松(song)(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(Tricholoma Matsutake)因其生(sheng)長在松(song)(song)(song)(song)、櫟(li)林地,菌蕾期(qi)狀如鹿(lu)茸(rong)(rong)而(er)得此(ci)名。亦稱松(song)(song)(song)(song)蕈、杉蕈、合菌、臺菌、松(song)(song)(song)(song)口蘑等(deng),為(wei)(wei)國(guo)家二級(ji)重點保(bao)護物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)與松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹、櫟(li)樹及杉樹植物(wu)(wu)根共生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)菌根真菌,對環境的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)十分苛刻,通常(chang)生(sheng)長在海拔2000—4000米之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)云南松(song)(song)(song)(song)、高(gao)(gao)山松(song)(song)(song)(song)、灰背(bei)櫟(li)、黃背(bei)櫟(li)、長穗(sui)高(gao)(gao)山櫟(li)或松(song)(song)(song)(song)、櫟(li)混交林中(zhong),發生(sheng)期(qi)為(wei)(wei)6—10月。松(song)(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong),富含(han)維生(sheng)素B1和(he)B2,含(han)多種(zhong)氨基酸和(he)人(ren)體必需的(de)(de)(de)鋅、鎂等(deng)微量(liang)元素,粗脂肪含(han)量(liang)低(di),具有多種(zhong)生(sheng)理(li)功(gong)能(neng)(neng),并可增(zeng)強人(ren)體免疫(yi)力、生(sheng)精益氣、理(li)氣化痰、延緩衰老、防(fang)癌治癌、防(fang)治糖尿(niao)病等(deng),不僅(jin)有較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)營養價值(zhi),還有重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)食療(liao)和(he)保(bao)健(jian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)難得的(de)(de)(de)珍貴食用菌。歷史上,在日(ri)本(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)貢品(pin)之(zhi)一,是(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)級(ji)酒宴的(de)(de)(de)名菜之(zhi)一,深受(shou)日(ri)本(ben)人(ren)喜愛,日(ri)本(ben)人(ren)以吃上松(song)(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)為(wei)(wei)榮。據報道,1945年日(ri)本(ben)廣島原子(zi)彈0后,松(song)(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)唯一能(neng)(neng)夠保(bao)持生(sheng)命(ming)力的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu),這使得日(ri)本(ben)人(ren)更迷信于松(song)(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)。
松(song)茸,在(zai)世(shi)界不(bu)多的國家有生長,但就其(qi)出現(xian)的頻率、種群(qun)(qun)分化(hua)程度及分布(bu)范圍來看,滇川(chuan)藏(zang)橫斷山區腹(fu)地(di)是(shi)松(song)茸群(qun)(qun)的多樣化(hua)中(zhong)心,被認為是(shi)松(song)茸群(qun)(qun)的現(xian)代分布(bu)中(zhong)心。經研究表明,這一區域有可能是(shi)其(qi)它地(di)區松(song)茸的起源中(zhong)心,其(qi)數量之大,種類之多,生態(tai)之復(fu)雜是(shi)其(qi)它松(song)茸產(chan)地(di)所無(wu)法(fa)相比的。
迪慶州,是許(xu)多(duo)植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)起(qi)源、分化(hua)和(he)現代(dai)分布中(zhong)心,是動植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)薈萃之地。從社會經濟發展(zhan)和(he)現有(you)人(ren)口情(qing)況看(kan),迪慶人(ren)口稀少(平(ping)均每平(ping)方公(gong)里有(you)13人(ren)),傳統文化(hua)中(zhong)就(jiu)有(you)人(ren)與自然和(he)諧共處(chu)的(de)生存(cun)理(li)念。所以,對自然環境破(po)壞少,境內沒有(you)污染嚴(yan)重的(de)工礦企業,原生態(tai)(tai)保存(cun)完好。加(jia)上,近幾年(nian)又(you)實施了“天然林保護工程(cheng)”、“退耕還(huan)林還(huan)草工程(cheng)”等,局部受損的(de)生態(tai)(tai)環境得以修復,區域(yu)生態(tai)(tai)環境進(jin)一(yi)步改善,松(song)茸產量(liang)亦呈(cheng)現出逐年(nian)遞(di)增的(de)態(tai)(tai)勢,使(shi)迪慶香格里拉松(song)茸成為真正的(de)綠(lv)色環境食品,以其“菇(gu)體肥大、肉質(zhi)細(xi)嫩、久香味濃(nong)、色澤好”而聞(wen)名中(zhong)外。
迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)香格里拉松(song)茸,從1985年(nian)起開發,目前已成為迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)州最(zui)主要的(de)出(chu)口產品。年(nian)自然生長量在(zai)1000噸(dun)以上(shang),采集量在(zai)500——900噸(dun)。此外,由于迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)地處滇(dian)、川、藏結合部,毗鄰(lin)的(de)藏區12個縣每年(nian)從迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)中(zhong)轉出(chu)境的(de)松(song)茸近500噸(dun),,使迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)松(song)茸年(nian)貿(mao)易量達(da)到(dao)1000——1300噸(dun),占云(yun)南省鮮(xian)松(song)茸出(chu)口量的(de)65%以上(shang)。所以,迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)已成為云(yun)南乃(nai)至中(zhong)國的(de)“松(song)茸之鄉”。
迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)香(xiang)格(ge)(ge)里拉(la)松(song)(song)茸(rong),目前的(de)主要(yao)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)有鮮(xian)(xian)松(song)(song)茸(rong)和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)兩大(da)類,制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)又分為(wei)清水罐頭、冰凍松(song)(song)茸(rong)、鹽漬松(song)(song)茸(rong)等(deng)多種產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin),每種產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)又有不同的(de)等(deng)級規(gui)格(ge)(ge)。在迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)經營(ying)(ying)鮮(xian)(xian)松(song)(song)茸(rong)的(de)企業主要(yao)有香(xiang)格(ge)(ge)里拉(la)圣寶食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)進出(chu)(chu)口公司(si),經營(ying)(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)企業有香(xiang)格(ge)(ge)里拉(la)野生食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)進出(chu)(chu)口有限責任(ren)公司(si)、香(xiang)格(ge)(ge)里拉(la)智園松(song)(song)茸(rong)加工廠(chang)、香(xiang)格(ge)(ge)里拉(la)縣(xian)祥和(he)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)有限責任(ren)公司(si)、迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)州(zhou)外貿(mao)公司(si)等(deng)。2005年,我州(zhou)企業自營(ying)(ying)出(chu)(chu)口鮮(xian)(xian)松(song)(song)茸(rong)69.8噸(dun),制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)135噸(dun),出(chu)(chu)口創匯(hui)437萬(wan)美元。此外,向省內外客商供貨500余噸(dun),產(chan)值(zhi)(zhi)近7000萬(wan)元,兩項(xiang)產(chan)值(zhi)(zhi)1.08億元人民幣(bi)。松(song)(song)茸(rong),是迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)州(zhou)唯一(yi)的(de)大(da)宗(zong)出(chu)(chu)口商品(pin)(pin)(pin),也是迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)各族農民脫貧(pin)致富的(de)主要(yao)經濟(ji)(ji)來源。所以,進一(yi)步優(you)化松(song)(song)茸(rong)經營(ying)(ying)模(mo)式、拓展松(song)(song)茸(rong)消費市場,加大(da)松(song)(song)茸(rong)出(chu)(chu)口力度,對迪(di)(di)慶(qing)(qing)經濟(ji)(ji)社會發展的(de)作(zuo)用尤(you)為(wei)重大(da)。