鋅(Zinc)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種化學(xue)元(yuan)素(su),它(ta)的化學(xue)符號是(shi)(shi)Zn,它(ta)的原(yuan)子序數是(shi)(shi)30,在化學(xue)元(yuan)素(su)周(zhou)期表中位于(yu)第4周(zhou)期、第ⅡB族。鋅是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種淺灰色的過渡金(jin)(jin)屬(shu),也是(shi)(shi)第四"常見"的金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)。在現代(dai)工(gong)業(ye)中,鋅是(shi)(shi)電池制造上不可替代(dai)、相當重(zhong)要的金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)。此外,鋅也是(shi)(shi)人體必(bi)需的微(wei)量元(yuan)素(su)之一(yi),起著極其重(zhong)要的作用。
鋅(xin),它的(de)(de)名稱“zinc”來源于拉丁文Zincum,意思是“白(bai)色薄(bo)層”或“白(bai)色沉積物”。化(hua)(hua)學符號是Zn,它的(de)(de)原子序數是30,原子量為(wei)65.38。鋅(xin)是一種銀白(bai)色略帶(dai)淡藍(lan)色金屬,密度為(wei)7.14g/cm3,熔(rong)點為(wei)419.5℃。在室溫(wen)下(xia)(xia),性(xing)(xing)較(jiao)脆;100~150℃時(shi),變軟;超過(guo)200℃后(hou),又變干。鋅(xin)的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)活潑,在常(chang)溫(wen)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)空氣中(zhong),表面(mian)生成一層薄(bo)而致密的(de)(de)堿式碳(tan)酸鋅(xin)膜(mo),可阻止進(jin)一步氧化(hua)(hua)。當(dang)溫(wen)度達到225℃后(hou),鋅(xin)劇(ju)烈氧化(hua)(hua)。
鋅在空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)很(hen)難燃燒,在氧(yang)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)發出強烈白(bai)光(guang)。鋅表面有一(yi)層氧(yang)化鋅,燃燒時冒出白(bai)煙(yan),白(bai)色煙(yan)霧的(de)主要成分(fen)是氧(yang)化鋅,不(bu)僅阻隔(ge)鋅燃燒,會(hui)折(zhe)射焰色形成慘白(bai)光(guang)芒。鋅易(yi)溶于(yu)酸,也易(yi)從(cong)溶液中(zhong)(zhong)置換金(jin)、銀、銅等(deng)。鋅的(de)氧(yang)化膜(mo)熔(rong)點高,但金(jin)屬(shu)鋅熔(rong)點卻(que)很(hen)低,所以在酒精燈上加熱鋅片(pian)(pian),鋅片(pian)(pian)熔(rong)化變軟,卻(que)不(bu)落下(xia),正是因為氧(yang)化膜(mo)的(de)作用。鋅主要用于(yu)鋼鐵、冶金(jin)、機械(xie)、電氣(qi)、化工、輕工、軍(jun)事和(he)醫藥等(deng)領域。
管(guan)制(zhi)信(xin)息:鋅粉別名鋅粒、高純鋅、無砷鋅等屬于(yu)易制(zhi)爆(bao)物(wu)品,根據《危(wei)險化學品安全管(guan)理條例》受(shou)公安部門管(guan)制(zhi)。
《集韻(yun)》祖似切(qie),音子。剛也(ye)。《玉篇》同釨。
相對原子量65.38(初中階(jie)段一般取(qu)65)
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)一(yi)種藍白(bai)色金(jin)屬。當溫度達到225℃后,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)氧化激(ji)烈。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)易(yi)溶于酸,也易(yi)從溶液中置換金(jin)、銀、銅等。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)在自然界中,多以硫化物狀態存在。主要(yao)含(han)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)物是(shi)閃鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)。也有少(shao)量氧化礦(kuang)(kuang),如(ru)菱鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang),如(ru)菱鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)和異極礦(kuang)(kuang)。
原(yuan)子半徑(計算值):135(142)pm
共(gong)價半徑:131pm
范德(de)華半徑:139pm
電子層:K-L-M-N
原(yuan)子(zi)核(he)外電子(zi)排布:2,8,18,2
電子排布式(shi):[Ar]3d10 4s2
核電荷數:30
含量(ppm)
元(yuan)素在太陽中的含量:2
元(yuan)素(su)在海(hai)水中的含量(liang)(liang):0.00005(微量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su))
地殼中含量:75(微(wei)量元素)
主氧化態:+2
其它:+1
電離能(單位:kj/mol)
M - M+ 906.4
M+ - M2+ 1733.3
M2+ - M3+ 3832.6
M3+ - M4+ 5730
M4+ - M5+ 7970
M5+ - M6+ 10400
M6+ - M7+ 12900
M7+ - M8+ 16800
M8+ - M9+ 19600
M9+ - M10+ 23000
晶體(ti)結構:密排六(liu)方體(ti)
a = 266.49 pm
b = 266.49 pm
c = 494.68 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 120°同位素(su)
同位素 豐(feng)度 半衰(shuai)期 衰(shuai)變模式 衰(shuai)變能(neng)量MeV 衰(shuai)變產物
64Zn 48.60% 穩定(ding)
65Zn 人造(zao) 244.26天 電(dian)子捕獲 1.352 65Cu
66Zn 27.90% 穩定
67Zn 4.10% 穩(wen)定
68Zn 18.80% 穩定(ding)
72Zn 人造 46.5小時(shi) β衰變 0.458 72Ga
常見的(de)含有鋅(xin)的(de)合金(jin)(jin):馬口鐵(tie)——鍍錫薄鋼(gang)板;黃銅(tong)——鋅(xin)和銅(tong)的(de)合金(jin)(jin),早(zao)被古人利用(yong)。黃銅(tong)的(de)生產可能(neng)是冶金(jin)(jin)學上(shang)最早(zao)的(de)偶然發現之一。
體積:9.16×10-6 m3/mol
聲速:3700m/s(293.15K)
電負性:1.65(鮑林標度(du))
比熱容:390J/(kg·K)
電(dian)導率:16.6×106/(m·Ω)
熱導(dao)率(lv):116W/(m·K)
莫氏硬度:2.5
汽化熱:115.3kJ/mol
熔化熱:7.322kJ/mol
蒸(zheng)氣壓(ya):192.2Pa(692.73K)
鋅的(de)化學性(xing)質(zhi)與(yu)鋁(lv)相(xiang)似,所(suo)以,通常可以由鋁(lv)的(de)性(xing)質(zhi),推斷鋅的(de)化學性(xing)質(zhi)(兩性(xing))。
①單質鋅,即可與酸反應,又(you)可與堿反應。
②氧(yang)化鋅(xin)和氫(qing)氧(yang)化鋅(xin),既可溶于(yu)酸,又(you)可溶于(yu)堿。
單質鋅
氫氧化鋅
氯化鋅
硫化鋅
硝酸鋅
鋅的配合物
鋅(xin)被羅馬人所知,但很少(shao)使(shi)用。它第一次(ci)以其金(jin)屬(shu)自身被認可是在印度(du),在拉賈斯坦邦的(de)Zawar有一個鋅(xin)熔(rong)爐有大(da)量的(de)鋅(xin),證明了大(da)規模的(de)精煉在1100年到1500年。
鋅的大規模精煉在中(zhong)(zhong)國進行(xing),于16世紀(ji)。東印度公(gong)司的船在瑞典的海岸沉沒,于1745年,其運載的貨物(wu)是中(zhong)(zhong)國的鋅,分析(xi)了回(hui)收的鑄錠證明了它們(men)是幾乎純(chun)凈的金屬。
在1668年,佛蘭德的冶金(jin)(jin)家P.Moras de Respour,從氧化鋅(xin)中提(ti)取(qu)了金(jin)(jin)屬鋅(xin),但(dan)歐洲認(ren)為鋅(xin)是(shi)由德國化學家Andreas Marggraf在1746年發現(xian)的,而且的確(que)是(shi)他第一個確(que)認(ren)了其是(shi)一種新的金(jin)(jin)屬。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)也是人(ren)(ren)(ren)類自遠古(gu)時就(jiu)知道其(qi)化(hua)合物(wu)的元素之一(yi)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)石和(he)銅熔化(hua)制得合金——黃銅,早為(wei)古(gu)代人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)所(suo)(suo)利用。但金屬狀鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的獲得比銅、鐵(tie)、錫、鉛要晚得多,一(yi)般(ban)認為(wei)這是由(you)于(yu)碳和(he)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)共熱(re)時,溫度很快(kuai)高達1000℃以上,而金屬鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的沸點是906℃,故鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)即成為(wei)蒸氣(qi)狀態(tai),隨煙散失,不易為(wei)古(gu)代人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)所(suo)(suo)察覺,只有(you)當人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)掌(zhang)握了冷凝氣(qi)體的方法后,單質鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)才有(you)可能被取得。
世(shi)界上(shang)最早(zao)發現(xian)并使用鋅(xin)的是(shi)中國,在10~11世(shi)紀中國是(shi)首先(xian)大規模生產鋅(xin)的國家。明(ming)朝末年宋應星(xing)所著(zhu)的《天(tian)工(gong)開物》一書中有世(shi)界上(shang)最早(zao)的關于煉(lian)鋅(xin)技術的記載。1750~1850年人們已開始用氧化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)和硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)來(lai)治病。
1869年Raulin發現(xian)鋅(xin)存在于生活機(ji)體(ti)中,并為生活機(ji)體(ti)所(suo)必需。1963年報告了(le)人體(ti)的鋅(xin)缺乏(fa)病,于是鋅(xin)開始列為人體(ti)必需營養素。鋅(xin)的生產過程非常簡單,將爐甘石(shi)(即菱鋅(xin)礦石(shi))裝滿在陶(tao)罐(guan)(guan)內密封,堆成錐形,罐(guan)(guan)與罐(guan)(guan)之間的空隙用木炭填充,將罐(guan)(guan)打(da)破,就可以得到提取出來的金屬鋅(xin)錠。
另外(wai),我國化(hua)學(xue)史(shi)和(he)分析(xi)化(hua)學(xue)研究的開拓者王(wang)鏈(1888—1966)在(zai)1956年分析(xi)了唐、隋(sui)、明(ming)、清等(deng)古錢后(hou),發現宋朝(chao)的紹(shao)圣(sheng)錢中(zhong)含鋅(xin)量高。鋅(xin)的實際應(ying)用可能比《天工開物》成書年代還早。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的單(dan)一鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)較(jiao)(jiao)少,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)主要是(shi)鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)。中(zhong)(zhong)國銅鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)比較(jiao)(jiao)豐富,全國除上(shang)海(hai)、天(tian)津、香(xiang)港外,均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出。產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)有(you)(you)(you)700多處,保有(you)(you)(you)鉛總儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)3572萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun),居世界(jie)第(di)4位;鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)9384萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun),居世界(jie)第(di)4位。從(cong)省(sheng)(sheng)際比較(jiao)(jiao)來(lai)看,云南鉛儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)全國總儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)17%,位居全國榜首。廣(guang)東(dong)、內蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古、甘肅(su)、江西、湖南、四川(chuan)次之(zhi),探明(ming)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)均(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)200萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)以(yi)上(shang)。全國鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)以(yi)云南為最,占(zhan)全國21.8%;內蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古次之(zhi),占(zhan)13.5%;其他(ta)如甘肅(su)、廣(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)西、湖南等省(sheng)(sheng)(區(qu)(qu))的鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)豐富,均(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)600萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)以(yi)上(shang)。鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)主要分布在(zai)(zai)(zai)滇西蘭坪(ping)地(di)區(qu)(qu)、滇川(chuan)地(di)區(qu)(qu)、南嶺(ling)地(di)區(qu)(qu)、秦嶺(ling)-祁連(lian)(lian)山(shan)地(di)區(qu)(qu)以(yi)及(ji)內蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古狼山(shan)-渣(zha)爾泰地(di)區(qu)(qu)。從(cong)礦(kuang)床(chuang)類型(xing)來(lai)看,有(you)(you)(you)與(yu)花(hua)(hua)崗巖(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)(you)關的花(hua)(hua)崗巖(yan)(yan)型(xing)(廣(guang)東(dong)連(lian)(lian)平)、夕(xi)卡巖(yan)(yan)型(xing)(湖南水口(kou)(kou)山(shan))、斑巖(yan)(yan)型(xing)(云南姚安(an))礦(kuang)床(chuang),有(you)(you)(you)與(yu)海(hai)相火山(shan)有(you)(you)(you)關的礦(kuang)床(chuang)(青海(hai)錫鐵山(shan)),有(you)(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于陸(lu)相火山(shan)巖(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)的礦(kuang)床(chuang)(江西冷(leng)水坑和浙(zhe)江五部鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)),有(you)(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于海(hai)相碳酸鹽(廣(guang)東(dong)凡口(kou)(kou))、泥巖(yan)(yan)-碎屑巖(yan)(yan)系中(zhong)(zhong)的鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(甘肅(su)西成(cheng)鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)),有(you)(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于海(hai)相或陸(lu)相砂巖(yan)(yan)和礫巖(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)的鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(云南金頂(ding))等。鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)成(cheng)礦(kuang)時代從(cong)太古宙到新生(sheng)(sheng)代皆有(you)(you)(you),以(yi)古生(sheng)(sheng)代鉛鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)力量(liang)(liang)豐富。
金融危機之后各國(guo)紛紛推出(chu)(chu)救市(shi)(shi)計(ji)劃,各大(da)央(yang)行(xing)也(ye)陸續(xu)釋放流動性,美國(guo)持續(xu)量寬、中(zhong)國(guo)推出(chu)(chu)四萬億以促使經濟復蘇,充裕的(de)流動性使得金融屬性占據主要(yao)地(di)位推升2010年(nian)鋅(xin)(xin)價不(bu)斷走(zou)(zou)高(gao)。《2013-2017年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)鋅(xin)(xin)行(xing)業競爭(zheng)態勢(shi)及(ji)投資發展預測報告(gao)》,全球(qiu)經濟趨于(yu)穩定(ding),美國(guo)緩慢復蘇,市(shi)(shi)場上(shang)關于(yu)QE3退(tui)出(chu)(chu)的(de)預期(qi)逐漸增強,倘(tang)若美國(guo)經濟政(zheng)策(ce)發生改變,美元將會走(zou)(zou)強,鋅(xin)(xin)價受其(qi)影響較大(da)。但(dan)同(tong)時值得注意的(de)是,經濟復蘇也(ye)在一定(ding)程(cheng)度上(shang)帶來需求(qiu)恢(hui)復,兩(liang)種屬性的(de)博(bo)弈將共(gong)同(tong)決定(ding)鋅(xin)(xin)價未來走(zou)(zou)勢(shi)。
美(mei)國(guo)(guo)金融危機后通過(guo)持續寬松的(de)(de)貨(huo)幣(bi)政策促進經濟和就(jiu)業增(zeng)長(chang),盡管(guan)貨(huo)幣(bi)寬松政策的(de)(de)邊際效用遞(di)減,但可以(yi)(yi)看到的(de)(de)是,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)GDP增(zeng)速的(de)(de)低速增(zeng)長(chang)和就(jiu)業市場的(de)(de)緩慢好轉表明,美(mei)國(guo)(guo)經濟正在弱勢(shi)復(fu)蘇(su)。美(mei)國(guo)(guo)經濟復(fu)蘇(su)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)房地產市場的(de)(de)回暖帶動對(dui)鋅的(de)(de)需求(qiu)上升,但這種弱勢(shi)復(fu)蘇(su)態(tai)勢(shi)仍比較脆(cui)弱,對(dui)鋅需求(qiu)帶動也(ye)有限。
等級 Zn(%) Cu(%) Pb(%) Fe(%)
1 ≥55 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
2 ≥53 ≤0.8 ≤1.0 ≤6.0
3 ≥50 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤8.0
4 ≥48 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤12.0
5 ≥45 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
6 ≥43 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 ≤12.0
7 ≥2.0 ≤2.5 ≤14.0
8 ≥40 ≤2.0 ≤2.8 ≤18.0
世(shi)界上鋅(xin)的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)部消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)中大約有一半用(yong)于(yu)(yu)鍍(du)鋅(xin),約10%用(yong)于(yu)(yu)黃(huang)銅和(he)青銅,不到10%用(yong)于(yu)(yu)鋅(xin)基合(he)金,約7.5%用(yong)于(yu)(yu)化學制(zhi)品(pin),約13%用(yong)于(yu)(yu)制(zhi)造干(gan)電池,以鋅(xin)餅(bing)、鋅(xin)板形式出現。國際鉛鋅(xin)研究(jiu)組預(yu)(yu)測,2004年全(quan)(quan)球鋅(xin)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)會比(bi)2003年的(de)(de)985萬t增長(chang)4.8%,2005年將再增長(chang)4.3%,預(yu)(yu)計2005年中國將占世(shi)界鋅(xin)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)總量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)四分之(zhi)(zhi)一,它(ta)的(de)(de)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)增長(chang)的(de)(de)部分原(yuan)因是鍍(du)鋅(xin)鋼用(yong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)增長(chang)。相比(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)下,美國可能只占全(quan)(quan)球鋅(xin)需求的(de)(de)十分之(zhi)(zhi)一。
(1)鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)有(you)優良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)抗大氣(qi)腐蝕性(xing)能,在常(chang)溫下(xia)表(biao)面(mian)易生成一(yi)層(ceng)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)膜(mo),因此鋅(xin)(xin)最大的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途是用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)工業(ye)(ye)。被主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鋼(gang)(gang)材(cai)和鋼(gang)(gang)結構件的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(如鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)板),廣泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)汽(qi)車、建筑、船舶(bo)(bo)、輕(qing)工等(deng)行業(ye)(ye)。21世紀后西方(fang)國家開始嘗試直接(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)合(he)金板做屋頂(ding)(ding)覆蓋材(cai)料,其使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)年限(xian)可(ke)長達120-140年,而且可(ke)回收再用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),而用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)鐵板作(zuo)屋頂(ding)(ding)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)5-10年。21世紀后,鋼(gang)(gang)帶熱浸鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)量(liang)有(you)顯著(zhu)增長。電鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)也有(you)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),但該法(fa)一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)較薄的(de)(de)(de)鍍(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)和不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)光潔度(du)。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)含(han)鋅(xin)(xin)粉的(de)(de)(de)涂料是涂層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)種方(fang)法(fa);對于(yu)(yu)(yu)與水連續接(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)物體,如用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)船舶(bo)(bo)、橋梁和近(jin)海油(you)氣(qi)井架的(de)(de)(de)大的(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)構件,只須(xu)和大的(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)塊連接(jie),便可(ke)得到保(bao)護(hu)(hu),不(bu)過鋅(xin)(xin)塊要定期更換。
(2)鋅(xin)合(he)金(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造和(he)機(ji)械(xie)行業。鋅(xin)具(ju)有(you)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)機(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。鋅(xin)本身的(de)強度(du)和(he)硬度(du)不高,但加入鋁(lv)、銅(tong)等合(he)金(jin)元素(su)(su)后,其強度(du)和(he)硬度(du)均大為提高,猶其是鋅(xin)銅(tong)鈦(tai)合(he)金(jin)的(de)出現,其綜合(he)機(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)已接(jie)(jie)近或達(da)到鋁(lv)合(he)金(jin)、黃銅(tong)、灰(hui)鑄(zhu)鐵的(de)水平,其抗蠕變性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)也大幅(fu)度(du)被提高。因此,鋅(xin)銅(tong)鈦(tai)合(he)金(jin)已被廣泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)小五金(jin)生產(chan)中。主要為壓鑄(zhu)件(jian),用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)、建筑、部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)氣設備、家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器、玩具(ju)等的(de)零(ling)部件(jian)生產(chan)。許多鋅(xin)合(he)金(jin)的(de)加工性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)都比較優良(liang),道次(ci)加工率可達(da)60%-80%。中壓性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)優越,可進(jin)行深(shen)拉延,并具(ju)有(you)自(zi)潤滑性(xing)(xing),延長(chang)了(le)模(mo)具(ju)壽命(ming),可用(yong)(yong)(yong)釬(han)焊(han)或電(dian)(dian)阻焊(han)或電(dian)(dian)弧焊(han)(需在(zai)氦氣中)進(jin)行焊(han)接(jie)(jie),表面可進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)鍍、涂漆處(chu)理,切削加工性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)良(liang)好(hao)。在(zai)一(yi)定條件(jian)下具(ju)有(you)優越性(xing)(xing)。一(yi)般用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)機(ji)械(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造業。含少量鉛鎘等元素(su)(su)的(de)鋅(xin)板(ban)(ban)可制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成鋅(xin)錳干電(dian)(dian)池負(fu)極(ji)、印花(hua)鋅(xin)板(ban)(ban)、有(you)粉(fen)腐蝕照(zhao)相制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)板(ban)(ban)和(he)膠印印刷板(ban)(ban)等。
(3)鋅可以用來制(zhi)作(zuo)電池。例如:鋅錳電池以及(ji)鋅空氣(qi)蓄電池。
鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)錳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi):鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)作為負極(ji)活性物(wu)質(zhi),兼作電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容器和負極(ji)引電(dian)(dian)體(ti),是決定電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)貯存性能的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)材料(liao)。在(zai)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)中(zhong)含有少量(liang)的(de)鎘和鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。鎘能增(zeng)強(qiang)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)強(qiang)度,鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)能改進鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)延展加工性能。鎘與(yu)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)均能提高(gao)氫在(zai)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)上的(de)過電(dian)(dian)位,減少鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian),減緩鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)的(de)腐蝕(shi)和氫氣(qi)的(de)釋放(fang)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)片(pian)中(zhong)若(ruo)含有Cu、Fe、Ni等(deng),將降低H2在(zai)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)上析(xi)出(chu)的(de)過電(dian)(dian)位,加速電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)貯存過程中(zhong)的(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian),因此這些有害(hai)雜質(zhi)必須嚴格控制。
鋅空(kong)氣蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi):鋅空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)又稱鋅氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),是(shi)金(jin)屬(shu)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)。鋅空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比能(neng)理(li)論值是(shi)1350W·h/kg,最(zui)新的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)比能(neng)量已(yi)達到(dao)(dao)了(le)230Wh/kg,幾乎是(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)8倍(bei)(bei)。可見(jian)鋅空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)空(kong)間(jian)非(fei)常大。鋅空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)般采取抽換鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)辦法(fa)進(jin)行“機械(xie)式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)時間(jian)在(zai)幾分鐘(zhong)即可完成。換上(shang)新的(de)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji),“充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”時間(jian)極(ji)(ji)短,非(fei)常方便。如(ru)此種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)得到(dao)(dao)發(fa)展(zhan),省去了(le)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站等(deng)社會保(bao)障設施(shi)的(de)興(xing)建。鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)可在(zai)超市(shi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)經營點、汽配商店等(deng)購買,對普(pu)及此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)十分有利(li)。這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)具有體積(ji)小,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷容(rong)量大,質量小,能(neng)在(zai)寬(kuan)廣的(de)溫度范圍內正常工作,且無腐(fu)蝕,工作安全可靠。只是(shi)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解還原(yuan)過程中,比較耗能(neng),每噸氧(yang)化鋅還原(yuan)成鋅需(xu)要消耗2500度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),所以用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)上(shang),成本較高(gao)。試驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷容(rong)量僅是(shi)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)5倍(bei)(bei),不(bu)甚(shen)理(li)想(xiang)。但(dan)5倍(bei)(bei)于鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量已(yi)引(yin)起(qi)了(le)世(shi)人的(de)關注,美國、墨西哥,新加坡及一(yi)些歐洲國家都已(yi)在(zai)郵政車(che)、公共(gong)汽車(che)、摩托車(che)上(shang)進(jin)行試用,也是(shi)一(yi)極(ji)(ji)有前途的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。
此(ci)外(wai),鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)具有良好的(de)(de)抗(kang)電(dian)磁場性能。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)導電(dian)率是(shi)標準電(dian)工銅的(de)(de)29%,鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)板是(shi)一(yi)種非(fei)常有效(xiao)的(de)(de)屏蔽(bi)材料(liao),同(tong)時(shi)由于(yu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)非(fei)磁性的(de)(de),適合(he)做(zuo)儀器(qi)儀表(biao)零(ling)件的(de)(de)材料(liao)及(ji)儀表(biao)殼體及(ji)錢幣,同(tong)時(shi),鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)自身(shen)及(ji)與其他(ta)金屬(shu)碰撞不會(hui)發(fa)生(sheng)火花,適合(he)作井下防爆器(qi)材。廣(guang)泛用(yong)(yong)于(yu)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)、涂料(liao)、搪瓷、醫(yi)藥、印(yin)刷、纖(xian)維等工業(ye)(ye)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)具有適宜的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學性能。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)可(ke)與NH4CI發(fa)生(sheng)作用(yong)(yong),放出H+正離子(zi)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)-二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)錳(meng)電(dian)池正是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)這個特點,用(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)合(he)金做(zuo)電(dian)池的(de)(de)外(wai)殼,既是(shi)電(dian)池電(dian)解質(zhi)的(de)(de)容器(qi),又參加電(dian)池反(fan)應(ying)構(gou)成電(dian)池的(de)(de)陽極。它的(de)(de)這一(yi)性能也被廣(guang)泛地應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)醫(yi)藥行業(ye)(ye)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與酸或強堿都能發(fa)生(sheng)反(fan)應(ying),放出氫氣。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)肥(硫酸鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin))有促進植物細胞呼吸、碳水化(hua)(hua)合(he)物的(de)(de)代謝(xie)等作用(yong)(yong)。鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)粉、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鋇白、鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鉻黃(huang)可(ke)作顏(yan)料(liao)。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)醫(yi)藥、橡(xiang)膠(jiao)、油(you)漆等工業(ye)(ye)。
中國鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)業生(sheng)產布(bu)局,依據鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)產地的(de)(de)分布(bu)和(he)建(jian)設(she)條件,經40多年(nian)來的(de)(de)發展(zhan)、建(jian)設(she),現已形成東(dong)北、湖南、兩廣、滇川(chuan)、西北等五大(da)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)采(cai)選冶和(he)加(jia)工配套的(de)(de)生(sheng)產基地,其鉛(qian)產量占全國總產量的(de)(de)85%以上(shang),鋅(xin)(xin)產量占全國總產量的(de)(de)95%。
1.東(dong)(dong)北鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)。東(dong)(dong)北地(di)區是我國(guo)開發(fa)較(jiao)早的鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)之一。早在50年代初期,其鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量占全國(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量的80%以上,在中國(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)居于重要地(di)位(wei)。東(dong)(dong)北基(ji)地(di)以七(qi)礦兩(liang)廠(chang)為主,即青城子(zi)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、八(ba)家子(zi)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、柴河(he)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(現已閉坑)、桓仁銅鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、紅透山(shan)(shan)銅鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、西林鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦、天寶山(shan)(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦和沈陽冶煉廠(chang)、葫蘆(lu)島鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)廠(chang)。七(qi)礦兩(liang)廠(chang)不僅是東(dong)(dong)北鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)的支柱廠(chang)礦,也是培養造就科技(ji)人(ren)(ren)才的基(ji)地(di)。六七(qi)十年代曾向全國(guo)新建的鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)企業(ye)輸送大批具有實踐經驗(yan)的科技(ji)和管理人(ren)(ren)才以及生產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)工人(ren)(ren),為中國(guo)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)的發(fa)展(zhan)做出了(le)積極貢獻。
2.湖南(nan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)基(ji)地。湖南(nan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)資源豐富,而且富礦(kuang)(kuang)多,大(da)部(bu)分礦(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)地可(ke)開發利用。該基(ji)地鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)廠礦(kuang)(kuang)是五(wu)六十年代建成的(de),由水口山(shan)礦(kuang)(kuang)務局、桃(tao)林鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、黃沙坪(ping)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、東坡(po)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)和株(zhu)洲冶煉廠等組成的(de)湖南(nan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)基(ji)地,是全國(guo)(guo)自產(chan)原料的(de)全國(guo)(guo)最大(da)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)基(ji)地,在全國(guo)(guo)產(chan)量占(zhan)有(you)重要地位。
3.兩廣(guang)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)基(ji)地。廣(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)西兩省(sheng)區(qu)的鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)資源豐富,兩省(sheng)區(qu)是70年代形成(cheng)的我國大(da)(da)型鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)生產(chan)基(ji)地之(zhi)一。廣(guang)東(dong)以(yi)凡(fan)口鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)和韶關冶煉廠為(wei)主,其次是丙村鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、昌化鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、大(da)(da)尖山鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)。廣(guang)西有泗頂鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、大(da)(da)新鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、河三鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)、柳州(zhou)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)品廠和大(da)(da)廠礦(kuang)務局等。
4.滇川鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)生(sheng)產(chan)基地。云(yun)南(nan)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)資源十分豐富(fu),鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)保有儲量均居全國之首。該基地鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)企(qi)業也是(shi)五六十年代建成的(de),主要(yao)是(shi)會(hui)澤鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、瀾(lan)滄老廠鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和昆(kun)明冶煉(lian)廠、個舊雞街(jie)冶煉(lian)廠。云(yun)南(nan)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)資源具有廣闊的(de)開發(fa)前景(jing),90年代開始興(xing)建超大型(xing)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床金頂礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)。四(si)川有會(hui)東鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、會(hui)理鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)兩個主要(yao)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan)以及一批(pi)中小型(xing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)(shan),21世紀以來鉛(qian)鋅(xin)(xin)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)量猛增。
5.西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)生(sheng)產基地(di)。西(xi)北地(di)區(qu)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦產資源也很豐富,主要分布在甘(gan)陜青三(san)省,而且西(xi)成礦帶經勘查儲量又(you)有(you)大(da)幅度(du)的(de)增長,資源前景十分可觀。該基地(di)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)生(sheng)產以白(bai)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)色(se)金(jin)屬公司為主,有(you)白(bai)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)廠(chang)(chang)小鐵山(shan)(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦、第三(san)冶(ye)(ye)煉廠(chang)(chang)和(he)西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)冶(ye)(ye)煉廠(chang)(chang),陜西(xi)有(you)鉛(qian)(qian)硐山(shan)(shan)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦、二里河(he)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)洞梁鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦等和(he)青海錫鐵山(shan)(shan)礦務(wu)局。西(xi)北鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)產量較少,但開發前景可觀。一(yi)(yi)是有(you)豐富的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦產資源,位于甘(gan)陜交界的(de)西(xi)成-鳳太(tai)礦帶,經近(jin)20余(yu)年勘查出10多個大(da)中型鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)金(jin)礦床,其中廠(chang)(chang)壩(ba)-李家溝(gou)鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)達(da)到(dao)超大(da)型規模,銀(yin)(yin)(yin)達(da)到(dao)大(da)型。二是廠(chang)(chang)壩(ba)正在抓緊建(jian)設一(yi)(yi)座大(da)型礦山(shan)(shan),將成為西(xi)北冶(ye)(ye)煉廠(chang)(chang)主要礦物原料供給基地(di),是全國大(da)型鉛(qian)(qian)鋅(xin)礦山(shan)(shan)之一(yi)(yi)。
除上述五大鉛(qian)鋅(xin)生產(chan)基(ji)地外,內(nei)蒙(meng)古、江(jiang)西、貴(gui)州(zhou)等(deng)(deng)省(sheng)區也建設了一(yi)(yi)批中(zhong)小型礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)。其中(zhong)內(nei)蒙(meng)古梧(wu)桐花(hua)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、白音諾鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、翁牛特旗硐(dong)子(zi)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)(deng)礦(kuang)(kuang)山(shan)。內(nei)蒙(meng)古是(shi)全國生產(chan)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)精礦(kuang)(kuang)主要省(sheng)區之一(yi)(yi),開發前景(jing)巨(ju)大。江(jiang)西有銀山(shan)鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)(deng)。貴(gui)州(zhou)有赫章鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)、杉樹林鉛(qian)鋅(xin)礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)(deng)。
侵入途徑:吸入、食(shi)入。
吸入會引起口渴、干咳、頭痛、頭暈(yun)、高熱、寒戰等。粉塵(chen)對(dui)眼有(you)刺激性。口服刺激胃(wei)腸道(dao)。長期(qi)反復接觸對(dui)皮膚有(you)刺激性。
1.貯于陰涼干燥處,遠離(li)火種(zhong)、熱(re)源。
2.與氧化劑(ji)、胺類(lei)、硫、磷、酸堿類(lei)分儲。
3.滅(mie)火:干粉、干砂(sha)。禁用水和泡(pao)沫。
維(wei)持(chi)人體正常食欲
缺鋅會導致味覺下(xia)降,出(chu)現厭食(shi)、偏食(shi)甚(shen)至異食(shi)。
增強人體免疫力
鋅元素(su)是免疫(yi)器官胸腺發育的營養素(su),只有(you)鋅量充足(zu)才能(neng)(neng)有(you)效保證胸腺發育,正常分化(hua)T淋巴細(xi)胞,促(cu)進細(xi)胞免疫(yi)功能(neng)(neng)。
鋅(xin)有幫(bang)助(zhu)生長(chang)發(fa)育、智力(li)發(fa)育、提高免疫力(li)的(de)作(zuo)用,缺乏鋅(xin)會對我們的(de)身體,特別(bie)是(shi)生長(chang)發(fa)育造成(cheng)嚴(yan)重影(ying)響,所以,補充足夠的(de)鋅(xin)是(shi)生長(chang)發(fa)育,智力(li)發(fa)育必(bi)須的(de)。平(ping)時(shi)除了飲食要(yao)均衡外,別(bie)忘了適當(dang)補充營養。
兒童
味覺障礙:厭(yan)食(shi)、偏(pian)食(shi)或異食(shi);
皮膚(fu)疾患(huan):易(yi)患(huan)口(kou)腔潰瘍(yang),受損傷口(kou)不易(yi)愈(yu)合,青春期痤瘡等;
生長發育不良:身材矮小、瘦弱(ruo);
免疫力下降,經常感冒、發燒;
孕婦
妊娠反應(ying)加(jia)重(zhong):嗜酸,嘔吐加(jia)重(zhong)
宮內胎兒發(fa)育遲(chi)緩:導致早產(chan)兒、低體重兒
分娩合并癥增多(duo):產程延(yan)長、流(liu)產
推薦攝入量
年齡(歲) RNI(mg) UL(mg)
0~ 1.5
0.5~ 8 13
1~ 9 23
4~ 12 23
7~ 13.5 28
男 女 男 女
11~ 18.0 15.0 37 34
14~ 19.0 15.5 42 35
18~ 15.0 11.5 45 37
50 11.5 11.5 37 37
孕婦 35
早期 11.5
中期 16.5
晚期 16.5
乳母 21.5 35