鋅(Zinc)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種化(hua)學元素,它的(de)(de)化(hua)學符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)Zn,它的(de)(de)原(yuan)子序(xu)數是(shi)(shi)30,在化(hua)學元素周(zhou)期(qi)表中位(wei)于第4周(zhou)期(qi)、第ⅡB族。鋅是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種淺灰色的(de)(de)過(guo)渡(du)金(jin)屬(shu),也是(shi)(shi)第四"常(chang)見"的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。在現代工(gong)業中,鋅是(shi)(shi)電池制(zhi)造上不可替代、相(xiang)當重要的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。此外(wai),鋅也是(shi)(shi)人(ren)體必需的(de)(de)微量元素之一(yi),起著極其重要的(de)(de)作用。
鋅(xin),它的(de)名稱“zinc”來(lai)源于拉丁文Zincum,意思是“白色(se)薄(bo)層”或“白色(se)沉積(ji)物”。化(hua)學符(fu)號是Zn,它的(de)原子序數是30,原子量為65.38。鋅(xin)是一種(zhong)銀白色(se)略帶淡(dan)藍色(se)金(jin)屬,密度為7.14g/cm3,熔點(dian)為419.5℃。在(zai)室溫下(xia)(xia),性較脆;100~150℃時,變(bian)軟;超過200℃后,又變(bian)干。鋅(xin)的(de)化(hua)學性質活潑,在(zai)常溫下(xia)(xia)的(de)空氣(qi)中(zhong),表面(mian)生成一層薄(bo)而致(zhi)密的(de)堿式碳酸鋅(xin)膜,可(ke)阻止進一步氧化(hua)。當(dang)溫度達到225℃后,鋅(xin)劇烈氧化(hua)。
鋅(xin)在空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)很(hen)難燃燒,在氧(yang)氣(qi)中(zhong)發出強烈白(bai)光。鋅(xin)表(biao)面有一層氧(yang)化鋅(xin),燃燒時冒出白(bai)煙,白(bai)色(se)煙霧(wu)的主要(yao)成分是氧(yang)化鋅(xin),不(bu)僅阻隔鋅(xin)燃燒,會折(zhe)射焰色(se)形成慘白(bai)光芒。鋅(xin)易溶于(yu)酸,也易從溶液中(zhong)置(zhi)換金(jin)、銀、銅(tong)等。鋅(xin)的氧(yang)化膜(mo)熔(rong)點(dian)高,但金(jin)屬鋅(xin)熔(rong)點(dian)卻很(hen)低,所以(yi)在酒精燈上加熱鋅(xin)片(pian),鋅(xin)片(pian)熔(rong)化變軟,卻不(bu)落下,正是因(yin)為氧(yang)化膜(mo)的作用(yong)。鋅(xin)主要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)鋼鐵(tie)、冶金(jin)、機械、電(dian)氣(qi)、化工、輕工、軍事和醫藥(yao)等領域。
管(guan)制信息:鋅粉(fen)別名鋅粒、高純鋅、無砷鋅等屬于易制爆物品,根據(ju)《危險化學品安全管(guan)理條例》受(shou)公安部門管(guan)制。
《集韻》祖似(si)切,音子。剛也。《玉篇》同釨。
相對(dui)原子量65.38(初中階段(duan)一般取(qu)65)
鋅(xin)是一種藍白色金(jin)(jin)屬。當溫度達到225℃后(hou),鋅(xin)氧化激烈。鋅(xin)易溶(rong)于(yu)酸,也易從溶(rong)液(ye)中置換金(jin)(jin)、銀、銅等。鋅(xin)在(zai)自然界中,多以硫(liu)化物狀態存在(zai)。主要含鋅(xin)礦(kuang)物是閃鋅(xin)礦(kuang)。也有少量氧化礦(kuang),如菱鋅(xin)礦(kuang),如菱鋅(xin)礦(kuang)和異極礦(kuang)。
原子半徑(計算值):135(142)pm
共價半徑(jing):131pm
范德華半(ban)徑:139pm
電子(zi)層(ceng):K-L-M-N
原子(zi)(zi)核(he)外電子(zi)(zi)排布:2,8,18,2
電子排布式(shi):[Ar]3d10 4s2
核電荷數:30
含量(ppm)
元素(su)在太(tai)陽中的含量:2
元素(su)在海水中的(de)含量:0.00005(微量元素(su))
地(di)殼中含量(liang):75(微量(liang)元(yuan)素(su))
主氧化態:+2
其它:+1
電離能(單位:kj/mol)
M - M+ 906.4
M+ - M2+ 1733.3
M2+ - M3+ 3832.6
M3+ - M4+ 5730
M4+ - M5+ 7970
M5+ - M6+ 10400
M6+ - M7+ 12900
M7+ - M8+ 16800
M8+ - M9+ 19600
M9+ - M10+ 23000
晶(jing)體(ti)結(jie)構:密排六方體(ti)
a = 266.49 pm
b = 266.49 pm
c = 494.68 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 120°同位素
同位素 豐度(du) 半衰(shuai)期(qi) 衰(shuai)變(bian)模式 衰(shuai)變(bian)能量MeV 衰(shuai)變(bian)產(chan)物
64Zn 48.60% 穩(wen)定
65Zn 人(ren)造 244.26天 電子捕獲 1.352 65Cu
66Zn 27.90% 穩定
67Zn 4.10% 穩定
68Zn 18.80% 穩定
72Zn 人造 46.5小時 β衰變 0.458 72Ga
常見的(de)(de)含有鋅(xin)的(de)(de)合金(jin):馬口鐵——鍍錫薄(bo)鋼板(ban);黃銅(tong)——鋅(xin)和銅(tong)的(de)(de)合金(jin),早被(bei)古人利(li)用。黃銅(tong)的(de)(de)生產可能是冶金(jin)學上最(zui)早的(de)(de)偶然(ran)發現之一。
體積:9.16×10-6 m3/mol
聲速:3700m/s(293.15K)
電(dian)負性:1.65(鮑林(lin)標(biao)度)
比(bi)熱(re)容:390J/(kg·K)
電(dian)導率:16.6×106/(m·Ω)
熱導率:116W/(m·K)
莫氏硬度(du):2.5
汽化熱:115.3kJ/mol
熔化(hua)熱:7.322kJ/mol
蒸氣壓:192.2Pa(692.73K)
鋅(xin)的(de)化學性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)與鋁(lv)(lv)相(xiang)似,所以(yi)(yi),通常可以(yi)(yi)由鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi),推斷鋅(xin)的(de)化學性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(兩性(xing)(xing))。
①單質鋅,即可(ke)與酸反應,又可(ke)與堿反應。
②氧(yang)化(hua)鋅和氫氧(yang)化(hua)鋅,既可溶于酸,又可溶于堿。
單質鋅
氫氧化鋅
氯化鋅
硫化鋅
硝酸鋅
鋅的配合物
鋅(xin)被(bei)羅(luo)馬人(ren)所知,但(dan)很少使用。它第一(yi)次以其金(jin)屬自身被(bei)認可是在(zai)印度(du),在(zai)拉賈斯坦邦(bang)的Zawar有一(yi)個鋅(xin)熔爐有大(da)量的鋅(xin),證明了大(da)規(gui)模(mo)的精煉(lian)在(zai)1100年到1500年。
鋅的(de)(de)大規(gui)模精煉(lian)在中國進行,于(yu)16世(shi)紀。東印(yin)度公司(si)的(de)(de)船在瑞典(dian)的(de)(de)海岸沉(chen)沒(mei),于(yu)1745年,其(qi)運載的(de)(de)貨物是(shi)中國的(de)(de)鋅,分析了回(hui)收的(de)(de)鑄錠(ding)證(zheng)明(ming)了它們是(shi)幾乎純凈的(de)(de)金屬。
在1668年(nian)(nian),佛蘭德的(de)冶金家(jia)(jia)P.Moras de Respour,從(cong)氧化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)中提取了(le)金屬鋅(xin),但歐洲認(ren)為鋅(xin)是(shi)(shi)由德國(guo)化(hua)(hua)學家(jia)(jia)Andreas Marggraf在1746年(nian)(nian)發現的(de),而且的(de)確是(shi)(shi)他第(di)一個(ge)確認(ren)了(le)其是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)新的(de)金屬。
鋅(xin)也是(shi)人(ren)類自遠(yuan)古時(shi)就知道(dao)其(qi)化(hua)合物的元素之一。鋅(xin)礦石和銅(tong)熔化(hua)制(zhi)得(de)合金——黃銅(tong),早為古代(dai)人(ren)們(men)(men)所利用。但金屬(shu)狀(zhuang)鋅(xin)的獲得(de)比銅(tong)、鐵、錫(xi)、鉛要晚得(de)多(duo),一般(ban)認為這是(shi)由于碳和鋅(xin)礦共熱時(shi),溫度很(hen)快高(gao)達(da)1000℃以上,而金屬(shu)鋅(xin)的沸點是(shi)906℃,故鋅(xin)即成為蒸氣(qi)狀(zhuang)態,隨(sui)煙散失,不易為古代(dai)人(ren)們(men)(men)所察覺,只有當人(ren)們(men)(men)掌握了冷(leng)凝(ning)氣(qi)體的方法(fa)后,單質鋅(xin)才(cai)有可能被取得(de)。
世(shi)界上最早發(fa)現并使用鋅(xin)的(de)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo),在(zai)10~11世(shi)紀(ji)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是首(shou)先大規模生產鋅(xin)的(de)國(guo)(guo)家。明朝(chao)末年宋應星所(suo)著(zhu)的(de)《天(tian)工開(kai)物(wu)》一書中(zhong)有世(shi)界上最早的(de)關于煉鋅(xin)技術的(de)記載。1750~1850年人們已開(kai)始用氧化(hua)鋅(xin)和(he)硫化(hua)鋅(xin)來治病。
1869年Raulin發現鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)存在(zai)于生活機體(ti)中,并為生活機體(ti)所必(bi)需。1963年報(bao)告了(le)人(ren)體(ti)的(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)缺乏(fa)病,于是鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)開始列為人(ren)體(ti)必(bi)需營(ying)養素。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)生產(chan)過程非常簡單,將(jiang)爐(lu)甘石(即菱鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)石)裝(zhuang)滿在(zai)陶罐內密(mi)封(feng),堆成錐形,罐與罐之(zhi)間的(de)空(kong)隙(xi)用木炭填(tian)充,將(jiang)罐打破,就可(ke)以(yi)得到提取出(chu)來的(de)金屬鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)錠。
另外(wai),我國化學(xue)史和分析化學(xue)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)開拓者王鏈(lian)(1888—1966)在1956年(nian)分析了(le)唐、隋、明、清等古錢后,發現宋(song)朝(chao)的(de)(de)紹圣錢中含鋅量高。鋅的(de)(de)實(shi)際應用可能(neng)比(bi)《天工開物》成(cheng)書年(nian)代還早。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)單一鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)較(jiao)少,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)(yuan)主要是鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。中(zhong)國(guo)銅(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)(yuan)比較(jiao)豐(feng)富,全國(guo)除上(shang)海(hai)(hai)、天津、香港(gang)外(wai),均(jun)有(you)(you)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產出(chu)。產地(di)(di)有(you)(you)700多處(chu),保有(you)(you)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)總儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)3572萬噸(dun),居世(shi)界(jie)第4位;鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)9384萬噸(dun),居世(shi)界(jie)第4位。從省際比較(jiao)來看(kan),云南(nan)(nan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占全國(guo)總儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)17%,位居全國(guo)榜首。廣東、內(nei)(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)、甘肅、江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)(xi)、湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)、四川(chuan)次之,探明(ming)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)均(jun)在200萬噸(dun)以(yi)上(shang)。全國(guo)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)以(yi)云南(nan)(nan)為最(zui),占全國(guo)21.8%;內(nei)(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)次之,占13.5%;其他(ta)如甘肅、廣東、廣西(xi)(xi)、湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)等省(區(qu)(qu))的(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)(yuan)也(ye)較(jiao)豐(feng)富,均(jun)在600萬噸(dun)以(yi)上(shang)。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)主要分布在滇西(xi)(xi)蘭坪地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、滇川(chuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、南(nan)(nan)嶺地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)、秦(qin)嶺-祁連山地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)以(yi)及內(nei)(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)狼山-渣爾泰地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)。從礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)(chuang)類型來看(kan),有(you)(you)與花(hua)崗(gang)巖(yan)有(you)(you)關的(de)花(hua)崗(gang)巖(yan)型(廣東連平)、夕卡巖(yan)型(湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)水口(kou)山)、斑巖(yan)型(云南(nan)(nan)姚安)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)(chuang),有(you)(you)與海(hai)(hai)相(xiang)火山有(you)(you)關的(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)(chuang)(青海(hai)(hai)錫鐵山),有(you)(you)產于(yu)陸相(xiang)火山巖(yan)中(zhong)的(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)(chuang)(江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)(xi)冷水坑和浙江(jiang)(jiang)五部鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),有(you)(you)產于(yu)海(hai)(hai)相(xiang)碳酸鹽(yan)(廣東凡口(kou))、泥巖(yan)-碎屑巖(yan)系中(zhong)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(甘肅西(xi)(xi)成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),有(you)(you)產于(yu)海(hai)(hai)相(xiang)或陸相(xiang)砂巖(yan)和礫(li)巖(yan)中(zhong)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(云南(nan)(nan)金頂)等。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)成(cheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)時(shi)代從太古(gu)(gu)宙到新生代皆(jie)有(you)(you),以(yi)古(gu)(gu)生代鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)資源(yuan)(yuan)力(li)量(liang)(liang)(liang)豐(feng)富。
金(jin)融(rong)危機之后各國(guo)(guo)紛紛推(tui)出救市(shi)計劃,各大央行也陸(lu)續釋放(fang)流(liu)動性,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)持續量寬、中國(guo)(guo)推(tui)出四(si)萬億以促使經濟(ji)復(fu)蘇(su),充裕的(de)流(liu)動性使得(de)金(jin)融(rong)屬性占據主要地位推(tui)升2010年鋅(xin)價不斷走高。《2013-2017年中國(guo)(guo)鋅(xin)行業競爭(zheng)態勢及(ji)投資(zi)發展預測報告》,全球經濟(ji)趨于(yu)穩定,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)緩慢復(fu)蘇(su),市(shi)場上(shang)關于(yu)QE3退出的(de)預期逐漸增強,倘若美(mei)國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)政策發生改變(bian),美(mei)元將(jiang)會走強,鋅(xin)價受其(qi)影響較大。但同時值得(de)注(zhu)意(yi)的(de)是,經濟(ji)復(fu)蘇(su)也在一(yi)定程(cheng)度上(shang)帶來需求恢復(fu),兩種(zhong)屬性的(de)博弈將(jiang)共同決定鋅(xin)價未(wei)來走勢。
美(mei)國(guo)金融危機(ji)后通(tong)過持續寬松的(de)貨(huo)幣政策(ce)促進經濟和(he)就業增(zeng)長,盡(jin)管貨(huo)幣寬松政策(ce)的(de)邊際效(xiao)用遞(di)減,但可(ke)以看(kan)到的(de)是,美(mei)國(guo)GDP增(zeng)速的(de)低速增(zeng)長和(he)就業市(shi)(shi)場的(de)緩慢好轉表明(ming),美(mei)國(guo)經濟正在弱勢(shi)復(fu)蘇(su)。美(mei)國(guo)經濟復(fu)蘇(su)以及房地產市(shi)(shi)場的(de)回暖帶動(dong)對(dui)鋅的(de)需(xu)求上升,但這種弱勢(shi)復(fu)蘇(su)態勢(shi)仍比較脆弱,對(dui)鋅需(xu)求帶動(dong)也有(you)限。
等級 Zn(%) Cu(%) Pb(%) Fe(%)
1 ≥55 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
2 ≥53 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
3 ≥50 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤8.0
4 ≥48 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤12.0
5 ≥45 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
6 ≥43 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
7 ≥2.0 ≤2.5 ≤14.0
8 ≥40 ≤2.0 ≤2.8 ≤18.0
世界上鋅(xin)(xin)的(de)全部消費中(zhong)大約(yue)有一半用(yong)于鍍鋅(xin)(xin),約(yue)10%用(yong)于黃銅和(he)青銅,不到10%用(yong)于鋅(xin)(xin)基合金(jin),約(yue)7.5%用(yong)于化(hua)學制品(pin),約(yue)13%用(yong)于制造干電池,以鋅(xin)(xin)餅、鋅(xin)(xin)板形式出現。國(guo)際鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)研究組預測,2004年全球鋅(xin)(xin)消費量(liang)會(hui)比2003年的(de)985萬t增長(chang)(chang)(chang)4.8%,2005年將(jiang)再增長(chang)(chang)(chang)4.3%,預計2005年中(zhong)國(guo)將(jiang)占世界鋅(xin)(xin)消費總量(liang)的(de)四分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)一,它的(de)消費增長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)部分(fen)原(yuan)因是鍍鋅(xin)(xin)鋼用(yong)量(liang)的(de)增長(chang)(chang)(chang)。相比之(zhi)(zhi)下,美國(guo)可能只占全球鋅(xin)(xin)需求(qiu)的(de)十分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)一。
(1)鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)有優良的(de)(de)(de)抗大氣(qi)腐蝕(shi)性能,在常溫(wen)下表面(mian)(mian)易(yi)生成(cheng)一層保護膜,因此鋅(xin)(xin)最大的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途是用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)工(gong)業。被主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于鋼材(cai)和(he)(he)鋼結構(gou)件的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)鍍(du)(du)層(如鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)板(ban)),廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于汽車、建(jian)筑(zhu)、船(chuan)(chuan)舶、輕工(gong)等行業。21世(shi)紀后(hou)西方國家(jia)開始嘗試直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)合金板(ban)做屋頂(ding)覆蓋材(cai)料(liao),其使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)年限可(ke)長達(da)120-140年,而且可(ke)回(hui)收再用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),而用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)鐵(tie)板(ban)作屋頂(ding)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命一般為5-10年。21世(shi)紀后(hou),鋼帶熱浸鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)量(liang)有顯著增長。電鍍(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)也有使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),但該法一般用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于較(jiao)薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)鍍(du)(du)層和(he)(he)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)光潔(jie)度。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)含鋅(xin)(xin)粉的(de)(de)(de)涂料(liao)是涂層的(de)(de)(de)另一種(zhong)方法;對于與水連(lian)續(xu)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)物體,如用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于船(chuan)(chuan)舶、橋梁和(he)(he)近海油(you)氣(qi)井架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)大的(de)(de)(de)鋼構(gou)件,只須和(he)(he)大的(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)塊連(lian)接(jie)(jie),便可(ke)得(de)到保護,不(bu)過鋅(xin)(xin)塊要定(ding)期更換(huan)。
(2)鋅合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于汽(qi)車制造和機械(xie)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)。鋅具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。鋅本身的強度(du)和硬度(du)不(bu)高,但加(jia)(jia)入鋁、銅(tong)(tong)等合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)元素后,其(qi)強度(du)和硬度(du)均大為提高,猶其(qi)是鋅銅(tong)(tong)鈦(tai)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的出現,其(qi)綜合(he)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)已(yi)接(jie)近或(huo)達到(dao)鋁合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、黃銅(tong)(tong)、灰鑄(zhu)鐵的水平,其(qi)抗(kang)蠕變性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)也大幅度(du)被提高。因(yin)此,鋅銅(tong)(tong)鈦(tai)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)已(yi)被廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于小五金(jin)(jin)(jin)生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)。主要(yao)為壓鑄(zhu)件(jian),用(yong)(yong)(yong)于汽(qi)車、建筑(zhu)、部(bu)分電(dian)氣設備、家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)器、玩(wan)具(ju)等的零部(bu)件(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)。許(xu)多(duo)鋅合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)都比較優良(liang),道次加(jia)(jia)工(gong)率可達60%-80%。中(zhong)壓性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)優越,可進行(xing)(xing)深拉延,并(bing)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)自(zi)潤(run)滑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),延長了模(mo)具(ju)壽命,可用(yong)(yong)(yong)釬焊或(huo)電(dian)阻焊或(huo)電(dian)弧焊(需在氦氣中(zhong))進行(xing)(xing)焊接(jie),表面可進行(xing)(xing)電(dian)鍍、涂(tu)漆處理,切削加(jia)(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)良(liang)好。在一定條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)優越性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。一般用(yong)(yong)(yong)于機械(xie)制造業(ye)。含(han)少量(liang)鉛鎘(ge)等元素的鋅板(ban)(ban)可制成(cheng)鋅錳干(gan)電(dian)池(chi)負極(ji)、印花鋅板(ban)(ban)、有(you)(you)(you)粉腐蝕照相制板(ban)(ban)和膠印印刷板(ban)(ban)等。
(3)鋅(xin)可以用來制(zhi)作電(dian)池(chi)。例(li)如:鋅(xin)錳(meng)電(dian)池(chi)以及鋅(xin)空(kong)氣(qi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)。
鋅(xin)錳電(dian)池:鋅(xin)作為負極(ji)活性物質(zhi),兼(jian)作電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)容器和負極(ji)引電(dian)體,是(shi)決定電(dian)池貯存性能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要材料。在(zai)鋅(xin)片中含有少(shao)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)鎘和鉛(qian)。鎘能(neng)(neng)增(zeng)強鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強度,鉛(qian)能(neng)(neng)改進鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延展加工性能(neng)(neng)。鎘與鉛(qian)均能(neng)(neng)提(ti)高(gao)氫(qing)在(zai)鋅(xin)電(dian)極(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)位,減(jian)少(shao)鋅(xin)電(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自放(fang)電(dian),減(jian)緩鋅(xin)片的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕和氫(qing)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)釋放(fang)。鋅(xin)片中若含有Cu、Fe、Ni等(deng),將降(jiang)低H2在(zai)鋅(xin)電(dian)極(ji)上析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)位,加速電(dian)池在(zai)貯存過(guo)程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)自放(fang)電(dian),因此這些有害雜質(zhi)必須嚴格控制。
鋅(xin)(xin)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi):鋅(xin)(xin)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)又稱鋅(xin)(xin)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),是(shi)(shi)金屬空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)。鋅(xin)(xin)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)理論值(zhi)是(shi)(shi)1350W·h/kg,最新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)(bi)能(neng)(neng)量已(yi)達到了230Wh/kg,幾乎(hu)是(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)8倍。可見鋅(xin)(xin)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)空(kong)間非常(chang)大。鋅(xin)(xin)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)般采取抽(chou)換鋅(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)辦法(fa)進行(xing)“機械式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)時間在(zai)幾分(fen)鐘即可完成(cheng)。換上新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極,“充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”時間極短,非常(chang)方(fang)便(bian)。如此(ci)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)得到發展(zhan),省去了充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)等社會保障設(she)施的(de)(de)興建。鋅(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極可在(zai)超市、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)經營點、汽(qi)配商店(dian)等購買,對普及此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車十分(fen)有利。這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)具有體積(ji)小,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)容量大,質量小,能(neng)(neng)在(zai)寬(kuan)廣的(de)(de)溫度范圍內正常(chang)工作(zuo),且無腐蝕,工作(zuo)安全可靠。只是(shi)(shi)鋅(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)還原(yuan)過程中,比(bi)(bi)較耗(hao)能(neng)(neng),每噸氧化鋅(xin)(xin)還原(yuan)成(cheng)鋅(xin)(xin)需要消耗(hao)2500度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),所以用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車上,成(cheng)本較高(gao)。試驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)容量僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)5倍,不甚理想。但5倍于鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)量已(yi)引起了世人的(de)(de)關注,美國(guo)、墨(mo)西哥,新(xin)(xin)加坡及一(yi)些歐洲國(guo)家都已(yi)在(zai)郵政車、公共汽(qi)車、摩(mo)托車上進行(xing)試用,也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)極有前途的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。
此外(wai),鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)具有良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗電(dian)(dian)磁場(chang)性能(neng)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)率是(shi)(shi)標(biao)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)工銅的(de)(de)(de)(de)29%,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)板(ban)是(shi)(shi)一種非常有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)屏蔽(bi)材料(liao),同時由于(yu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)非磁性的(de)(de)(de)(de),適合(he)做儀器(qi)(qi)儀表(biao)(biao)零(ling)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)及儀表(biao)(biao)殼體及錢幣,同時,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)自(zi)身及與(yu)其他(ta)金(jin)屬碰撞不會發生火花,適合(he)作井下防爆器(qi)(qi)材。廣泛(fan)用(yong)于(yu)橡膠(jiao)、涂料(liao)、搪瓷、醫(yi)藥(yao)、印(yin)刷、纖維等工業。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)具有適宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學性能(neng)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)可與(yu)NH4CI發生作用(yong),放出H+正(zheng)離子。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)-二氧化(hua)(hua)錳電(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)利(li)用(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這個(ge)特(te)點,用(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)合(he)金(jin)做電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)殼,既是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容器(qi)(qi),又(you)參加電(dian)(dian)池反應構(gou)成電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)陽極。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)這一性能(neng)也(ye)被廣泛(fan)地應用(yong)于(yu)醫(yi)藥(yao)行(xing)業。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)酸或強(qiang)堿(jian)都能(neng)發生反應,放出氫氣。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)肥(硫酸鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)、氯化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin))有促進植物細胞呼吸(xi)、碳水化(hua)(hua)合(he)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)代謝等作用(yong)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)粉、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)鋇白、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)鉻黃可作顏料(liao)。氧化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)還可用(yong)于(yu)醫(yi)藥(yao)、橡膠(jiao)、油漆等工業。
中國鉛鋅(xin)業生產(chan)(chan)布(bu)局,依據鉛鋅(xin)礦產(chan)(chan)地的分布(bu)和建(jian)設條(tiao)件,經(jing)40多年來的發展、建(jian)設,現已形成東(dong)北(bei)、湖(hu)南(nan)、兩廣、滇川、西北(bei)等五大(da)鉛鋅(xin)采選冶和加工配套的生產(chan)(chan)基地,其(qi)鉛產(chan)(chan)量(liang)占全國總產(chan)(chan)量(liang)的85%以(yi)上,鋅(xin)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)占全國總產(chan)(chan)量(liang)的95%。
1.東(dong)(dong)北鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)(ji)地(di)。東(dong)(dong)北地(di)區是我國(guo)(guo)開發(fa)較早(zao)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)(ji)地(di)之(zhi)一(yi)。早(zao)在(zai)50年代(dai)(dai)初(chu)期,其(qi)鉛(qian)(qian)產(chan)量占全國(guo)(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)產(chan)量的(de)80%以(yi)上(shang),在(zai)中國(guo)(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)居于重要地(di)位。東(dong)(dong)北基(ji)(ji)地(di)以(yi)七礦兩廠(chang)為(wei)主,即青城子鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、八家子鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、柴河鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(現已閉坑)、桓仁銅(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、紅透山(shan)銅(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、西林鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、天寶山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦和沈陽冶(ye)煉廠(chang)、葫蘆島(dao)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)廠(chang)。七礦兩廠(chang)不(bu)僅(jin)是東(dong)(dong)北鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)(ji)地(di)的(de)支柱廠(chang)礦,也是培養造就科技人才的(de)基(ji)(ji)地(di)。六七十年代(dai)(dai)曾向全國(guo)(guo)新建的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)業輸送大批(pi)具有實踐經驗的(de)科技和管理人才以(yi)及生(sheng)產(chan)技術工人,為(wei)中國(guo)(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)做(zuo)出了積極(ji)貢(gong)獻。
2.湖南鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基地(di)。湖南鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅礦(kuang)產(chan)(chan)資(zi)源豐富(fu),而(er)且富(fu)礦(kuang)多,大部分(fen)礦(kuang)產(chan)(chan)地(di)可開發利用。該基地(di)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅廠(chang)礦(kuang)是(shi)五六十(shi)年代(dai)建成的,由水口(kou)山(shan)礦(kuang)務(wu)局、桃(tao)林(lin)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅礦(kuang)、黃(huang)沙坪(ping)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅礦(kuang)、東坡(po)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅礦(kuang)和株洲冶煉廠(chang)等組(zu)成的湖南鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基地(di),是(shi)全(quan)國自產(chan)(chan)原料的全(quan)國最大的鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基地(di),在全(quan)國產(chan)(chan)量占有(you)重要(yao)地(di)位(wei)。
3.兩廣鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產基地。廣東(dong)(dong)、廣西(xi)兩省區的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)資(zi)源豐富,兩省區是70年代形成的(de)我國大型鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產基地之一。廣東(dong)(dong)以凡口鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦和(he)韶(shao)關冶煉(lian)廠(chang)為主,其(qi)次是丙(bing)村(cun)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、昌化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、大尖山鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦。廣西(xi)有(you)泗頂鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、大新鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、河(he)三鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、柳州鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)品廠(chang)和(he)大廠(chang)礦務局(ju)等。
4.滇(dian)川鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基(ji)地。云(yun)南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)產資源十分豐富,鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)保(bao)有儲量均居全(quan)國之首(shou)。該基(ji)地鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)企業也是(shi)五六十年(nian)代建(jian)成的(de),主要(yao)是(shi)會澤鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、瀾滄(cang)老廠鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和昆明冶(ye)煉廠、個舊雞街冶(ye)煉廠。云(yun)南鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)產資源具有廣闊的(de)開(kai)發前景(jing),90年(nian)代開(kai)始興建(jian)超(chao)大型鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)床金頂礦(kuang)山(shan)。四川有會東鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、會理(li)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)兩個主要(yao)礦(kuang)山(shan)以及一批中小型礦(kuang)山(shan),21世紀以來鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)精礦(kuang)產量猛(meng)增(zeng)。
5.西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)。西(xi)北地(di)(di)(di)區鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)產資源也很(hen)豐(feng)富(fu),主(zhu)要分布(bu)在(zai)甘陜(shan)青三省(sheng),而且西(xi)成礦(kuang)帶經勘查(cha)儲量又有(you)大(da)(da)幅度的(de)增長,資源前(qian)(qian)景(jing)(jing)十分可(ke)觀(guan)。該(gai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)生產以白銀(yin)(yin)有(you)色金(jin)屬公(gong)司為主(zhu),有(you)白銀(yin)(yin)廠小鐵(tie)山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、第三冶(ye)煉廠和西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)冶(ye)煉廠,陜(shan)西(xi)有(you)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)硐山(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、二里河(he)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、銀(yin)(yin)洞梁鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)等和青海錫鐵(tie)山(shan)礦(kuang)務局(ju)。西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)產量較少,但(dan)開(kai)發(fa)前(qian)(qian)景(jing)(jing)可(ke)觀(guan)。一是有(you)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)產資源,位于甘陜(shan)交(jiao)界的(de)西(xi)成-鳳太礦(kuang)帶,經近20余(yu)年勘查(cha)出10多個(ge)大(da)(da)中(zhong)型鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)銀(yin)(yin)金(jin)礦(kuang)床,其中(zhong)廠壩(ba)-李家溝鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)達到(dao)超大(da)(da)型規模(mo),銀(yin)(yin)達到(dao)大(da)(da)型。二是廠壩(ba)正(zheng)在(zai)抓緊(jin)建設一座大(da)(da)型礦(kuang)山(shan),將成為西(xi)北冶(ye)煉廠主(zhu)要礦(kuang)物(wu)原料供給基(ji)地(di)(di)(di),是全國大(da)(da)型鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)山(shan)之一。
除上述五大(da)(da)鉛鋅(xin)生產(chan)基地外(wai),內蒙古(gu)、江(jiang)西、貴州(zhou)等(deng)省區也建設了一(yi)批(pi)中(zhong)小型礦(kuang)山(shan)。其中(zhong)內蒙古(gu)梧桐花鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)、白音諾鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)、翁(weng)牛特旗硐子鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)等(deng)礦(kuang)山(shan)。內蒙古(gu)是(shi)全(quan)國(guo)生產(chan)鉛鋅(xin)精礦(kuang)主要省區之一(yi),開發前景巨大(da)(da)。江(jiang)西有銀山(shan)鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)等(deng)。貴州(zhou)有赫章鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)、杉樹(shu)林鉛鋅(xin)礦(kuang)等(deng)。
侵入途徑:吸(xi)入、食(shi)入。
吸入會引起口(kou)渴、干咳、頭痛、頭暈、高(gao)熱、寒戰等。粉塵對眼有刺激(ji)(ji)性。口(kou)服刺激(ji)(ji)胃腸道。長期反復接觸對皮膚(fu)有刺激(ji)(ji)性。
1.貯于陰涼干燥處,遠離火種、熱源。
2.與氧化劑、胺(an)類、硫(liu)、磷、酸堿類分儲。
3.滅火(huo):干粉、干砂。禁用水和泡沫。
維持人體正常食欲
缺鋅(xin)會導致味覺下降,出現(xian)厭食、偏食甚至異(yi)食。
增強人體免疫力
鋅元(yuan)素是免疫器官胸腺(xian)發育的營(ying)養素,只有鋅量充足(zu)才能有效保證胸腺(xian)發育,正常(chang)分化T淋巴細(xi)(xi)胞(bao),促進細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)免疫功能。
鋅有幫助生(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育(yu)、智力發(fa)(fa)育(yu)、提高免疫力的(de)作用,缺乏鋅會對我們的(de)身(shen)體,特別是生(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育(yu)造成嚴重影響(xiang),所以,補(bu)充(chong)足夠的(de)鋅是生(sheng)長發(fa)(fa)育(yu),智力發(fa)(fa)育(yu)必(bi)須的(de)。平時除(chu)了(le)飲食要均衡外,別忘了(le)適當補(bu)充(chong)營養。
兒童
味(wei)覺障礙:厭食(shi)、偏(pian)食(shi)或異食(shi);
皮膚疾患:易患口腔潰瘍(yang),受(shou)損(sun)傷口不易愈合,青春期痤瘡等;
生長發育(yu)不良(liang):身材矮小(xiao)、瘦(shou)弱(ruo);
免疫力(li)下(xia)降(jiang),經常感冒(mao)、發燒;
孕婦
妊(ren)娠反應加(jia)重(zhong)(zhong):嗜酸,嘔吐加(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)
宮內胎兒發(fa)育遲緩:導致早產兒、低體重兒
分(fen)娩合(he)并癥增多(duo):產程延(yan)長、流產
推薦攝入量
年齡(歲(sui)) RNI(mg) UL(mg)
0~ 1.5
0.5~ 8 13
1~ 9 23
4~ 12 23
7~ 13.5 28
男 女 男 女
11~ 18.0 15.0 37 34
14~ 19.0 15.5 42 35
18~ 15.0 11.5 45 37
50 11.5 11.5 37 37
孕婦 35
早期 11.5
中期 16.5
晚期 16.5
乳母 21.5 35