灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi),是(shi)直翅(chi)目蟋(xi)蟀科灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟋(xi)屬的昆(kun)蟲,又(you)名短(duan)翅(chi)灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟋(xi)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)雞(ji)(ji)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)、灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)雞(ji)(ji)子。灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)為漸變(bian)態昆(kun)蟲,成蟲體(ti)長(chang)(chang)12-15毫(hao)米(mi);雌雄異形(xing);體(ti)黃褐色(se)(se);頭部褐色(se)(se),觸(chu)角絲狀;無(wu)翅(chi),兩(liang)單眼間(jian)有(you)黃色(se)(se)橫紋(wen);后足很長(chang)(chang),為跳躍足,尾須長(chang)(chang)。雄蟲發音(yin)器斜(xie)長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing),后角圓;雌蟲產(chan)卵器側扁,較(jiao)短(duan)。灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)因喜(xi)歡生活在鍋灶(zao)(zao)(zao)、廚房等暖(nuan)和(he)(he)的地方(fang)而得名,它們(men)又(you)名“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)蟀”和(he)(he)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)蟋(xi)蟀”;因鳴聲“唧(ji)唧(ji)唧(ji)唧(ji)”宛如雛雞(ji)(ji)的叫(jiao)聲,或像剛出殼(ke)雛鴨的叫(jiao)聲,又(you)名“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)雞(ji)(ji)”和(he)(he)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)鴨”,江(jiang)南一帶還叫(jiao)它們(men)“灶(zao)(zao)(zao)馬(ma)(ma)雞(ji)(ji)” 。
灶馬蟋(xi)原產于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo),從南到北幾乎中(zhong)國(guo)各省(sheng)都有(you)分布(bu),常(chang)見(jian)于(yu)燭(zhu)臺、火炕、火墻(qiang)的(de)墻(qiang)角(jiao)、磚石縫(feng)隙。在(zai)室內以人們遺落(luo)的(de)飯粒(li)、菜屑為食;也常(chang)見(jian)于(yu)田(tian)野(ye)(ye)(ye)、草石、土間,在(zai)野(ye)(ye)(ye)外以植物(wu)的(de)莖、葉為食。性喜溫暖,天冷時多由野(ye)(ye)(ye)外進入住宅室內過(guo)冬。有(you)趨(qu)光性,見(jian)到燈光時鳴(ming)叫得更起勁。灶馬蟋(xi)壽命很長,可飼養達一年之久。
灶馬蟋(xi)一年(nian)四季都(dou)可捉來玩賞(shang),夏秋之(zhi)日宜(yi)將養在瓦質(zhi)(zhi)或陶瓷(ci)質(zhi)(zhi)的蟋(xi)蟀盆中(zhong);冬春季節(jie)宜(yi)將其(qi)養在木質(zhi)(zhi)、竹質(zhi)(zhi)圓盒里或葫蘆中(zhong),揣在身(shen)上。灶馬蟋(xi)愛(ai)在夜間(jian)鳴叫,鳴聲(sheng)細柔而清(qing)脆,一年(nian)四季都(dou)能聽(ting)到鳴聲(sheng),簡(jian)短重復,單調持續,徹夜鳴叫不歇,這在鳴蟲中(zhong)頗為(wei)少見,久聞其(qi)聲(sheng)對人有催眠作用。
蟋蟀(shuai)科之一種。廣布我國南(nan)北各地。形(xing)似斗(dou)蟋,雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體長12-15毫米,雎蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)略大,色黃褐(he);頭部小于(yu)(yu)前胸前緣之寬;前翅(chi)(chi)短,覆蓋至腹部二分之處(chu);雎蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)更(geng)短,后(hou)翅(chi)(chi)退化近于(yu)(yu)無(wu)。后(hou)足強健,縱跳迅疾。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)須、尾俱長;雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)產卵(luan)管平直,呈劍狀(zhuang)。性(xing)喜(xi)陰暗溫暖,見于(yu)(yu)野外草石、土間,食植物莖葉。入秋移(yi)棲于(yu)(yu)農舍灶臺、火(huo)炕、火(huo)墻縫隙處(chu),揀食遺落飯粒、菜(cai)屑。鳴(ming)叫具(ju)趨光性(xing),燈光月下,鳴(ming)聲愈頻,“唧(ji)唧(ji)唧(ji)唧(ji)”,似小雞(ji)小鴨叫。玩養主為盆飼(si)聽唱,以翅(chi)(chi)略長的“長灶”為優(you)選(xuan);短翅(chi)(chi)者稱(cheng)“短灶”,腹多裸露形(xing)不美,可棄。飼(si)養同醬色蟋。
灶馬(ma)蟋夏(xia)季常見于田野(ye)草石、土(tu)隙間、洞穴口附近,入(ru)(ru)秋后進(jin)入(ru)(ru)居民(min)家(jia)中。此蟲生活的最(zui)適(shi)溫(wen)度為20~25度。
灶馬蟋(xi)可以(yi)說是在昆(kun)蟲(chong)中(zhong)分布(bu)最廣的(de)(de)一種,中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)東(dong)西都有它的(de)(de)存(cun)在,如北(bei)(bei)京(jing)、江(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)、河(he)北(bei)(bei)、河(he)南(nan)(nan)、福建等地(di);日本、朝鮮、印度、西孟加拉、巴基斯(si)坦、馬來西亞、墨西哥、南(nan)(nan)美洲(zhou)(zhou)、澳洲(zhou)(zhou)等國(guo)家也有分布(bu)。
灶(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)馬蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)前(qian)胸略膨拱,前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)短,長(chang)(chang)(chang)約7毫(hao)(hao)米,僅能覆蓋體部的1/3,腹部大部裸露。前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)前(qian)方(fang)有(you)弧狀(zhuang)翅(chi)(chi)脈。中(zhong)(zhong)間有(you)自(zi)左至右(you)下的斜(xie)長(chang)(chang)(chang)脈,其(qi)左側(ce)外緣有(you)直條(tiao)狀(zhuang)脈。右(you)側(ce)有(you)少(shao)數橫(heng)脈。后翅(chi)(chi)退(tui)化。灶(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)馬蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)足部健壯,有(you)深色(se)褐(he)斑。尾須長(chang)(chang)(chang),有(you)20毫(hao)(hao)米左右(you)。雌體前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)短而不(bu)發達,有(you)約11毫(hao)(hao)米長(chang)(chang)(chang)的產卵管,呈劍狀(zhuang)。其(qi)身(shen)(shen)體由于(yu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期在灶(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)馬蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)棲(qi)息而變得略扁,不(bu)如蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)蟀(shuai)(shuai)那(nei)樣厚實。灶(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)馬蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)的頭部小而圓(yuan),肚子的一(yi)面(mian)呈黃色(se)或(huo)橘(ju)黃色(se),身(shen)(shen)上常帶有(you)廚房特有(you)那(nei)種油(you)(you)垢味.垣蛩又名垣恭、醬色(se)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)蟀(shuai)(shuai),屬直翅(chi)(chi)目蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)蟀(shuai)(shuai)科。因其(qi)常常棲(qi)息于(yu)斷垣殘壁之間而得名,又因其(qi)渾身(shen)(shen)通體皆呈醬油(you)(you)色(se),形體又與蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)蟀(shuai)(shuai)酷(ku)似,故而又稱為“醬油(you)(you)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)蟀(shuai)(shuai)”或(huo)“醬色(se)蟋(xi)(xi)(xi)蟀(shuai)(shuai)”。
此蟲體(ti)長(chang)12~19毫(hao)米,寬(kuan)約4.5毫(hao)米,觸須長(chang)30毫(hao)米左右。其頭部富(fu)有(you)(you)(you)光澤,頭頂深(shen)褐色(se)(se)(se)。頭后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)6條直(zhi)紋(wen)(wen),黃色(se)(se)(se),口(kou)器(qi)為黃褐色(se)(se)(se),額部黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se),富(fu)有(you)(you)(you)光澤。垣蛩前(qian)胸背有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)長(chang)毛,散步黃色(se)(se)(se)條紋(wen)(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)紋(wen)(wen),后(hou)肢(zhi)外側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)斜紋(wen)(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)紋(wen)(wen),后(hou)肢(zhi)外側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)(se)斜紋(wen)(wen)。前(qian)肢(zhi)較(jiao)發達(da),覆蓋腹部的大半。也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)些個(ge)體(ti)后(hou)翅發達(da),伸出于前(qian)肢(zhi)之外,能飛翔;但多數(shu)無后(hou)翅,不能飛翔,僅能跳躍。此蟲的雌性(xing)較(jiao)雄性(xing)肥大,有(you)(you)(you)產卵管,管長(chang)8毫(hao)米左右。
灶馬蟋(xi)是(shi)雜食(shi)性鳴(ming)(ming)蟲,可(ke)以喂(wei)飯(fan)粒、米粥、梨、蘋果、絲瓜、菱肉和各種菜(cai)葉,并用小盂供給飲水(shui)。若食(shi)物供喂(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷,它可(ke)以常年(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷鳴(ming)(ming)叫。其鳴(ming)(ming)聲(sheng)(sheng)較為(wei)單調,但卻(que)細柔而(er)清(qing)脆,而(er)且不(bu)(bu)(bu)厭其煩地連續不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷,尤其是(shi)在夜間聽(ting)它連續的(de)“唧(ji)唧(ji)”之(zhi)聲(sheng)(sheng),具有催眠的(de)作用,不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)人習(xi)慣于(yu)聽(ting)著它的(de)鳴(ming)(ming)聲(sheng)(sheng)入眠。