墊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)點(dian)地(di)梅(mei)(學(xue)名:Androsace tapete Maxim.)是報春花科、點(dian)地(di)梅(mei)屬(shu)的(de)(de)多年生草本植(zhi)物。株(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)為半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)堅(jian)實墊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)體,由(you)多數根出(chu)短(duan)枝緊密(mi)排列而成;根呈棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。葉(xie)(xie)兩(liang)型,外層(ceng)葉(xie)(xie)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)或卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing),較肥(fei)厚,先端鈍(dun),背部(bu)隆起,微具(ju)脊;內層(ceng)葉(xie)(xie)線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或狹倒(dao)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing),中(zhong)上部(bu)綠色(se),下部(bu)白色(se)。花葶近于無或極短(duan);花單生,無梗或具(ju)極短(duan)的(de)(de)柄;苞片(pian)線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing),膜質(zhi),有綠色(se)細肋(lei);花萼筒狀(zhuang)(zhuang),具(ju)稍明(ming)顯的(de)(de)5棱,棱間通(tong)常白色(se),裂片(pian)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing);花冠粉紅色(se),裂片(pian)倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)微呈波(bo)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。花期(qi)6-7月。始載于《度母本草》。
分布于中國新(xin)疆、甘肅、青海、四(si)川、云南和(he)西藏;尼泊爾也有分布。生于海拔3500-5000米(mi)的礫石山坡、河谷階地和(he)平緩的山頂。喜濕(shi)潤、溫暖、向陽環境和(he)肥沃土(tu)壤,且耐寒。
花(hua)入藥;味苦(ku),性涼,據《四部(bu)醫(yi)典》記(ji)載:“所說墊(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)點(dian)地梅(mei),治(zhi)療腹水(shui)引(yin)黃(huang)水(shui)”,其有清熱、干(gan)黃(huang)水(shui)等功效(xiao),可用于治(zhi)療炭疽、黃(huang)水(shui)病等癥狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。墊(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)點(dian)地梅(mei)是觀花(hua)植(zhi)物,對于水(shui)土(tu)保持和地被景觀具有重要價值。
墊(dian)狀(zhuang)點地梅始載于《度母(mu)本草》。
生于海拔3500-5000米的礫石山坡(po)、河谷階地和平緩的山頂。喜濕潤、溫暖、向陽(yang)環境和肥沃土壤(rang),且耐寒。
點地梅墊狀植物群(qun)落一(yi)般分布(bu)在高海拔的湖盆開闊(kuo)谷(gu)地以及(ji)平緩坡地(海拔為(wei)4500-5100米(mi)),由于(yu)寒凍風(feng)化(hua)作用強烈,地表常見(jian)有(you)礫石。因其(qi)所(suo)處地段生態環境條(tiao)件各異,故植物群(qun)落的種類組成及(ji)其(qi)變化(hua)較大,常見(jian)植物有(you)鉆(zhan)葉(xie)風(feng)毛菊、早熟禾(he)、青藏苔草(cao)(cao)、碎米(mi)蕨葉(xie)馬先蒿、四(si)裂紅景天、鐮狀棘豆、密花黃(huang)芪、鼠(shu)曲風(feng)毛菊、弱小火(huo)絨草(cao)(cao)、葶藶、羌塘(tang)雪兔(tu)子(zi)、雪靈芝、短穗兔(tu)耳草(cao)(cao)、蚓果芥等(deng)。群(qun)落總(zong)蓋度一(yi)般為(wei)10-25%。
分布于(yu)中國新(xin)疆(南部(bu))、甘(gan)肅(南部(bu))、青(qing)海、四(si)川(chuan)(西(xi)部(bu))、云南(西(xi)北部(bu))和(he)西(xi)藏;尼泊爾(er)也有分布。
多年生(sheng)草本。株形(xing)(xing)(xing)為半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)的堅實墊(dian)狀(zhuang)體,由多數根出短枝(zhi)緊密排列而成(cheng);根出短枝(zhi)為鱗覆的枯葉覆蓋,呈(cheng)棒狀(zhuang)。當(dang)年生(sheng)蓮座(zuo)狀(zhuang)葉叢疊生(sheng)于老葉叢上,通(tong)常無節間(jian),直徑2-3毫米(mi)(mi)。葉兩型,外層葉卵狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或卵狀(zhuang)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)2-3毫米(mi)(mi),較肥厚,先端(duan)鈍,背部隆起,微(wei)具(ju)(ju)脊;內層葉線形(xing)(xing)(xing)或狹倒披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)2-3毫米(mi)(mi),中(zhong)上部綠(lv)色,頂端(duan)具(ju)(ju)密集的白(bai)(bai)色畫筆狀(zhuang)毛,下(xia)部白(bai)(bai)色,膜質,邊緣具(ju)(ju)短緣毛。
花(hua)葶(ting)近于無(wu)或極(ji)短(duan)(duan);花(hua)單生,無(wu)梗或具極(ji)短(duan)(duan)的柄,包藏于葉叢(cong)中;苞片(pian)線形,膜(mo)質,有綠色細肋,約(yue)(yue)與花(hua)萼等長;花(hua)萼筒(tong)狀(zhuang),長4-5毫米,具稍明顯的5棱,棱間通(tong)常(chang)白色,膜(mo)質,分裂達(da)全長的1/3,裂片(pian)三角形,先端鈍,上部(bu)邊(bian)緣(yuan)具絹毛;花(hua)冠(guan)粉(fen)紅色,直徑(jing)約(yue)(yue)5毫米,裂片(pian)倒卵形,邊(bian)緣(yuan)微呈(cheng)波狀(zhuang)。
墊(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)點(dian)(dian)地(di)(di)梅的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)上(shang)部分(fen)一般(ban)是一個呈穹頂(ding)(ding)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)緊(jin)實(shi)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)體(ti)(ti),該墊(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)由多束輻射狀(zhuang)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)簇(cu)緊(jin)密簇(cu)擁(yong)而成,各個分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)簇(cu)由若干節和(he)節間構成。各分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)簇(cu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)同步,即從(cong)某個節的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處沿分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)簇(cu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)方向計數(shu),各分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)單向節間數(shu)恒相(xiang)等。當年(nian)新生(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)(ding)端為(wei)第(di)二(er)年(nian)節間生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)點(dian)(dian),節處單次分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)為(wei)1到數(shu)條不(bu)等,隨著墊(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),墊(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)趨(qu)于緊(jin)實(shi),墊(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)表面可以(yi)看(kan)作是第(di)二(er)年(nian)新生(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)起(qi)始面,第(di)二(er)年(nian)新生(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)(ding)端構成第(di)三(san)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)起(qi)始面,以(yi)此(ci)類推。構成墊(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)木質(zhi)化(hua)(hua),不(bu)脫落,且枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齡越大(da),其木質(zhi)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)越高,位于墊(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)表面的(de)(de)(de)當年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雖然木質(zhi)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)較低,亦不(bu)脫落。
墊狀點(dian)地梅花期6-7月(yue)。
7月初結果期已(yi)基本結束,生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)趨于停滯(zhi)。墊狀(zhuang)點地梅各小枝的年生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)量(liang)均為一個節間的長(chang)度,任(ren)一分枝簇(cu)的單向(xiang)節間數即為該植(zhi)株的年齡。
墊(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)點(dian)(dian)地(di)梅(mei)各樣株的(de)地(di)上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量所占(zhan)比重(zhong)均較大(da),平(ping)均占(zhan)植株總(zong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量的(de)87.1%。年齡對墊(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)點(dian)(dian)地(di)梅(mei)地(di)上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量和(he)總(zong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量變化(hua)的(de)解釋率分(fen)別為82.2%和(he)83.9%。地(di)上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量和(he)總(zong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)初期(qi)積累緩慢,9齡以后,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量的(de)積累速率明顯(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)。這是由于(yu)隨著墊(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)點(dian)(dian)地(di)梅(mei)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),墊(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)體(ti)表面(mian)的(de)光合面(mian)積不斷增(zeng)加(jia),與此(ci)同(tong)時,根(gen)系發育趨于(yu)完善,對營養(yang)和(he)水(shui)分(fen)的(de)吸收功能不斷增(zeng)強,墊(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)點(dian)(dian)地(di)梅(mei)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力在一(yi)定(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)階段后達(da)到較高水(shui)平(ping)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)量積累的(de)變化(hua)趨勢(shi)也(ye)反映了墊(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)點(dian)(dian)地(di)梅(mei)對高原嚴酷生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境的(de)適應過程。
花(hua)入藥(yao);味(wei)苦,性涼,據《四(si)部醫典(dian)》記載:“所說墊(dian)狀(zhuang)點地梅,治(zhi)療腹水(shui)引黃水(shui)”,其有清熱、干(gan)黃水(shui)等功效,可用于治(zhi)療炭疽、黃水(shui)病等癥狀(zhuang)。
墊狀點(dian)地梅是觀花植物(wu),對于水土保持(chi)和地被景觀具有重(zhong)要價值(zhi)。
保(bao)護級別:列入《中國生物(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing)紅色(se)名(ming)錄—高等植物(wu)卷(2020)》——無危(wei)(LC)。