song)針濃密(mi)得如(ru)(ru)(ru)浸入(ru)在一片綠色之(zhi)中。因此雖(sui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)千年古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song),在時人的(de)(de)眼中,仍舊覺得它還是(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)青春年少般的(de)(de)嬌小可愛。以上(shang)敘盆(pen)中古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song),下(xia)(xia)(xia)面轉述山野(ye)中的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)。“布影(ying)”三(san)(san)(san)句,言(yan)山野(ye)上(shang)與盆(pen)松(song)(song)同(tong)齡的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song),如(ru)(ru)(ru)今必定是(shi)(shi)(shi)黛色參天(tian),冠蓋(gai)蔽空。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果人們經(jing)過樹下(xia)(xia)(xia),就會仿佛進入(ru)黑(hei)沉沉、冷清清的(de)(de)秋天(tian)凌晨一般。“駟蒼虬”三(san)(san)(san)句,言(yan)山野(ye)古(gu)(gu)松(song)(song)枝(zhi)干粗(cu)大(da)(da)如(ru)(ru)(ru)蒼虬之(zhi)張牙(ya)舞爪似(si)的(de)(de)欲騰飛萬(wan)里。高大(da)(da)的(de)(de)主枝(zhi)直(zhi)插云霄(xiao)能與天(tian)風相抗衡。枝(zhi)梢上(shang)還能夠引來(lai)鸞(luan)鳳停留其(qi)上(shang)而曼聲吟鳴。兩(liang)相對(dui)照之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia),盆(pen)松(song)(song)占(zhan)“小”、巧兩(liang)字;野(ye)松(song)(song)則得其(qi)型(xing)態之(zhi)雄偉,春花(hua)秋月各有(you)所長。
下片(pian)應題中(zhong)(zhong)“賦張斗墅家(jia)古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)”。“般(ban)巧”三(san)(san)句(ju)(ju)(ju)。此言(yan)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)生得(de)小巧可愛,還(huan)能夠免除(chu)掉遭(zao)受(shou)利(li)斧(fu)砍伐之罪。詞(ci)人(ren)說:見到了(le)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu),我(wo)不由想到了(le)漢代的(de)赤松(song)(song)(song)(song)子。恐怕(pa)他是(shi)(shi)最(zui)早與(yu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)作伴的(de)仙人(ren)了(le)。“皺鱗(lin)”三(san)(san)句(ju)(ju)(ju)。言(yan)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)雖(sui)長(chang)得(de)小巧,但是(shi)(shi)細上(shang)看(kan)去,枝上(shang)鱗(lin)片(pian)蒼(cang)老如細雨密布其(qi)上(shang);松(song)(song)(song)(song)針層疊(die),使月光難(nan)以(yi)穿透(tou)。這(zhe)一句(ju)(ju)(ju)又(you)與(yu)上(shang)片(pian)“濃光綠浸”遙(yao)相呼應。“朱弦古(gu)調”句(ju)(ju)(ju),化(hua)用唐(tang)劉(liu)長(chang)卿(qing)《聽彈(dan)(dan)琴》“泠泠七弦上(shang),靜聽松(song)(song)(song)(song)風寒。古(gu)調雖(sui)自愛,今人(ren)多不彈(dan)(dan)”詩意。此言(yan)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)可愛而誘人(ren),宜騷人(ren)墨客為其(qi)彈(dan)(dan)奏《風入松(song)(song)(song)(song)》這(zhe)首古(gu)琴曲。“問(wen)訊”三(san)(san)句(ju)(ju)(ju),側寫盆(pen)(pen)(pen)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)假山景色。言(yan)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)中(zhong)(zhong)設(she)有假山:有橋有嶺,又(you)有泥(ni)俑站在嶺上(shang)倚(yi)天而嘯。“待凌霄(xiao)”三(san)(san)句(ju)(ju)(ju),顯(xian)出松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)本色。此言(yan)當凌霄(xiao)花謝的(de)時候,已是(shi)(shi)到了(le)秋盡冬至(zhi)之時。但到那個(ge)時候,古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)(song)會愈發顯(xian)得(de)精神奕奕,真是(shi)(shi)“歲(sui)寒見松(song)(song)(song)(song)柏之長(chang)青(qing)”啊!此雖(sui)是(shi)(shi)在講(jiang)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu),而暗中(zhong)(zhong)卻隱隱以(yi)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)之志自比(bi),以(yi)此傲視世人(ren)。