良(liang)渚古(gu)國(guo)是(shi)中國(guo)古(gu)代傳說中由創(chuang)世(shi)神盤古(gu)之(zhi)子古(gu)越族人天皇氏創(chuang)立的(de)一個城邦(bang)國(guo)家(jia),是(shi)迄今為(wei)止我(wo)們能(neng)夠追(zhui)溯的(de)中華第一古(gu)國(guo)。
依(yi)據【三(san)皇五帝年(nian)表】所示(shi):良渚古(gu)國定(ding)都(dou)于今浙江(jiang)杭州良渚古(gu)城(cheng);并分別于今河南(nan)洛陽(yang)、山東(dong)日照兩城(cheng)鎮遺址、淮(huai)河流(liu)域(yu)、湖南(nan)九嶷山及山東(dong)瑯(lang)琊古(gu)城(cheng)等(deng)地設立陪都(dou)。歷時(shi)5320年(nian)(前(qian)9984----前(qian)4664年(nian));自(zi)天皇氏至有巢氏共(gong)歷六代君主(zhu)(或六個氏族)統治。
因多(duo)處相(xiang)關遺(yi)址(zhi)未被發(fa)掘,良(liang)渚古(gu)國的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)出現(xian)(xian)了多(duo)處斷層的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象。良(liang)渚遺(yi)址(zhi)出土地(di)點良(liang)渚文化(hua)核心區(qu)域發(fa)現(xian)(xian)總面積達290多(duo)萬平(ping)方米的(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng),它是一個古(gu)國(類似(si)于古(gu)希臘城(cheng)邦),距今大約有12000多(duo)年(nian)(前9984----2020年(nian),年(nian)代上(shang)限(xian)參考(kao)本百科詞(ci)(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)“三(san)(san)皇五帝(di)年(nian)表”)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi),比傳說(shuo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)炎黃部落(luo)(前4109----前2395年(nian)(參考(kao)本百科詞(ci)(ci)條(tiao)(tiao)“三(san)(san)皇五帝(di)年(nian)表”)與夏朝(前2070----前1600年(nian)(參考(kao)【中(zhong)國歷(li)史(shi)年(nian)表】)還早。這是長江中(zhong)下(xia)游地(di)區(qu)首次發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)良(liang)渚文化(hua)時期的(de)(de)城(cheng)址(zhi),也是所發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)同時代中(zhong)國最(zui)大的(de)(de)城(cheng)址(zhi)。
良(liang)渚(zhu)古(gu)國末(mo)代君主有巢氏遷都凌(ling)家(jia)(jia)灘古(gu)城(cheng)(今安(an)徽含(han)山縣凌(ling)家(jia)(jia)灘遺址),良(liang)渚(zhu)古(gu)城(cheng)遂(sui)廢(fei);良(liang)渚(zhu)古(gu)國轉化為(wei)古(gu)巢國。良(liang)渚(zhu)時(shi)代結束。
歷經18個月,在良渚遺址區內發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)座面(mian)積290萬平(ping)方(fang)米的古城(面(mian)積和北京頤和園差不多),相當(dang)于400個足球場那么大,其意義絕(jue)不亞(ya)于殷墟的發(fa)現(xian)。同時(shi),因為(wei)這一(yi)發(fa)現(xian),使(shi)杭州建(jian)城史又向前推進(jin)了近3000年。
專程趕來的(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)名(ming)考(kao)古學家、北(bei)京大(da)學教授(shou)嚴文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)這樣(yang)評價古城(cheng):這是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)所發(fa)現(xian)(xian)同時代(dai)古城(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)一座,稱得上(shang)是(shi)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)第一城(cheng)”;它改(gai)變了(le)原(yuan)(yuan)本以為良渚(zhu)文(wen)(wen)化只是(shi)一抹文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)曙(shu)光的(de)(de)(de)認識,標(biao)志(zhi)著(zhu)良渚(zhu)文(wen)(wen)化其實已經進入了(le)成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)前文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)發(fa)展(zhan)階段;是(shi)繼(ji)上(shang)世(shi)紀河南安陽殷墟發(fa)現(xian)(xian)之后(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)考(kao)古界的(de)(de)(de)又一重大(da)發(fa)現(xian)(xian),將(jiang)極大(da)推動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)史(shi)(shi)研究進程和考(kao)古學發(fa)展(zhan)。良渚(zhu)文(wen)(wen)化以及遼(liao)西地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)紅山(shan)文(wen)(wen)化相繼(ji)衰落之后(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)化崛起。史(shi)(shi)前文(wen)(wen)化自(zi)此開始了(le)以中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)運作(zuo)趨勢。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地區(qu)小國(guo)(guo)林立,戰爭頻(pin)繁出現(xian)(xian),聚落沖突劇烈。按照地理(li)區(qu)域,史(shi)(shi)前文(wen)(wen)化發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南方(fang)與(yu)北(bei)方(fang)兩種模式的(de)(de)(de)不同:南方(fang)資源(yuan)豐富,環境較(jiao)好,社會分(fen)化明(ming)(ming)顯,數量最多的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間階級,社會相對比(bi)較(jiao)安定。在這種穩(wen)定狀態下,史(shi)(shi)前時期的(de)(de)(de)稻作(zuo)農業充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)展(zhan),手工業發(fa)展(zhan)迅速。北(bei)方(fang)因資源(yuan)有限,社會分(fen)化并(bing)不那么明(ming)(ming)顯。
古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)略呈圓角長(chang)(chang)方形,正(zheng)南北方向。東(dong)(dong)西長(chang)(chang)1500-1700米(mi)(mi)(mi),南北長(chang)(chang)1800-1900米(mi)(mi)(mi),總面積達290多萬平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻底部(bu)(bu)普遍鋪(pu)墊石塊作為基礎,寬度40-60米(mi)(mi)(mi),石頭基礎以上(shang)用較純(chun)凈的(de)黃(huang)土(tu)堆筑(zhu),部(bu)(bu)分地(di)段地(di)表還殘留4米(mi)(mi)(mi)多高城(cheng)(cheng)墻。西城(cheng)(cheng)墻全長(chang)(chang)約1000米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬約40—60米(mi)(mi)(mi),南連鳳(feng)山,北接東(dong)(dong)苕溪;接下來,南城(cheng)(cheng)墻、北城(cheng)(cheng)墻和東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)墻依次被發現,同(tong)樣是底部(bu)(bu)鋪(pu)墊石頭、大量黃(huang)土(tu)夯筑(zhu);城(cheng)(cheng)墻環繞(rao)著中(zhong)間(jian)的(de)莫角山遺址。考(kao)古(gu)(gu)人員(yuan)推測,這(zhe)些痕跡說明古(gu)(gu)人最先造(zao)的(de)是西城(cheng)(cheng)墻,等到建其他三面城(cheng)(cheng)墻,經驗更豐富了。
良渚古(gu)(gu)(gu)城對(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)良渚古(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo),很可(ke)能就是(shi)先(xian)秦古(gu)(gu)(gu)籍《鶡冠子》講(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“成鳩(jiu)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)國(guo)”。按照宋(song)代著名學者陸佃(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)注釋,“成鳩(jiu)氏(shi)(shi)”(新石器時(shi)期(qi))就是(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)(舊石器時(shi)期(qi))。《鶡冠子》講(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“成鳩(jiu)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)國(guo)”,位于楚(chu)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領土上,而吳越之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di),在戰國(guo)晚期(qi)已經是(shi)楚(chu)國(guo)領土的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分。《鶡冠子》講(jiang)到(dao)“成鳩(jiu)氏(shi)(shi)”手握(wo)“王鈇”。“王鈇”就是(shi)斧(fu)鉞。而良渚古(gu)(gu)(gu)城內的(de)(de)(de)(de)反山墓地(di)(di)(di)12號大墓主(zhu)人左手邊(bian)確實有一(yi)件舉世(shi)無雙的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉鉞。《鶡冠子》還提到(dao)成鳩(jiu)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)族(zu)“兵強,世(shi)不可(ke)奪”。而田野考古(gu)(gu)(gu)學結果顯示,良渚文(wen)(wen)化(hua)集團(tuan)進行(xing)(xing)了“北征”,即大規模對(dui)黃河下游(you)地(di)(di)(di)區用(yong)兵。另據(ju)《說(shuo)文(wen)(wen)解(jie)字》介(jie)紹(shao),吳越之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)代民族(zu)以蛇為(wei)族(zu)屬標(biao)志(zhi)。《路(lu)史(shi)》記(ji)載(zai):“粵有天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang),是(shi)曰(yue)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)靈,望獲強尊。”天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)“鱗身(shen)(shen)”。“鱗身(shen)(shen)”就是(shi)蛇身(shen)(shen)。可(ke)見,古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)從(cong)族(zu)屬標(biao)志(zhi)來看,應該是(shi)吳越之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人氏(shi)(shi)。從(cong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)(wen)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)學角度(du)看,吳越之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)是(shi)木星(xing)(xing)(xing)十二次(ci)之(zhi)首“星(xing)(xing)(xing)紀(ji)”對(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di)(di),而星(xing)(xing)(xing)紀(ji)之(zhi)次(ci)乃木星(xing)(xing)(xing)12年一(yi)周天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)巡天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)旅的(de)(de)(de)(de)起程(cheng)之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)。文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)記(ji)述(shu)說(shuo)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)以木德王天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)下”。《春(chun)秋命歷(li)序》:“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)開辟,……日(ri)月(yue)(yue)五(wu)緯俱起牽牛(niu)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)出焉,號曰(yue)‘防五(wu)’,兄弟十三人……乘風雨,夾日(ri)月(yue)(yue)以行(xing)(xing)。”從(cong)引文(wen)(wen)我們看到(dao),前面(mian)(mian)講(jiang)到(dao)日(ri)月(yue)(yue)五(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing),包括(kuo)木星(xing)(xing)(xing),都(dou)啟程(cheng)于牽牛(niu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)宿,后面(mian)(mian)講(jiang)到(dao)木德之(zhi)人天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)和他的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸(zhu)多兄弟“夾日(ri)月(yue)(yue)以行(xing)(xing)”,那么這段引文(wen)(wen)實際上告訴我們天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)是(shi)從(cong)“牽牛(niu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)”(也就是(shi)“星(xing)(xing)(xing)紀(ji)之(zhi)次(ci)”)對(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)吳越之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)啟程(cheng),開始(shi)治理國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以說(shuo),良渚古(gu)(gu)(gu)城很可(ke)能就是(shi)成鳩(jiu)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)國(guo),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)都(dou)。
良(liang)(liang)渚古城的發現,有(you)人認為(wei)朝代(dai)的斷代(dai)應從此改寫——由認為(wei)的最(zui)早朝代(dai)為(wei)夏、商(shang)、周,改成良(liang)(liang)渚。這個問題,嚴文(wen)明教授說,需要留(liu)待考古進一步(bu)證明。但他也(ye)認為(wei),良(liang)(liang)渚文(wen)化(hua)沒有(you)消(xiao)亡,而是在(zai)歷史的過(guo)程中,逐漸發展繼承下來了,并且明顯影響著以后的夏、商(shang)、周時(shi)代(dai),像商(shang)周的青銅(tong)器上有(you)一些良(liang)(liang)渚玉器上的花紋。
“國(guo)”字外圍(wei)有個框,說(shuo)明能稱(cheng)為“國(guo)”的(de),外圍(wei)都有城墻(qiang)。城墻(qiang),是氏族社會(hui)和文明社會(hui)區別的(de)一個重要(yao)標志(zhi)。所以(yi),找到了圍(wei)繞著莫角山的(de)城墻(qiang),也可以(yi)說(shuo)是期盼已久的(de)事。
良渚文(wen)化距今5300—4000年。后良渚文(wen)明(ming)與河(he)姆渡文(wen)明(ming)融合(he);轉化為巢湖凌家灘文(wen)明(ming)。
這(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)代,中(zhong)國大地上(shang)發現(xian)的古城(cheng)約有(you)60多座,小的只有(you)10多平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,大的為(wei)280萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,面積達290萬(wan)(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米的良(liang)(liang)渚(zhu)(zhu)古城(cheng),是最大的。良(liang)(liang)渚(zhu)(zhu)文化的分布主要在太湖流域,包括余杭良(liang)(liang)渚(zhu)(zhu)這(zhe)里,還有(you)嘉興南(nan)、上(shang)海東、蘇州(zhou)、常州(zhou)、南(nan)京一帶;再往外(wai),還有(you)擴張區,西(xi)到安徽、江西(xi),往北一直到江蘇北部(bu),接近(jin)山東,曾(ceng)經良(liang)(liang)渚(zhu)(zhu)人為(wei)了(le)占領這(zhe)里,還打(da)了(le)一仗;再往外(wai),還有(you)影響(xiang)區,一直到山西(xi)南(nan)部(bu)地帶。
可(ke)以(yi)看出(chu),當時(shi)“良渚(zhu)”勢(shi)力(li)占據了半個(ge)中(zhong)國,如(ru)果沒有較高的經濟文(wen)化(hua)水(shui)平,是不可(ke)能(neng)做到的。
所有這(zhe)些勢(shi)力,源(yuan)頭在余杭的莫角山,這(zhe)里住著統治整個良渚(zhu)時(shi)期的“王”;我們又發現了外面的古城,相當于良渚(zhu)時(shi)的首(shou)都。