城口太白貝母多(duo)年生草(cao)本(ben),高30~50cm。分布于(yu)湖北、陜西、甘肅(su)、四川,生于(yu)海(hai)拔2400-3150m處(chu)的山坡和水邊。具有潤肺,化痰(tan),止咳功效。用于(yu)治(zhi)肺熱咳嗽,支氣管炎,咳痰(tan)不利。
多年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草本(ben),鱗(lin)莖(jing)扁球形(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑達(da)2.5厘米。莖(jing)光(guang)滑,中(zhong)部(bu)以上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)葉。葉最下2枚(mei)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),其上(shang)(shang)為(wei)互生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或輪(lun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),在(zai)花(hua)下方為(wei)輪(lun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);葉片(pian)(pian)(pian)線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或線(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing),多年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草本(ben),高30~40cm。鱗(lin)莖(jing)直(zhi)徑1~1.5cm。葉對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),有的中(zhong)部(bu)兼3~4枚(mei)輪(lun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或散生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),條(tiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)至條(tiao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)5~10cm,寬(kuan)3~7(~12)mm,先端(duan)(duan)(duan)有的稍(shao)彎(wan)曲。花(hua)單朵,每(mei)花(hua)有3枚(mei)葉狀(zhuang)(zhuang)苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian),苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)先端(duan)(duan)(duan)有時梢彎(wan)曲,但(dan)絕(jue)不卷(juan)曲;花(hua)被(bei)片(pian)(pian)(pian)6,長(chang)(chang)3~4cm,綠(lv)黃色(se)(se),無方格斑(ban),通常(chang)僅在(zai)花(hua)被(bei)片(pian)(pian)(pian)先端(duan)(duan)(duan)近(jin)(jin)兩側邊緣(yuan)有紫色(se)(se)斑(ban)帶(dai);外輪(lun)3片(pian)(pian)(pian)狹(xia)倒卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)矩圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),寬(kuan)9~12mm,先端(duan)(duan)(duan)渾圓;內輪(lun)3片(pian)(pian)(pian)近(jin)(jin)匙形(xing)(xing)(xing),上(shang)(shang)部(bu)寬(kuan)12~17mm,基部(bu)寬(kuan)3~5mm,先端(duan)(duan)(duan)驟凸而鈍,蜜(mi)腺窩幾不凸出(chu)或稍(shao)凸出(chu);花(hua)藥(yao)近(jin)(jin)基著,花(hua)絲通常(chang)具(ju)小(xiao)乳突;花(hua)柱分裂(lie)部(bu)分長(chang)(chang)3~4mm。花(hua)單一,頂(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),下垂;花(hua)被(bei)鐘(zhong)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)(pian)6,分離,黃綠(lv)色(se)(se),上(shang)(shang)部(bu)有紫色(se)(se)斑(ban)點(dian),長(chang)(chang)3~4厘米;雄蕊6,花(hua)藥(yao)基部(bu)著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);子(zi)房上(shang)(shang)位,通常(chang)3室。蒴果(guo),室裂(lie),膜質,長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),每(mei)室有扁平(ping)種子(zi)2列。蒴果(guo)長(chang)(chang)1.8~2.5cm,棱上(shang)(shang)的狹(xia)翅寬(kuan)0.5~2mm。花(hua)期5~6月(yue),果(guo)期6~7月(yue)。
城口太白(bai)貝(bei)母的(de)生長(chang)環境(jing)選(xuan)背風(feng)的(de)陰山(shan)或半陰山(shan)為(wei)宜(yi),并遠離麥類作(zuo)物,防止(zhi)銹(xiu)病感染(ran);以疏松、富(fu)含(han)腐殖質的(de)鑲上(shang)為(wei)好。結(jie)凍(dong)前(qian)整地,清(qing)除地面(mian)雜草,深耕細耙,作(zuo)1.3米(mi)(mi)寬的(de)畦(qi)。每畝用廄肥1500千(qian)克(ke)(ke),過磷酸鈣50千(qian)克(ke)(ke),油(you)餅100千(qian)克(ke)(ke),堆漚腐熟后(hou)(hou)撤(che)于畦(qi)面(mian)并淺翻;畦(qi)面(mian)作(zuo)成弓形(xing)。太白(bai)貝(bei)母生長(chang)期需(xu)適當(dang)蔭(yin)蔽。播(bo)種(zhong)后(hou)(hou),春季出苗(miao)前(qian),揭(jie)去畦(qi)面(mian)覆蓋物,分畦(qi)搭棚遮蔭(yin)。搭矮棚,高(gao)15-20厘(li)米(mi)(mi),第一年(nian)郁閉度50%-70%,第二年(nian)降為(wei)50%,第三年(nian)為(wei)30%;收獲當(dang)年(nian)不再遮蔭(yin)。塔高(gao)棚,高(gao)約1米(mi)(mi),郁閉度50%。最好是晴天(tian)(tian)蔭(yin)蔽,陰、雨(yu)天(tian)(tian)亮(liang)棚煉苗(miao)。
7-9月間收獲(huo)時,選(xuan)擇無(wu)創傷病(bing)斑(ban)的鱗(lin)莖作(zuo)種,用條栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)法,按行距20厘(li)米(mi)開溝,株距3-4厘(li)米(mi),栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)后覆(fu)(fu)土5-6厘(li)米(mi)。或(huo)在栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)時分(fen)瓣,斜栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)穴內,栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)后覆(fu)(fu)蓋細土、灰肥3-5厘(li)米(mi)厚,壓緊鎮平。
太白貝母(mu)(mu)家種(zhong)、野生均于6—7月采收。家種(zhong)貝母(mu)(mu),用(yong)種(zhong)子(zi)繁殖的(de),播(bo)后(hou)第三年(nian)或四年(nian)收獲。選晴(qing)天(tian)(tian)挖(wa)起(qi)鱗(lin)莖(jing),清除殘莖(jing)、泥土;挖(wa)時勿傷鱗(lin)莖(jing)。太白貝母(mu)(mu)忌(ji)水洗,挖(wa)出后(hou)要及時攤放曬(shai)(shai)(shai)席上(shang);以(yi)(yi)1天(tian)(tian)能曬(shai)(shai)(shai)至(zhi)半干(gan),次(ci)日能曬(shai)(shai)(shai)至(zhi)全干(gan)為好(hao),切勿在(zai)石(shi)壩、三合土或鐵器(qi)上(shang)晾(liang)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)。切忌(ji)堆漚,否(fou)則冷(leng)油(you)變(bian)黃。如(ru)遇雨天(tian)(tian),可將貝母(mu)(mu)鱗(lin)莖(jing)窖于水分較少(shao)的(de)沙土內(nei),待晴(qing)天(tian)(tian)抓緊曬(shai)(shai)(shai)干(gan)。亦可烘干(gan),烘時溫度(du)控制在(zai)50℃以(yi)(yi)內(nei)。在(zai)干(gan)燥過程中,貝母(mu)(mu)外皮(pi)未呈粉白色時,不宜翻動(dong),以(yi)(yi)防發黃。翻動(dong)用(yong)竹、木器(qi)而不用(yong)手,以(yi)(yi)免變(bian)成“油(you)子(zi)”或“黃子(zi)”。