基本情況
圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)寺(si)位于(yu)今(jin)甘(gan)肅省金昌(chang)市(shi)永昌(chang)縣,始(shi)(shi)建于(yu)公元561年(nian)(nian)。公元609年(nian)(nian),有一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)東西走向的(de)大峽谷(gu),叫望(wang)御山谷(gu)(簡稱御山峽或御山谷(gu))。在這條(tiao)峽谷(gu)的(de)中(zhong)段,有一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)始(shi)(shi)建于(yu)公元561 年(nian)(nian)的(de)瑞(rui)像寺(si)院(今(jin)名圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)寺(si)),寺(si)院正殿的(de)石(shi)壁上,挺立(li)著一(yi)(yi)尊始(shi)(shi)雕于(yu)公元520年(nian)(nian)的(de)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)石(shi)佛(fo)瑞(rui)像,敦煌莫高窟里有它大量(liang)壁畫和(he)(he)豐富文字(zi)記載,諸(zhu)如“盤和(he)(he)都(dou)督(du)府御谷(gu)山番(fan)禾縣北圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)瑞(rui)像”、“盤和(he)(he)都(dou)督(du)府仰容(rong)山番(fan)禾縣北圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)瑞(rui)像”、“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)者劉薩(sa)訶和(he)(he)尚”、“盤和(he)(he)都(dou)督(du)府仰容(rong)山圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)容(rong)像”等(deng)等(deng),就是(shi)講(jiang)的(de)該雕像和(he)(he)它的(de)寺(si)院。
中文名稱:圣(sheng)容寺
所在地區(qu):甘肅省(sheng)金昌市永昌縣(xian)
周邊(bian)景點:驪靬古(gu)城遺址、金山寺、紫金花城、金川國家礦山公園、永昌鐘(zhong)鼓樓
歷史
據佛(fo)籍記(ji)載(zai):在(zai)(zai)(zai)東晉(jin)十(shi)六國時(shi)期(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)魏時(shi)期(qi),中國有個稽胡族高僧叫劉薩(sa)訶(公(gong)元360 至(zhi)(zhi)436 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),文成(cheng)郡(今山(shan)(shan)西吉縣(xian))人,三十(shi)歲時(shi)出(chu)家(jia)當了(le)和(he)尚,取法名(ming)釋慧達。劉薩(sa)訶一(yi)生(sheng)敬佛(fo)40多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),前(qian)20多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)家(jia)鄉(xiang)和(he)江(jiang)南各地(di)(di)學法宣(xuan)教(jiao),后22年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)河西弘揚佛(fo)法。劉薩(sa)訶生(sheng)前(qian)最受時(shi)人崇(chong)仰的(de)(de)是預(yu)言(yan)準確,凡是他預(yu)言(yan)過的(de)(de)事,在(zai)(zai)(zai)以后幾十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)乃至(zhi)(zhi)幾百年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)里(li),都得到了(le)應驗(yan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)江(jiang)南地(di)(di)區和(he)河西地(di)(di)區尤(you)其在(zai)(zai)(zai)河西地(di)(di)區,有關他的(de)(de)佛(fo)跡活動(dong)的(de)(de)傳說(shuo)很多(duo)(duo),遺跡不(bu)(bu)少。比如(ru)有在(zai)(zai)(zai)番(fan)禾縣(xian)預(yu)方仰容山(shan)(shan)石佛(fo)瑞像(xiang)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)傳說(shuo);有在(zai)(zai)(zai)肅州開(kai)山(shan)(shan)暢流(liu),救助生(sheng)靈(ling)的(de)(de)傳說(shuo);有開(kai)鑿莫高窟的(de)(de)傳說(shuo);有在(zai)(zai)(zai)番(fan)禾縣(xian)開(kai)鑿云莊石窟、修建云莊寺并在(zai)(zai)(zai)這里(li)長(chang)期(qi)居住宣(xuan)揚佛(fo)法的(de)(de)傳說(shuo)等等。后來(lai)他被推上了(le)至(zhi)(zhi)高無比的(de)(de)地(di)(di)位。在(zai)(zai)(zai)佛(fo)教(jiao)文獻中,他不(bu)(bu)僅被神化(hua)為(wei)(wei)觀(guan)音(yin)菩(pu)薩(sa)假形化(hua)俗,更(geng)與佛(fo)祖釋迦牟(mou)尼比肩,被尊為(wei)(wei)劉師(shi)佛(fo)、劉大菩(pu)薩(sa)、佛(fo)教(jiao)第二十(shi)二代尊師(shi),河西地(di)(di)區信仰尤(you)甚(shen)。就是這個和(he)尚,于北(bei)魏太(tai)武帝太(tai)延元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元435 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),第二次西去印度(du)觀(guan)佛(fo)跡。行(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)涼州番(fan)和(he)縣(xian)(今永昌縣(xian)城西二十(shi)里(li)的(de)(de)水么關一(yi)帶(dai))向(xiang)東北(bei)望御山(shan)(shan)谷說(shuo):“此山(shan)(shan)有奇靈(ling)祥光,將來(lai)會有寶像(xiang)出(chu)現(xian)。寶像(xiang)出(chu)現(xian)時(shi),如(ru)殘缺(que),預(yu)示著(zhu)天(tian)下離 亂,黎民(min)饑(ji)饉;如(ru)寶像(xiang)肢首(shou)俱全,預(yu)示著(zhu)天(tian)下太(tai)平,民(min)生(sheng)安(an)樂”。
授記(ji)之后,率(lv)弟子(zi)繼續西(xi)行,行至肅州西(xi)七(qi)(qi)里(li)澗(jian)(jian),劉(liu)薩(sa)(sa)訶(he)無(wu)病而逝,骨頭(tou)立時化為(wei)小碎塊,如(ru)葵籽大,當(dang)地佛僧認為(wei)是劉(liu)薩(sa)(sa)訶(he)顯圣成佛的像(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng),就(jiu)在那里(li)修了(le)一座骨塔(ta)和(he)(he)(he)寺院,紀念劉(liu)薩(sa)(sa)訶(he)。86年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后,到北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)孝明帝(di)正光元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)520 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),涼州番禾(he)郡御谷(gu)山一帶,忽(hu)然(ran)大風驟起,祥云密布,雷電(dian)交加,御谷(gu)山崩裂,絕崖石壁上(shang)現(xian)(xian)出一尊石佛瑞像(xiang)(xiang),除(chu)了(le)沒有(you)頭(tou),其他都(dou)(dou)完(wan)好無(wu)損(sun)。此(ci)(ci)后的約(yue)40 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)時間中,天災人(ren)(ren)禍連連發生,百姓痛苦,正好應驗(yan)(yan)了(le)劉(liu)薩(sa)(sa)訶(he)和(he)(he)(he)尚生前授記(ji)之言。北(bei)(bei)周明帝(di)宇文毓元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)557 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),在距此(ci)(ci)山二百里(li)的武威城東七(qi)(qi)里(li)澗(jian)(jian),夜現(xian)(xian)祥光,人(ren)(ren)們都(dou)(dou)去(qu)觀看,是一尊石佛像(xiang)(xiang)頭(tou)。于是,就(jiu)把它迎送到御谷(gu)山,舉行了(le)祈禱儀(yi)式,當(dang)眾僧侶(lv)敬捧佛首(shou)(shou)放戴于肩的時候,佛首(shou)(shou)“相去(qu)數尺,飛而暗合,無(wu)復(fu)差(cha)殊”。于是官(guan)民“悲欣千里(li)”,禮佛慶賀。從(cong)此(ci)(ci)以后,天下太(tai)平,人(ren)(ren)民安(an)居(ju)樂業(ye)。后來(lai),北(bei)(bei)周皇帝(di)宇文邕知道(dao)了(le)這些(xie)情況(kuang)后,就(jiu)派遣宇文儉親往(wang)察(cha)驗(yan)(yan)。并(bing)于保(bao)定(ding)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)561 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))下旨,調集涼州、甘(gan)州、肅州三(san)(san)州力(li)役(yi)三(san)(san)千人(ren)(ren)造寺,三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建成,寺分三(san)(san)處。該(gai)寺初有(you)僧人(ren)(ren)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren),敕賜(si)寺額為(wei)“瑞像(xiang)(xiang)寺”,從(cong)此(ci)(ci),香火盛極,僧侶(lv)眾多。到建德初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)572 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))一天夜間,瑞像(xiang)(xiang)佛首(shou)(shou)自(zi)行落(luo)地,僧侶(lv)官(guan)府驚愕,馬上(shang)把此(ci)(ci)情況(kuang)報告了(le)朝廷(ting),皇帝(di)派大冢宰和(he)(he)(he)齊王親臨驗(yan)(yan)察(cha),并(bing)舉行儀(yi)式重新安(an)放,但是,還是白天安(an)好,夜晚(wan)脫落(luo),反復(fu)十(shi)(shi)余次(ci),仍然(ran)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)。
時過不久(jiu),到建(jian)德(de)三年,武帝焚(fen)寺(si)滅(mie)法,天(tian)下寺(si)院遭(zao)到焚(fen)燒,廣大(da)僧(seng)眾受到嚴厲打擊,番禾(he)郡的瑞(rui)(rui)像寺(si)遭(zao)到了(le)被焚(fen)厄運。因此,人們更信仰神(shen)僧(seng)劉(liu)薩訶的預言。隋(sui)朝建(jian)立后,隋(sui)文帝提倡佛(fo)法,佛(fo)教再度(du)興旺,番禾(he)縣(xian)瑞(rui)(rui)像寺(si)得以(yi)重建(jian),瑞(rui)(rui)像身首(shou)復合一體,隋(sui)大(da)業五年(公元609年)煬帝西(xi)(xi)巡(xun)河西(xi)(xi),親臨該寺(si)拜謁瑞(rui)(rui)像,御(yu)筆將瑞(rui)(rui)像寺(si)改名(ming)感通寺(si),施(shi)舍(she)了(le)大(da)量財寶(bao),下旨擴建(jian)增(zeng)修寺(si)院。并令天(tian)下模寫(xie)石(shi)佛(fo)瑞(rui)(rui)像供奉,不久(jiu),感通寺(si)聲(sheng)震全國,馳名(ming)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)。
唐朝,由于佛(fo)教(jiao)在中(zhong)(zhong)國更(geng)加興盛,地處絲(si)綢之路要津的古番(fan)禾(he)縣(xian)(xian)感(gan)通寺(si)(si)(si),成(cheng)了(le)與西方佛(fo)教(jiao)文(wen)化融匯的中(zhong)(zhong)心寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan),因此,唐朝皇帝(di)非常(chang)重視(shi)這座寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan),太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)貞觀(guan)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)636 年(nian)(nian)(nian)),感(gan)通寺(si)(si)(si)像(xiang)山(shan)(shan)出現鳳鳥蔽日祥兆,太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)派(pai)使供養(yang);貞觀(guan)十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)644年(nian)(nian)(nian))三藏法師(shi)從五天竺取(qu)經歸途(tu)中(zhong)(zhong),來感(gan)通寺(si)(si)(si)拜佛(fo)講經,并講說了(le)感(gan)通寺(si)(si)(si)石佛(fo)瑞(rui)像(xiang)的由來。唐中(zhong)(zhong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)時(shi)(shi)(公元(yuan)(yuan)684 —710 年(nian)(nian)(nian)),中(zhong)(zhong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)多次派(pai)特(te)使郭元(yuan)(yuan)振、霍嗣光等到寺(si)(si)(si)敬物。朝廷敕令在寺(si)(si)(si)后像(xiang)山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)上和寺(si)(si)(si)前隔河半山(shan)(shan)腰間(jian)修建了(le)大小佛(fo)塔各一(yi)座。至今雄偉壯觀(guan)。到中(zhong)(zhong)唐,即代宗(zong)(zong)(zong)李豫(yu)廣德二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(764年(nian)(nian)(nian))吐蕃攻(gong)陷涼州(zhou),番(fan)禾(he)縣(xian)(xian)也為吐蕃所據。番(fan)禾(he)縣(xian)(xian)感(gan)通寺(si)(si)(si)吐蕃統治時(shi)(shi)香火很盛,據莫(mo)高窟壁畫(hua)和文(wen)獻記載可(ke)知(zhi),古番(fan)禾(he)縣(xian)(xian)感(gan)通寺(si)(si)(si)吐蕃統時(shi)(shi)改稱為圣容寺(si)(si)(si)。
宋朝(chao),在西夏(xia)統治(zhi)的190 余年中(zhong),古番(fan)禾(he)縣(西夏(xia)時(shi)改(gai)設永州(zhou))圣容(rong)寺(si)的佛(fo)事活動依然興(xing)(xing)旺(wang)。據今存于(yu)(yu)該寺(si)前石(shi)壁的西夏(xia)文和莫高窟有關資料(liao)記載(zai),西夏(xia)時(shi),這(zhe)座寺(si)院曾進行了重(zhong)修或維修。元朝(chao)統治(zhi)時(shi),這(zhe)里民間(jian)的香火還(huan)是不斷(duan)的,但已(yi)經走向了衰敗。明朝(chao)時(shi)期,由于(yu)(yu)在縣城內和縣城附(fu)近興(xing)(xing)建(jian)很多寺(si)廟,而遠在城北二十里望御山谷的圣容(rong)寺(si)更加冷落衰敗。到清代中(zhong)后期至民國時(shi)期,圣容(rong)寺(si)逐(zhu)步地被廢棄(qi)了。解放(fang)初,僅存欲頹的山門(men)和幾間(jian)僧房,于(yu)(yu)1953年,在破除封建(jian)迷(mi)信(xin)活動中(zhong),被當地居民拆除。
景點
在(zai)圣容寺(si)彎延兩公(gong)里的御山峽谷中,現存有河西(xi)(xi)(xi)最早的唐塔、漢(han)、明(ming)長(chang)城、西(xi)(xi)(xi)夏六(liu)體文石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)夏墓葬群、高昌王墓、花大(da)門石(shi)刻(ke)(ke)等多處(chu)文物古跡。