釩(fan)(Vanadium)是一種金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)元(yuan)(yuan)素,元(yuan)(yuan)素符號為V,銀灰色金(jin)屬(shu)(shu),在元(yuan)(yuan)素周期表中屬(shu)(shu)VB族,原子序(xu)數23,原子量50.9414,體心立方(fang)晶(jing)體,常(chang)見化合價為+5、+4、+3、+2。釩(fan)的(de)熔點很高(gao),為難熔金(jin)屬(shu)(shu),有(you)延展性,質堅硬(ying),無磁性。具有(you)耐(nai)鹽酸(suan)(suan)和硫酸(suan)(suan)的(de)本領,并且在耐(nai)氣、耐(nai)鹽、耐(nai)水腐蝕(shi)的(de)性能要(yao)比大多數不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)好。
釩先后被兩(liang)次發現。第一次是(shi)在(zai)1801年由墨西(xi)哥(ge)城的礦(kuang)物學教授節烈里瓦發現的。他發現它在(zai)亞釩酸(suan)鹽樣本中,這(zhe)個(ge)樣本就是(shi)Pb5(VO4)3Cl,由于這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)新元素的鹽溶液在(zai)加(jia)熱(re)時呈現鮮艷的紅(hong)色,所以(yi)被取名為“愛麗特羅尼(ni)”,即“紅(hong)色”的意思,并(bing)將這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)物品送到巴黎(li)。然而,法(fa)國化學家推(tui)斷它是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)被污染的鉻礦(kuang)石(shi),所以(yi)沒有被人(ren)們公認。
第(di)二(er)次發現是(shi)在(zai)(zai)1830年(nian)(nian),瑞典(dian)化(hua)學家塞夫斯特倫(lun)(Sefstrom.N.G,1787-1845)在(zai)(zai)研究斯馬蘭礦(kuang)(kuang)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)時(shi),用酸溶解鐵,在(zai)(zai)殘渣中發現了(le)釩(fan)。因(yin)為釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)合物的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色五顏六色,十分漂亮(liang),所(suo)以就用北歐神話(hua)中一(yi)位(wei)叫(jiao)凡(fan)娜迪絲(si)“Vanadis”的(de)(de)(de)(de)美麗女神的(de)(de)(de)(de)名字給(gei)這種(zhong)新元素(su)(su)起名叫(jiao)“Vanadium”。中文按其(qi)譯音(yin)定名為釩(fan)。塞夫斯特倫(lun)、維勒、貝采里烏斯等(deng)人都曾(ceng)研究過釩(fan),確認釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai),但他們始終沒有(you)分離(li)出單質(zhi)釩(fan)。后來到了(le)1830年(nian)(nian)寫佛寺特勒木在(zai)(zai)由瑞典(dian)鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)石提煉出的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵中發現了(le)它,并(bing)肯定這是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)新元素(su)(su)稱之為釩(fan),他能夠證明它是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)元素(su)(su),并(bing)因(yin)此擊敗了(le)一(yi)位(wei)與他競爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學家,來自在(zai)(zai)錫(xi)馬潘(墨西哥)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沃勒(Friedrich W?hler),他也(ye)在(zai)(zai)對另一(yi)種(zhong)釩(fan)礦(kuang)(kuang)石進行研究。
1840年,俄羅(luo)斯礦(kuang)物工(gong)程師蘇賓寫道“含銅生鐵(tie)、黑銅、銅錠(ding)是含釩合金(jin),由于釩的存(cun)在,使它們具有較高的硬度”。
1869年英國化(hua)學家羅斯科(Roscoe.H.E,1833-1915)用氫氣還原二(er)氧化(hua)釩(fan),才第一次制得(de)了(le)純凈(jing)的金屬釩(fan),而且他證明(ming)了(le)之前的金屬樣本其實是(shi)氮化(hua)釩(fan)(VN)。
1939年,在俄羅斯的(de)彼爾姆斯克的(de)含(han)銅砂巖(yan)中也發(fa)現了(le)釩。
在發現釩(fan)這種金屬(shu)后,人(ren)們慢(man)慢(man)了(le)解到了(le)它(ta)的性質,并開(kai)始將它(ta)應用到人(ren)們的生活當(dang)中(zhong)。1882年,英國(guo)列·克魯佐特鋼鐵公司用含釩(fan)1.1%的煉鋼爐渣制得釩(fan)的磷酸鹽,年產(chan)量(liang)約60t。用戶是生產(chan)苯胺黑(hei)的染料廠。
在19世(shi)紀末20世(shi)紀初,俄(e)羅斯開始利用碳(tan)還原法(fa)還原鐵(tie)(tie)和(he)釩(fan)(fan)氧(yang)化物(wu),首次制備出釩(fan)(fan)鐵(tie)(tie)合金(含V35%~40%)。1902~1903年俄(e)羅斯進行了鋁(lv)熱(re)法(fa)制取釩(fan)(fan)鐵(tie)(tie)的試驗。
1927年,美國的(de)馬爾登和賴(lai)奇用(yong)金屬(shu)鈣還原五氧化(hua)二(er)釩(fan)(fan)(V2O5),第一次制得了含(han)釩(fan)(fan)99.3%~99.8%的(de)可鍛性金屬(shu)釩(fan)(fan)。
19世紀(ji)末,研究(jiu)還發現了釩在(zai)鋼(gang)中能顯著(zhu)改善鋼(gang)材(cai)的機械性能,從而使釩在(zai)工業上才得到廣泛應用。至20世紀(ji)初(chu),人們開始大量開采釩礦(kuang)。
世界上生產釩的(de)礦石(shi)主要以釩鈦(tai)(tai)磁(ci)鐵礦為主,在俄(e)羅斯(si)、南(nan)非(fei)、中(zhong)國、澳(ao)大利亞及美(mei)國等國家都(dou)有(you)豐富的(de)釩鈦(tai)(tai)磁(ci)鐵礦資(zi)源,此外在釩鈾礦、鋁土礦、磷(lin)巖礦、碳質(zhi)頁巖、石(shi)油燃(ran)燒灰渣、廢催化劑等均可作為回收(shou)釩的(de)資(zi)源
釩(fan)的(de)(de)蹤跡遍(bian)布(bu)全世界。在(zai)地(di)殼中(zhong)(zhong),釩(fan)的(de)(de)含量(liang)并不少,平(ping)均在(zai)兩(liang)萬(wan)個(ge)原(yuan)子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong),就(jiu)有一個(ge)釩(fan)原(yuan)子(zi),比銅、錫、鋅、鎳(nie)的(de)(de)含量(liang)都(dou)多,但釩(fan)的(de)(de)分布(bu)太分散了(le),幾乎沒有含量(liang)較(jiao)多的(de)(de)礦床。在(zai)海(hai)水中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)海(hai)膽等海(hai)洋(yang)生物(wu)(wu)體(ti)內(nei),在(zai)磁鐵礦中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)多種瀝青礦物(wu)(wu)和煤(mei)灰中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)落到地(di)球的(de)(de)隕石(shi)和太陽的(de)(de)光(guang)譜線中(zhong)(zhong),人們都(dou)發現了(le)釩(fan)的(de)(de)蹤影。釩(fan)是(shi)地(di)球上(shang)廣泛分布(bu)的(de)(de)微量(liang)元素(su),其含量(liang)約占地(di)殼構成的(de)(de)0.02%,獲取相(xiang)對(dui)容(rong)易。
世界(jie)上(shang)已(yi)知的釩(fan)儲量有98%產(chan)于釩(fan)鈦磁(ci)鐵礦。除釩(fan)鈦磁(ci)鐵礦外、釩(fan)資源還部(bu)分賦存于磷塊巖礦,含鈾(you)砂巖,粉(fen)砂巖,鋁土礦,含碳質(zhi)的原(yuan)油、煤、油頁巖及瀝(li)青砂中。
世界(jie)釩鈦磁(ci)鐵礦的儲(chu)(chu)量(liang)很大,并且(qie)集(ji)中(zhong)在少數幾個國(guo)(guo)家和地(di)(di)區(qu),包括:獨(du)聯體、美國(guo)(guo)、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)、南非(fei)、挪威、瑞(rui)典、芬蘭、加拿大、澳(ao)大利亞(ya),并且(qie)集(ji)中(zhong)分布在南非(fei)洲、北美洲等地(di)(di)區(qu)。根據(ju)1988年美國(guo)(guo)礦業局統計資(zi)料表明(ming),世界(jie)釩儲(chu)(chu)量(liang)基礎為1.6億噸(以釩計)。按開采(cai)量(liang)計算,世界(jie)現探明(ming)的釩資(zi)源可(ke)供開采(cai)150年。從儲(chu)(chu)量(liang)基礎看(kan),南非(fei)占(zhan)46%,獨(du)聯體占(zhan)23.6%,美國(guo)(guo)占(zhan)13.1%,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)占(zhan)11.6%,其它國(guo)(guo)家的總(zong)和不足(zu)6%。
在(zai)南(nan)非,釩通常在(zai)釩磁鐵礦的礦層(ceng)中產生。這些礦層(ceng)的平均品位為1.5%。據估計,南(nan)非釩儲量約為1250萬噸,世(shi)界第一。
礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物有釩(fan)酸鉀鈾(you)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、褐鉛礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和綠硫釩(fan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、石煤礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)等。中(zhong)國(guo)是釩(fan)資(zi)源比(bi)較豐富的國(guo)家,釩(fan)儲量為2055萬噸(以V2O5計)主要賦(fu)存釩(fan)鈦磁(ci)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong),且集中(zhong)分布在四川的攀枝(zhi)花市(shi)、河北承德(de)市(shi)。攀枝(zhi)花釩(fan)儲量為1295萬噸,占中(zhong)國(guo)釩(fan)儲量的63%。
元素在海水中的含量 0.0016ppm
元素(su)在太陽中(zhong)的含量 0.4ppm
地殼中(zhong)含量(liang) 160ppm
釩(fan)是(shi)一種銀(yin)灰(hui)色的金(jin)屬。熔點(dian)1890℃,屬于高熔點(dian)稀有金(jin)屬之列。它的沸點(dian)3380℃,純釩(fan)質(zhi)堅硬,無磁性(xing),具有延(yan)展性(xing),但是(shi)若(ruo)含有少量的雜質(zhi),尤其是(shi)氮(dan),氧,氫(qing)等(deng),能(neng)顯著降(jiang)低其可塑性(xing)。
原子體積 8.78cm3/mol
相對原子質量(liang) 50.94
莫氏硬度 7
聲音在其中的(de)傳播速(su)率 4560m/s
密(mi)度(du) 6.0g/cm3
熔點 1890℃
沸點 3380℃
原子序數 23
質子數 23
電子數 23
晶體(ti)(ti)結構:晶胞(bao)為(wei)體(ti)(ti)心立方晶胞(bao),每個晶胞(bao)含有2個金屬原子。
a = 303 pm α = 90°
b = 303 pm β = 90°
c = 303 pm γ = 90°
釩的(de)性質(zhi)和(he)鉭以及(ji)鈮(ni)相(xiang)似(si),英國化(hua)學(xue)家羅斯科研究(jiu)了它(ta)的(de)性質(zhi),確定它(ta)與鉭和(he)鈮(ni)相(xiang)似(si),這(zhe)為(wei)它(ta)們三(san)個在元素周期表中共建一個分族(zu)建立了基礎。釩屬于(yu)(yu)中等活潑的(de)金屬,化(hua)合價(jia)+2、+3、+4和(he)+5。其(qi)中以+5價(jia)為(wei)最穩(wen)定,其(qi)次(ci)是+4價(jia),五價(jia)釩的(de)化(hua)合物具有氧化(hua)性能,低價(jia)釩則具有還(huan)原性。釩的(de)價(jia)態越(yue)低還(huan)原性越(yue)強。電離能為(wei)6.74eV,具有耐(nai)鹽(yan)酸和(he)硫酸的(de)本領,并且在耐(nai)氣、耐(nai)鹽(yan)、耐(nai)水腐蝕的(de)性能要比大多數不(bu)銹鋼好。釩空(kong)氣中不(bu)被氧化(hua),可溶于(yu)(yu)氫氟酸、硝酸和(he)王水。
所屬周期 4
所屬族數 V B
電子(zi)層(ceng)分布 2-8-11-2
電子(zi)層 K-L-M-N
價電子(zi)排布 3d34s2
氧化(hua)態(tai) -1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,
電(dian)離能(neng)(kJ /mol)
M - M+ 650
M+ - M2+ 1414
M2+ - M3+ 2828
M4+ - M5+ 6294
M5+ - M6+ 12362
M6+ - M7+ 14489
M7+ - M8+ 16760
M8+ - M9+ 19860
M9+ - M10+ 22240
釩(fan)能(neng)分別以二、三、四、五(wu)價于氧結合,形(xing)成四種氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu):一氧化(hua)(hua)釩(fan),三氧化(hua)(hua)二釩(fan),二氧化(hua)(hua)釩(fan),五(wu)氧化(hua)(hua)二釩(fan)。他們的(de)性質(zhi)如(ru)下:
化學式 顏(yan)色 密度g/cm3 熔點(dian)℃
VO 灰色(se) 5.23-5.76 1830
V2O3 黑色 4.85 1960
VO2 深藍色 4.26. 1545
V2O5 紅(hong)黃(huang) 3.32 690
高溫下,金屬(shu)釩(fan)很容易與氧(yang)和氮作用。當金屬(shu)釩(fan)在空(kong)氣中(zhong)加熱時(shi),釩(fan)氧(yang)化(hua)成棕黑(hei)色(se)(se)的三(san)氧(yang)化(hua)二(er)釩(fan)、深藍(lan)色(se)(se)的二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)釩(fan),并(bing)最終(zhong)成為桔(jie)黃色(se)(se)的五氧(yang)化(hua)二(er)釩(fan):
釩(fan)(fan)在(zai)氮(dan)氣中加熱(re)至900~1300℃會生成氮(dan)化(hua)釩(fan)(fan)。釩(fan)(fan)與碳在(zai)高溫下可(ke)生成碳化(hua)釩(fan)(fan),但碳化(hua)反應必須在(zai)真空(kong)中進行。當(dang)釩(fan)(fan)在(zai)真空(kong)下或惰性氣氛中與硅、硼、磷、砷一同(tong)加熱(re)時,可(ke)形(xing)成相(xiang)應的(de)硅化(hua)物(wu)、硼化(hua)物(wu)、磷化(hua)物(wu)和砷化(hua)物(wu)。不同(tong)價(jia)態的(de)釩(fan)(fan)離子有不同(tong)的(de)顏色(se)(se)(se):VO2+顏色(se)(se)(se)為(wei)淺黃色(se)(se)(se)或深綠色(se)(se)(se),VO2+顏色(se)(se)(se)為(wei)藍色(se)(se)(se),V3+為(wei)綠色(se)(se)(se),V2+為(wei)紫色(se)(se)(se)。
我(wo)們(men)平常說的(de)釩(fan)鹽(yan)(yan)是指這幾種:含(han)有(you)V4+的(de),含(han)有(you)VO3-的(de)(偏(pian)(pian)釩(fan)酸鹽(yan)(yan)),含(han)有(you)VO43-的(de)(正釩(fan)酸鹽(yan)(yan)),他(ta)們(men)包括:偏(pian)(pian)釩(fan)酸銨、偏(pian)(pian)釩(fan)酸鈉(na)、偏(pian)(pian)釩(fan)酸鉀、正釩(fan)酸鈉(na)、硫酸氧釩(fan)、草酸氧釩(fan)、四氯(lv)化(hua)釩(fan)、三氯(lv)氧釩(fan)等。
釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)鹽類的(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)(se)真是(shi)五光十色(se)(se),有綠(lv)的(de)(de)(de)、紅的(de)(de)(de)、黑(hei)(hei)的(de)(de)(de)、黃的(de)(de)(de),綠(lv)的(de)(de)(de)碧(bi)如(ru)翡翠,黑(hei)(hei)的(de)(de)(de)猶如(ru)濃墨(mo)。如(ru)二(er)價(jia)(jia)釩(fan)鹽常(chang)呈(cheng)紫色(se)(se);三價(jia)(jia)釩(fan)鹽呈(cheng)綠(lv)色(se)(se),四價(jia)(jia)釩(fan)鹽呈(cheng)淺藍色(se)(se),四價(jia)(jia)釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)堿性衍生物常(chang)是(shi)棕(zong)色(se)(se)或黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se),而五氧(yang)化二(er)釩(fan)則是(shi)紅色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)。這些色(se)(se)彩(cai)繽紛的(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)化合(he)物,被制成鮮艷的(de)(de)(de)顏料:把它們加到玻璃(li)中,制成彩(cai)色(se)(se)玻璃(li),也可以用來制造各種(zhong)墨(mo)水。
釩共有31種同(tong)位素,其中天然存在的是(shi)釩-50和釩-51,其他的全部(bu)通過人工合成。性質如下表(biao):
符號 Z(p) N(n) 質量(u) 半衰期 原子核自旋(xuan) 相對豐度 相對豐度的變化率
V-40 23 17 40.01109 2-
V-41 23 18 40.99978 7/2-
V-42 23 19 41.99123 2-
V-43 23 20 42.98065 80ms 7/2-
V-44 23 21 43.97411 111ms (2+)
V-44m 270keV 150ms (6+)
V-45 23 22 44.965776 547ms 7/2-
V-46 23 23 45.9602005 422.50ms 0+
V-46m 801.46keV 1.02ms 3+
V-47 23 24 46.9549089 32.6min 3/2-
V-48 23 25 47.9522537 15.9735d 4+
V-49 23 26 48.9485161 329d 7/2-
V-50 23 27 49.9471585 1.4×10a 6+ 0.0025 0.002487-0.002502
V-51 23 28 50.9439595 穩定 7/2- 0.9975 0.997498-0.997513
V-52 23 29 51.9447755 3.743min 3+
V-53 23 30 52.944338 1.60min 7/2-
V-54 23 31 53.94644 49.8s 3+
V-54m 108keV 900ns (5+)
V-55 23 32 54.94723 6.54s (7/2-)
V-56 23 33 55.95053 216ms (1+)
V-57 23 34 56.95256 0.35s (3/2-)
V-58 23 35 57.95683 191ms 3+
V-59 23 36 58.96021 75ms 7/2-
V-60 23 37 59.96503 122ms 3+
V-60m1 150keV 40ms 1+
V-60m2 101keV >400ns
V-61 23 38 60.96848 47.0ms 7/2-
V-62 23 39 61.97378 33.5ms 3+
V-63 23 40 62.97755 17ms (7/2-)
V-64 23 41 63.98347 10ms[>300ns]
V-65 23 42 64.98792 10ms 5/2-
純的金屬釩一般(ban)是(shi)用鉀在(zai)高壓下(xia)將(jiang)五(wu)氧(yang)化二釩還(huan)原(yuan)而(er)得到的。大多數釩是(shi)其它(ta)礦物(wu)加工(gong)時的副產(chan)品。工(gong)業上也可以(yi)以(yi)鋁(lv),焦炭還(huan)原(yuan)五(wu)氧(yang)化二釩生產(chan)純釩。
焦炭(tan)還(huan)原五氧化(hua)二(er)(er)釩生(sheng)產純釩是將V2O5粉(fen)與高純碳粉(fen)混合均勻,加10%樟腦乙醚(mi)溶液或酒(jiu)精,壓(ya)塊(kuai)后放(fang)入真(zhen)空(kong)碳阻爐或感應(ying)爐內(nei)。爐內(nei)真(zhen)空(kong)壓(ya)力到6.66×10-1Pa后,升溫(wen)至1573K,保溫(wen)2h。冷卻后將反(fan)應(ying)產物(wu)破碎。根據第一次還(huan)原產物(wu)的組分再配入適量碳化(hua)釩或氧化(hua)釩進行二(er)(er)次還(huan)原。二(er)(er)次還(huan)原爐內(nei)的真(zhen)空(kong)壓(ya)力為2.66×10-2Pa,溫(wen)度控制在1973~2023K之間,并保溫(wen)一段時間。真(zhen)空(kong)碳還(huan)原法所得金屬釩的成(cheng)分(質(zhi)量分數m/%)為:釩99.5,氧0.05,氮0.01,碳0.1。釩收(shou)率可(ke)達98%~99%。
鋁熱(re)還(huan)原法(fa)是(shi)將五氧化二(er)釩(fan)和純鋁放在反應(ying)彈進行反應(ying),生成釩(fan)鋁合金。釩(fan)合金在2063K的高溫和真(zhen)空中脫鋁,可制得含釩(fan)94%~97%的粗(cu)金屬釩(fan)。
在鋼(gang)(gang)中加(jia)入百分之幾(ji)的(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan),就能使鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)性、強(qiang)度大增,抗(kang)磨損(sun)和抗(kang)爆裂(lie)性極(ji)好,既耐高溫又抗(kang)奇寒(han),難怪在汽車、航空、鐵(tie)路、電子技術、國(guo)防工業等(deng)部(bu)門,到處可(ke)見到釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)蹤(zong)跡(ji)。此外,釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)物已成為化(hua)(hua)學(xue)工業中最佳催化(hua)(hua)劑之一,有“化(hua)(hua)學(xue)面包”之稱。主要用(yong)于制造(zao)高速切削鋼(gang)(gang)及其他合金鋼(gang)(gang)和催化(hua)(hua)劑。把釩(fan)(fan)摻進鋼(gang)(gang)里,可(ke)以制成釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)。釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)比普通鋼(gang)(gang)結構(gou)更緊(jin)密(mi),韌(ren)性、彈(dan)(dan)性與機械強(qiang)度更高。釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)制的(de)(de)(de)穿甲(jia)彈(dan)(dan),能夠射穿40厘米厚的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)板。但是,在鋼(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)工業上,并(bing)不是把純的(de)(de)(de)金屬釩(fan)(fan)加(jia)到鋼(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)中制成釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang),而是直接采(cai)用(yong)含釩(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)礦煉成釩(fan)(fan)鋼(gang)(gang)。
釩(fan)具有眾多優異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理性(xing)能(neng)和化(hua)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng),因而釩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)途十(shi)分(fen)廣泛,有金屬(shu)“維生素”之稱。最初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)大多應用(yong)于(yu)鋼(gang)鐵(tie),通過細化(hua)鋼(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織和晶粒(li),提高晶粒(li)粗(cu)化(hua)溫度,從而起到增加鋼(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度、韌性(xing)和耐磨性(xing)。后來,人們逐漸又發現了釩(fan)在鈦合金中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優異改良作(zuo)用(yong),并(bing)應用(yong)到航(hang)(hang)空(kong)航(hang)(hang)天領域(yu),從而使得航(hang)(hang)空(kong)航(hang)(hang)天工業取得了突破性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)展。隨著科(ke)學(xue)(xue)技術水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛躍發展,人類對新(xin)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)日益(yi)提高。釩(fan)在非(fei)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)越來越廣泛,其范圍(wei)涵蓋(gai)了航(hang)(hang)空(kong)航(hang)(hang)天、化(hua)學(xue)(xue)、電池、顏料、玻璃、光學(xue)(xue)、醫藥等眾多領域(yu)。
釩(fan)“現代(dai)工(gong)業的(de)味精(jing)”,是發(fa)展現代(dai)工(gong)業、現代(dai)國防(fang)和(he)現代(dai)科學技術不(bu)可缺(que)少的(de)重(zhong)要材料。釩(fan)在(zai)(zai)冶金(jin)業中(zhong)用量最大。從(cong)世界范圍來看,釩(fan)在(zai)(zai)鋼鐵工(gong)業中(zhong)的(de)消耗(hao)量占其生產總量的(de)85%。與此同時,釩(fan)在(zai)(zai)化工(gong)、釩(fan)電池、航(hang)空航(hang)天等其它領域的(de)應用也在(zai)(zai)不(bu)斷擴展,且具(ju)有良好(hao)發(fa)展前景(jing)。
釩(fan)(fan)在鋼鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)工(gong)業(ye)中主要用作合(he)金(jin)添加劑,鋼鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)工(gong)業(ye)的發展變(bian)化對預測(ce)釩(fan)(fan)的需求至關重(zhong)要。也就是說,鋼鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)對釩(fan)(fan)的需求趨勢決定了釩(fan)(fan)工(gong)業(ye)的命(ming)運(yun)。
中國鋼(gang)產量大(da)約6億(yi)噸,平均每噸釩(fan)的(de)(de)消費(fei)強度增加10g,折合五氧化二釩(fan)約為1.1萬噸。而在(zai)美(mei)國,碳素鋼(gang)和高強度低(di)合金(jin)鋼(gang)是(shi)鋼(gang)鐵工業(ye)中釩(fan)用量最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)種,占鋼(gang)鐵工業(ye)釩(fan)用量的(de)(de)60%以上,其次是(shi)高合金(jin)鋼(gang)。
釩電(dian)池是發展勢頭強(qiang)勁(jing)的(de)優秀綠色環保(bao)蓄電(dian)池之一(制造、使用(yong)及(ji)(ji)廢棄過程均不產生(sheng)有(you)害物質),它具有(you)特殊的(de)電(dian)池結構,可(ke)深(shen)度(du)大(da)電(dian)流密度(du)放電(dian);充電(dian)迅(xun)速;比能量高;價格(ge)低廉(lian);應用(yong)領域(yu)十(shi)分廣闊:如可(ke)作為(wei)大(da)廈、機場(chang)、程控交換站備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)源;可(ke)作為(wei)太陽能等清潔發電(dian)系(xi)統的(de)配套儲(chu)能裝置;為(wei)潛艇、遠洋輪船提供電(dian)力(li)以及(ji)(ji)用(yong)于電(dian)網調峰(feng)等。
釩(fan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)成本與鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相近,它還(huan)可制備兆瓦(wa)級電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組,大功率長時間提供電(dian)能(neng),因(yin)此(ci)釩(fan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在大規模儲(chu)能(neng)領域具(ju)(ju)有鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)可比(bi)(bi)(bi)擬的性價比(bi)(bi)(bi)優勢。釩(fan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生產工藝簡單,價格經濟(ji),電(dian)性能(neng)優異,與制造復雜、價格昂貴的燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相比(bi)(bi)(bi),無(wu)論(lun)是在大規模儲(chu)能(neng)還(huan)是電(dian)動汽車動力電(dian)源的應用前景方面(mian),都(dou)更具(ju)(ju)競爭(zheng)實力。
與其他化(hua)學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源相比,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)具有明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優越性(xing)(xing)(xing),主(zhu)要優點如下:1、功率大:通過(guo)增(zeng)加(jia)單(dan)片電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)面積(ji),即可(ke)(ke)增(zeng)加(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率,美國商(shang)業(ye)化(hua)示(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率已(yi)達(da)6兆瓦。2、容(rong)量(liang)大:通過(guo)任意增(zeng)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體積(ji),即可(ke)(ke)任意增(zeng)加(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang),可(ke)(ke)達(da)吉瓦時(shi)(shi)以上;通過(guo)提高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)(du),即可(ke)(ke)成(cheng)(cheng)倍增(zeng)加(jia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。3、效(xiao)率高(gao)(gao):由于(yu)(yu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)催化(hua)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao),且正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)質分別存儲在(zai)正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)儲槽中,避(bi)免了正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消耗,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換效(xiao)率高(gao)(gao)達(da)75%以上,遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)45%。4、壽命長:由于(yu)(yu)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)質只(zhi)分別存在(zai)于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中,充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)無其它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)常有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)相變化(hua),可(ke)(ke)深度(du)(du)(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而(er)不(bu)損傷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使用壽命長。商(shang)業(ye)化(hua)示(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi)間最長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)模塊(kuai)已(yi)正(zheng)常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)超(chao)過(guo)9年,充(chong)放(fang)循(xun)環壽命超(chao)過(guo)18000次,遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)固定型鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1000次。5、響應(ying)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)快:釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)堆里充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)在(zai)瞬間啟動(dong),在(zai)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)過(guo)程中充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)切換只(zhi)需要0.02秒(miao),響應(ying)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)(du)1毫秒(miao)。6、可(ke)(ke)瞬間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):通過(guo)更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)實(shi)現釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)瞬間充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。7、安(an)全性(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao):釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)無潛(qian)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆炸或著火(huo)危險,即使將正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)混合也(ye)無危險,只(zhi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)略有升高(gao)(gao)。8、成(cheng)(cheng)本低:除離子(zi)膜外,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)部件(jian)多為廉(lian)價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳材料、工程塑料,材料來源豐富,易回收,不(bu)需要貴(gui)金屬作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)催化(hua)劑,成(cheng)(cheng)本低。9、釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)選址自(zi)(zi)由度(du)(du)(du)大,可(ke)(ke)全自(zi)(zi)動(dong)封閉運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing),無污染,維護簡(jian)單(dan),運(yun)(yun)營成(cheng)(cheng)本低。
釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)是人(ren)體中(zhong)的(de)(de)微量元(yuan)素(su)在(zai)(zai)人(ren)體內含(han)量大約為(wei)(wei)25mg,在(zai)(zai)體液pH4~8條件下(xia)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)主要(yao)形式(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)VO3-,即亞釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)離(li)子(zi);另(ling)一為(wei)(wei)+5價氧化(hua)形式(shi)(shi)VO43-,即正釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)離(li)子(zi)。由(you)于生(sheng)物(wu)效應(ying)相(xiang)(xiang)似,一般釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)統指這兩種+5價氧化(hua)離(li)子(zi)。VO3-經離(li)子(zi)轉運系統或自由(you)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)細胞,在(zai)(zai)胞內被還原型谷胱(guang)甘肽還原成VO2+(+4價氧化(hua)態),即氧釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)根離(li)子(zi)(vanadyl)。由(you)于磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)和Mg2+離(li)子(zi)在(zai)(zai)細胞內廣泛存在(zai)(zai)VO-3與(yu)磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)結(jie)構相(xiang)(xiang)似,VO2+與(yu)Mg2+大小相(xiang)(xiang)當(離(li)子(zi)半徑分別為(wei)(wei)160pm和165pm),因而二者(zhe)就有可(ke)能(neng)通過(guo)(guo)與(yu)磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)和Mg2+競爭結(jie)合(he)配體干擾細胞的(de)(de)生(sheng)化(hua)反應(ying)過(guo)(guo)程。例(li)如,抑(yi)制ATP水解酶(mei)、核(he)糖核(he)酸(suan)(suan)酶(mei)、磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)果糖激(ji)酶(mei)、磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)甘油醛(quan)激(ji)酶(mei)、6-磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)葡(pu)萄糖酶(mei)、磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)酪氨酸(suan)(suan)蛋白激(ji)酶(mei)。所以(yi),釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)細胞后(hou)具有廣泛的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)學效應(ying)。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)化(hua)合(he)物(wu)又具有合(he)成相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)容易、價格較低廉的(de)(de)優勢(shi),因此(ci)研究釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)化(hua)合(he)物(wu)的(de)(de)降(jiang)壓機制有利(li)于對(dui)釩(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)開發和利(li)用。
國內外對釩化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)已(yi)(yi)有20多年的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi),早期(qi)多集中在(zai)釩化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)降糖作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu),也(ye)有報(bao)道釩能舒張豬的(de)(de)(de)離體(ti)冠狀動脈。近期(qi)國外有些研究(jiu)開始用釩化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)治療原(yuan)發(fa)性高(gao)血(xue)壓大鼠,已(yi)(yi)經取到肯定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)實驗結果。有報(bao)道認為BMOV可以(yi)降低SHR的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)胰(yi)島(dao)素血(xue)癥和高(gao)血(xue)壓。另有學者(zhe)采用SHR和WKY大鼠對比探討釩化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)對血(xue)壓的(de)(de)(de)藥物(wu)(wu)療效(xiao),結果可見釩化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)使收(shou)縮(suo)壓降低(149±3/mmHg,非治療組(zu)184±3mmHgP<0.0001)。
釩(fan)(fan)(fan)是正常生長可(ke)能必需的(de)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)質,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)有(you)多(duo)(duo)種價(jia)(jia)態,有(you)生物(wu)(wu)學意義的(de)是四(si)(si)價(jia)(jia)和五價(jia)(jia)態。四(si)(si)價(jia)(jia)態釩(fan)(fan)(fan)為(wei)氧釩(fan)(fan)(fan)基(ji)陽離子,易與蛋白質結(jie)合(he)結(jie)合(he)形(xing)成復合(he)物(wu)(wu),而防止(zhi)被(bei)氧化。五價(jia)(jia)態釩(fan)(fan)(fan)為(wei)氧釩(fan)(fan)(fan)基(ji)陽離子,易與其他(ta)生物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)質結(jie)合(he)形(xing)成復合(he)物(wu)(wu),在許多(duo)(duo)生化過(guo)程中,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)根(gen)(gen)能與磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)根(gen)(gen)競爭,或取代(dai)磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)根(gen)(gen)。釩(fan)(fan)(fan)酸(suan)(suan)鹽以被(bei)維(wei)生素C、谷胱甘肽或NADH還原。其在人體(ti)健康方(fang)面的(de)作用,營養(yang)學界,醫學界至(zhi)今仍不是很清楚(chu),仍處在進一步發掘的(de)過(guo)程中,但可(ke)以確定,釩(fan)(fan)(fan)有(you)重要作用。一般認為(wei),它可(ke)能有(you)助于防止(zhi)膽固醇(chun)蓄積、降(jiang)低過(guo)高的(de)血糖(tang)、防止(zhi)齲(qu)齒、幫(bang)助制(zhi)造紅血球等。每天會經尿液流失部分釩(fan)(fan)(fan)。
釩在人體(ti)內含(han)量(liang)極低,體(ti)內總量(liang)不足1mg。主要(yao)分布于內臟,尤其(qi)是肝、腎、甲狀腺等部位,骨(gu)組織中含(han)量(liang)也較高。人體(ti)對釩的正常需要(yao)量(liang)為100μg/d。
釩(fan)在胃腸吸(xi)收(shou)率(lv)僅5%,其吸(xi)收(shou)部位主(zhu)要(yao)在上消化道。此(ci)外環境中的(de)釩(fan)可經皮膚(fu)和肺吸(xi)收(shou)入體中。血液中約95%的(de)釩(fan)以離子狀(zhuang)態(VO2+)與(yu)轉鐵蛋白結合而送輸,因此(ci)釩(fan)與(yu)鐵在體內可相互影響(xiang)。
釩(fan)對(dui)骨(gu)和牙(ya)齒(chi)正常(chang)發育(yu)及(ji)鈣化(hua)有關,能增強牙(ya)對(dui)齲牙(ya)的抵(di)抗力(li)。釩(fan)還可(ke)以促進糖代謝(xie),刺激釩(fan)酸(suan)鹽依賴(lai)性(xing)NADPH氧(yang)化(hua)反(fan)應,增強脂蛋白脂酶活性(xing),加快腺苷酸(suan)環化(hua)酶活化(hua)和氨基酸(suan)轉(zhuan)化(hua)及(ji)促進紅細(xi)胞生長等作用。因此釩(fan)缺(que)乏時可(ke)出(chu)現牙(ya)齒(chi)、骨(gu)和軟骨(gu)發育(yu)受阻。肝內磷(lin)脂含量少、營養不良性(xing)水腫及(ji)甲狀腺代謝(xie)異常(chang)等。
人類攝入的(de)釩只有少部分(fen)被(bei)吸(xi)收(shou),估計吸(xi)收(shou)的(de)釩不足攝入量的(de)5%,大(da)部分(fen)由糞便排(pai)出。攝入的(de)釩于小腸與低分(fen)子量物質形成復合物,然后(hou)在(zai)血中與血漿運鐵蛋白結合,血中釩很快就運到各組織,通(tong)常大(da)多組織每克(ke)濕重含釩量低于10ng。吸(xi)收(shou)入體內的(de)80%-90%由尿排(pai)出,也可以通(tong)過膽汁排(pai)出,每克(ke)膽汁含釩為0.55-1.85ng。
有實驗(yan)顯示,釩調節(jie)(Nak)-ATP酶、調節(jie)磷酰轉移酶、腺苷(gan)酸環化酶、蛋白激酶類(lei)的輔因子(zi),與體內激素,蛋白質,脂(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)代謝關(guan)系密切。可(ke)抑制(zhi)年(nian)幼大鼠肝(gan)臟合(he)成膽固醇。可(ke)能存在以下作用:1.防止因過熱(re)而疲勞和(he)中(zhong)暑。2.促進骨骼(ge)及牙齒生(sheng)長。3.協助(zhu)脂(zhi)(zhi)肪代謝的正常(chang)化。4.預(yu)防心臟病突發。5.協助(zhu)神經和(he)肌(ji)肉的正常(chang)運作。
人(ren)的膳(shan)(shan)食中(zhong)每天(tian)可提(ti)供(gong)不足(zu)30μg的釩,多為15μg,因此考慮每天(tian)從膳(shan)(shan)食中(zhong)攝取(qu)(qu)10μg釩就可以滿(man)足(zu)需要(yao)。一(yi)般不需要(yao)特別補充(chong);需要(yao)提(ti)醒的是,攝取(qu)(qu)合成(cheng)的釩容(rong)易引起中(zhong)毒;另外吸煙會降(jiang)低釩的吸收(shou)。
釩在體內不(bu)易蓄積(ji),因而由(you)食物攝入(ru)(ru)(ru)引起(qi)的(de)中毒十分罕(han)見,但(dan)每天攝入(ru)(ru)(ru)10mg以上或每克(ke)食物中含釩10-20微克(ke),可發生中毒。通常可出現(xian)生長緩慢、腹瀉、攝入(ru)(ru)(ru)量減少(shao)和死亡。
最被認可的(de)釩(fan)缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)表(biao)現來(lai)自于(yu)1987年報道的(de)對(dui)山羊和大鼠的(de)研(yan)究,釩(fan)缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)的(de)山羊表(biao)現出流產率增加和產奶量(liang)(liang)降低。大鼠實驗中,釩(fan)缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)引起生(sheng)(sheng)長抑制,甲狀腺重量(liang)(liang)與體(ti)重的(de)比率增加以及血漿甲狀腺激(ji)素濃度的(de)變化。對(dui)于(yu)人體(ti)缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)癥研(yan)究尚不(bu)明確,有的(de)研(yan)究認為它的(de)缺(que)乏(fa)(fa)可能會導致心(xin)血管及腎臟疾病、傷(shang)口(kou)再生(sheng)(sheng)修復(fu)能力減退和新生(sheng)(sheng)兒死亡。
釩(fan)在(zai)(zai)天然水(shui)中的(de)濃度(du)很低,一般(ban)河水(shui)中為0.01~20ppb,平均(jun)為1ppb。海(hai)水(shui)含(han)(han)釩(fan)量為0.9~2.5ppb。盡(jin)管水(shui)體(ti)中可溶性的(de)釩(fan)含(han)(han)量很低,但(dan)是(shi)水(shui)中懸浮(fu)(fu)物(wu)(wu)含(han)(han)釩(fan)量是(shi)很高的(de)。懸浮(fu)(fu)物(wu)(wu)的(de)沉積(ji)導致水(shui)中釩(fan)向底質遷移,并(bing)使水(shui)體(ti)得到凈化(hua)。土(tu)(tu)壤中的(de)釩(fan)主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)VO3-陰離子(zi)(zi)狀態存(cun)在(zai)(zai)。土(tu)(tu)壤的(de)氧化(hua)性越(yue)高、堿性越(yue)大,釩(fan)越(yue)易形成(cheng)VO3-離子(zi)(zi)。當土(tu)(tu)壤的(de)酸(suan)度(du)增大時,VO3-離子(zi)(zi)易轉變(bian)成(cheng)多(duo)釩(fan)酸(suan)根復合陰離子(zi)(zi)。它們(men)都容易被粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)和土(tu)(tu)壤膠體(ti)及腐殖質固定而(er)失去活性,釩(fan)在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)壤中的(de)遷移性較弱。
金屬釩的毒(du)性很低。釩化合物(wu)(釩鹽(yan))對(dui)人和動物(wu)具有毒(du)性,其毒(du)性隨化合物(wu)的原子價增(zeng)加和溶解度的增(zeng)大而增(zeng)加,如五氧化二釩為高毒(du),可引起呼吸系統、神(shen)經系統、胃腸和皮(pi)膚(fu)的改變。
皮膚接觸(chu):脫去污染的衣(yi)著,用(yong)肥皂水及清水徹(che)底沖洗(xi)。眼睛接觸(chu):立即翻開上下眼瞼,用(yong)流動清水沖洗(xi)15分鐘(zhong)。就(jiu)醫(yi)。吸(xi)入:脫離現場至空氣新鮮處(chu),用(yong)水漱洗(xi)鼻咽部的粉塵。就(jiu)醫(yi)。食入:誤服者就(jiu)醫(yi)。對癥治療(liao)。
儲存(cun)于(yu)陰(yin)涼、通風的(de)庫(ku)房(fang)。遠離火種(zhong)、熱(re)源。應與氧化劑、酸類、食用化學品分(fen)開存(cun)放,切(qie)忌混儲。配備相應品種(zhong)和數量的(de)消防器材。儲區應備有合適(shi)的(de)材料收(shou)容泄漏物(wu)。