一.產品介紹
亞(ya)(ya)東縣,位(wei)于(yu)西藏(zang)自治區南部、喜(xi)(xi)馬拉雅山脈(mo)中段南麓。歷史上(shang),亞(ya)(ya)東黑(hei)(hei)木耳(er)作(zuo)為(wei)班禪活佛(fo)供(gong)品(pin),也是(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)層貴族喜(xi)(xi)愛的(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)之(zhi)一(yi),藏(zang)語稱它為(wei)“拿布摘摘”(“拿布”是(shi)(shi)(shi)黑(hei)(hei)色的(de)(de)意思(si),“摘摘是(shi)(shi)(shi)薄”的(de)(de)意思(si)。)據(ju)傳說(shuo)很早以前有位(wei)仙女(nv)下凡觀看(kan)人世間,發現此(ci)處氣候怡(yi)人,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)停留片刻觀賞(shang)美景,不小(xiao)心(xin)把帶(dai)在脖子上(shang)的(de)(de)珍珠項鏈(lian)掉散在此(ci)處。后來(lai)被稱為(wei)“珍珠木耳(er)”的(de)(de)來(lai)歷,在當地(di)廣為(wei)流傳。亞(ya)(ya)東黑(hei)(hei)木耳(er)形狀獨特,濕耳(er)直徑僅為(wei)3-5mm,盤子均勻呈(cheng)圓形,單耳(er)、耳(er)體小(xiao),色澤褐色,肉質肥厚、口感細膩、彈性好(hao)、滑潤(run)且(qie)營養(yang)豐富,富含人體所需的(de)(de)氨(an)基(ji)酸和(he)微量元(yuan)素。當地(di)群眾自古均有采食(shi)亞(ya)(ya)東黑(hei)(hei)木耳(er)習慣和(he)有把亞(ya)(ya)東黑(hei)(hei)木耳(er)作(zuo)為(wei)滋補品(pin)送病人調養(yang)身體的(de)(de)習俗(su),在國內外(wai)市場被譽為(wei)“植物肉、素中之(zhi)葷”。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)貌情況:亞東縣(xian)(xian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)種(zhong)類較(jiao)多(duo),高(gao)(gao)山(shan)寒漠(mo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草原土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、亞高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、亞高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草原土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、暗(an)棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、黃棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、沼澤(ze)10個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型,總面積(ji)4212平(ping)方公里,耕地(di)(di)面積(ji)僅1.2萬(wan)畝(mu);亞東縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)貌屬(shu)喜馬拉雅山(shan)高(gao)(gao)山(shan)地(di)(di)貌,由北部(bu)、南(nan)部(bu)二大地(di)(di)勢部(bu)組成,整個地(di)(di)勢是北部(bu)寬(kuan)高(gao)(gao),南(nan)部(bu)窄低、總體地(di)(di)貌為一(yi)山(shan)溝。
(2)水(shui)文情況:亞(ya)東境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)的河(he)(he)流(liu)主要有康布(bu)(bu)曲、卓(zhuo)木麻曲、卓(zhuo)木曲3條。還(huan)(huan)有10多條季節(jie)性小(xiao)支流(liu)相交錯,穿越(yue)全境(jing)(jing)(jing),同時境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)還(huan)(huan)有瀑(pu)布(bu)(bu)與迭水(shui)密布(bu)(bu)。亞(ya)東河(he)(he)床狹(xia)窄,水(shui)流(liu)湍急等特點,在河(he)(he)水(shui)流(liu)域(yu)內(nei)也是森林分布(bu)(bu)區(qu)。康布(bu)(bu)曲河(he)(he)源(yuan)于(yu)泡(pao)罕里山,向(xiang)南(nan)流(liu);帕里曲河(he)(he)流(liu)源(yuan)于(yu)卓(zhuo)木拉山,向(xiang)南(nan)流(liu);兩河(he)(he)至(zhi)下(xia)司馬(ma)鎮匯合形(xing)成卓(zhuo)木麻曲(亞(ya)東河(he)(he))。卓(zhuo)木麻曲南(nan)流(liu)進入不丹境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)。亞(ya)東縣(xian)(xian)位(wei)于(yu)西藏日喀則地(di)區(qu)南(nan)部,境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)沒有大型工廠(chang),無(wu)“三廢”排放和空氣污(wu)染(ran),土壤沒有重(zhong)金屬(shu)污(wu)染(ran)歷史, 根據環境(jing)(jing)(jing)監測部門監測,亞(ya)東縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)(jing)(jing)內(nei)地(di)表水(shui)達到國家《地(di)面水(shui) 環境(jing)(jing)(jing)質量標準》的Ⅱ類(lei)水(shui)質標準;水(shui)質感(gan)觀良好,無(wu)色(se)、無(wu)臭、無(wu)味、透明, pH值在5.5-7.5之間,砷≤0.05、鎘≤0.005、鉛≤0.05等有關指(zhi)標符(fu)合我國和世界衛(wei)生組織制定的飲用水(shui)質準則。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)情(qing)況:亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形變化(hua)較復雜,而(er)且(qie)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)(di)懸殊大(da)(da),因(yin)(yin)此,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)變化(hua)也十(shi)分(fen)明顯。因(yin)(yin)懸殊的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du),以(yi)帕里(li)為(wei)界,分(fen)為(wei)截然不同的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu),北部(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)4300米(mi)(mi),為(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)原溫(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)半(ban)(ban)干(gan)旱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou),南部(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)2800米(mi)(mi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)(run),森林(lin)(lin)茂密。北部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)寒(han)(han)干(gan)旱,自然災(zai)害較多(duo)(duo);南部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)(run),空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)清新(xin),生產條件(jian)良好(hao)。亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)因(yin)(yin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)位置的(de)(de)(de)差異,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)也不一(yi)(yi)樣(yang),主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)以(yi)下(xia)六(liu)種氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)亞(ya)熱帶(dai)(dai)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。下(xia)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)切瑪村至(zhi)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)場(chang),海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)2700米(mi)(mi),其(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)特(te)征是(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)暖濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)(run),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)超過(guo)10℃,夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)20-16℃,冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)10-5℃。無霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)約(yue)在300天(tian)(tian)(tian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),這里(li)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和,基(ji)本(ben)(ben)上(shang)(shang)無霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)、雪(xue)(xue),很少結(jie)冰,土壤中(zhong)沒有(you)(you)(you)凍(dong)層(ceng)(ceng)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)29℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),7-9月(yue)(yue)(yue)份雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)多(duo)(duo),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)在1500-2000毫米(mi)(mi)之(zhi)間(jian)。是(shi)針(zhen)闊葉混交林(lin)(lin)分(fen)布區(qu)(qu)(qu),林(lin)(lin)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)箭竹,伴生的(de)(de)(de)藤本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)物也十(shi)分(fen)發育;二是(shi)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)暖溫(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)半(ban)(ban)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)場(chang)至(zhi)上(shang)(shang)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang),海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)2700-3200米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)約(yue)7-10℃,夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)14-16℃,冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)0-5℃。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)雪(xue)(xue),積(ji)雪(xue)(xue)可(ke)達(da)(da)(da)30-100厘米(mi)(mi),但融化(hua)較快;年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)雨(yu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)有(you)(you)(you)105天(tian)(tian)(tian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)937毫米(mi)(mi),4月(yue)(yue)(yue)份開始就有(you)(you)(you)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang);三(san)是(shi)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)涼帶(dai)(dai)半(ban)(ban)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。上(shang)(shang)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)多(duo)(duo)達(da)(da)(da),海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)3100-3900米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)約(yue)2-7℃,夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)10-14℃,冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)0-5℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)。無霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)150天(tian)(tian)(tian), 每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)降(jiang)雪(xue)(xue),積(ji)雪(xue)(xue)達(da)(da)(da)60-80厘米(mi)(mi),多(duo)(duo)時可(ke)達(da)(da)(da)150-200厘米(mi)(mi)。土壤里(li)有(you)(you)(you)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)性凍(dong)層(ceng)(ceng)出現(xian),最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)凍(dong)土深度(du)可(ke)達(da)(da)(da)40厘米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)約(yue)750毫米(mi)(mi),其(qi)中(zhong)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)份降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da);夜(ye)間(jian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)約(yue)占五分(fen)之(zhi)四以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)冷杉、云(yun)杉、高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)松等林(lin)(lin)木(mu)分(fen)布區(qu)(qu)(qu);四是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)亞(ya)寒(han)(han)帶(dai)(dai)半(ban)(ban)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。多(duo)(duo)達(da)(da)(da)至(zhi)塘拉之(zhi)間(jian),海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)3900-5200米(mi)(mi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)寒(han)(han)冷、年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)0℃,日(ri)(ri)(ri)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)(yu)5℃,無霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)不足90天(tian)(tian)(tian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)18℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)30.1℃。結(jie)冰日(ri)(ri)(ri)數均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)達(da)(da)(da)318天(tian)(tian)(tian)。雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)6-9月(yue)(yue)(yue),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)450毫米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)(di),除6月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)外,其(qi)余時間(jian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)可(ke)降(jiang)雪(xue)(xue),降(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)數約(yue)占年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)總日(ri)(ri)(ri)數的(de)(de)(de)三(san)分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。帕里(li)盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai),降(jiang)雹日(ri)(ri)(ri)數較多(duo)(duo),平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)可(ke)達(da)(da)(da)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),但多(duo)(duo)在作物生長季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)出現(xian),加上(shang)(shang)霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)凍(dong)嚴重,不利于(yu)(yu)(yu)農業生產。植(zhi)被(bei)以(yi)多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)生長的(de)(de)(de)耐寒(han)(han)草(cao)旬與低(di)(di)(di)矮(ai)灌叢為(wei)主(zhu);五是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)寒(han)(han)凍(dong)帶(dai)(dai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。卓木(mu)拉日(ri)(ri)(ri)雪(xue)(xue)山(shan)以(yi)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu),海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)4200-5500米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)-2℃-6℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)6-2℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-10℃-16℃,每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)7-8月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)0℃。土壤水(shui)(shui)份處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)晝夜(ye)融凍(dong)交替之(zhi)中(zhong),形成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)帶(dai)(dai)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)融凍(dong)現(xian)象(xiang),帶(dai)(dai)內只能生長一(yi)(yi)些耐寒(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)矮(ai)小草(cao)甸,墊狀植(zhi)物和多(duo)(duo)種地(di)(di)(di)(di)衣。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)約(yue)在400毫米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),因(yin)(yin)云(yun)霧較多(duo)(duo),因(yin)(yin)而(er)比(bi)較濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)(run)。海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)5500米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)則(ze)為(wei)終年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)凍(dong)結(jie)的(de)(de)(de)冰雪(xue)(xue)帶(dai)(dai),本(ben)(ben)區(qu)(qu)(qu)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)稀疏(shu)墊狀植(zhi)被(bei)分(fen)布區(qu)(qu)(qu);六(liu)是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)原寒(han)(han)冷帶(dai)(dai)、半(ban)(ban)干(gan)旱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。堆(dui)納鄉(xiang)和吉汝鄉(xiang)大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)寬谷盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)及(ji)其(qi)周圍,海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)4400-5000米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)3-4℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)13-6℃,6-9月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)12--15℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-5℃-16℃。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4-7個月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)(yu)0℃。無霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)約(yue)80---100天(tian)(tian)(tian)。本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)顯著(zhu)特(te)點,降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)較少,一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)300毫米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you),是(shi)多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)旱生草(cao)叢植(zhi)被(bei)分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。
三.地域范圍
“亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑木耳”產業范圍為(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)(zang)自治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)日喀則(ze)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)縣所轄的(de)康布鄉、上亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)鄉、下(xia)司(si)(si)馬鎮(zhen)、下(xia)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)鄉的(de)林區(qu)(qu)。 亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)縣地(di)(di)處西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)(zang)日喀則(ze)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)部、喜馬拉雅山脈中(zhong)段南(nan)麓,為(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)(zang)自治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)邊(bian)境(jing)縣之一。是(shi)突出的(de)邊(bian)境(jing)三(san)(san)角地(di)(di)帶,地(di)(di)理坐標為(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)緯27°13′—27°56′,東(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)88°46′—89°10′,亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑木耳區(qu)(qu)域生長面積為(wei)(wei)1684.24平方公(gong)里(li)(li)。東(dong)(dong)、南(nan)、西(xi)(xi)三(san)(san)面分別與不丹、印度接(jie)壤,且通外山口43處,邊(bian)境(jing)線(xian)長290公(gong)里(li)(li)。在西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)(zang)境(jing)內,北(bei)(bei)與康馬、白朗、崗巴(ba)相鄰。東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)最(zui)大寬度45公(gong)里(li)(li),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)最(zui)大長度為(wei)(wei)123公(gong)里(li)(li)。北(bei)(bei)部四(si)鄉鎮(zhen)海(hai)拔均在4300米以上,高寒缺氧、干旱少雨,植被稀(xi)疏,以高山草甸(dian)場放牧為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟較為(wei)(wei)落后。南(nan)部三(san)(san)個鄉鎮(zhen)海(hai)拔在2500米至3500米,以農業、牧業為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟較為(wei)(wei)發達,是(shi)亞(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑木耳生長的(de)主(zhu)要地(di)(di)帶。全縣總(zong)面積為(wei)(wei)4212平方公(gong)里(li)(li)。縣城駐地(di)(di)下(xia)司(si)(si)馬鎮(zhen)海(hai)拔2900m,是(shi)全縣政治(zhi)(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟、文(wen)化交流(liu)中(zhong)心,距(ju)日喀則(ze)市300km、拉薩(sa)市580km。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外在(zai)感(gan)官特征:亞東(dong)黑(hei)木耳形(xing)態為盤子均勻顯圓(yuan)形(xing),顏色深(shen)黑(hei)色,滑有(you)光感(gan),平;。背(bei)面絨毛短而少,暗灰色;耳面黑(hei)褐色,色鮮、肉厚(hou)(耳片厚(hou)1.7mm左右(you))、朵較小(直徑一般為3-5mm)。
(2)內在品質(zhi)指標:亞東黑木耳(er)彈性(xing)好、口感細膩、滑(hua)潤,營養豐富(fu),風味(wei)獨特。蛋白質(zhi)含量(liang)10%-13%,鋅(xin)26-28mg/kg,鐵70-75mg/kg,氨基(ji)酸總量(liang)在8-10%。
(3)安全要求:亞東黑(hei)木耳生產過程執(zhi)行《無(wu)公害食品黑(hei)木耳》NY5098-2002標準。
五.特定生產方式
(1)產地(di)選擇與特殊(shu)內容(rong)規(gui)定:野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)條件下(xia)亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)在(zai)西藏亞東縣(xian)境內特定山林中,北(bei)緯27o13′—27o56′,東經(jing)88o46′—89o10′,南北(bei)長(chang)79.5km,東西寬44 km。在(zai)全(quan)區(甚(shen)至全(quan)國)同海撥地(di)區均未發現(xian)該生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)品(pin)種(zhong)。且亞東木(mu)耳(er)只生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)在(zai)一種(zhong)開黃(huang)花的 薔薇(wei)科薔薇(wei)屬的植物(wu)枯枝上(shang)。亞東黑木(mu)耳(er)基地(di)位于亞東縣(xian)康布鄉(xiang)、上(shang)亞東鄉(xiang)、下(xia)司馬鎮(zhen)(zhen)、下(xia)亞東鄉(xiang)4個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)。產地(di)環境質量必須符合《綠(lv)色食品(pin) 產地(di)環境技術(shu)條件》(NT/T391-2000)的要求。
(2)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選擇與特定(ding)要(yao)求: 亞東黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)作為亞東縣境內特有的野生菌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)人工(gong)栽培時菌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)是用(yong)野生黑(hei)耳(er)(er),通過(guo)組(zu)織分(fen)離法和孢子分(fen)離法獲得純種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)此基礎(chu)制作二(er)級菌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(原種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))和三級菌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(栽培種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))
(3)生(sheng)產(chan)過程管理規定:亞東黑(hei)木耳生(sheng)產(chan)過程必(bi)須執行《亞東黑(hei)木耳生(sheng)產(chan)技術規程》。為了保證亞東黑(hei)木耳的品質特色,尤(you)其要注重以下(xia)環節:
①黑耳(er)(er)菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的制(zhi)(zhi)取(qu)(qu)。亞東黑木耳(er)(er)的菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要是用(yong)野生(sheng)黑耳(er)(er),通過組織分離(li)法和(he)孢子(zi)分離(li)法獲得純種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在此基礎制(zhi)(zhi)作二(er)級(ji)菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(原(yuan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))和(he)三級(ji)菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(栽培種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))。菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在制(zhi)(zhi)取(qu)(qu)的全過程應在無菌(jun)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia),培養環境應嚴格按照以下(xia)條(tiao)件(jian):
(1)菌種培養室要求干燥、潔凈、黑暗。
(2)溫(wen)度:菌絲生長最適溫(wen)度一般在22—25℃。
(3)濕度:保(bao)持在65%左(zuo)右。
(4)空氣:在菌絲生長階段注意(yi)環境的通風換氣。
(5)光線(xian):菌(jun)絲生長階段在避光條件下進行。
(6)要經(jing)常性(xing)地檢查培養的菌種是否感(gan)染(ran)雜菌,如有感(gan)染(ran)則(ze)應及時剔除、清(qing)理(li)。
②代(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)制備。亞東黑(hei)木耳人工栽培(pei)主要(yao)是采(cai)用(yong)代(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)栽培(pei)的(de)方式(shi),因(yin)此在(zai)代(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)選擇及其消毒滅菌等環節應(ying)(ying)嚴格按照(zhao)亞東黑(hei)木耳生(sheng) 產技(ji)術(shu)規程的(de)有關要(yao)求(qiu),以保證亞東黑(hei)木耳的(de)品(pin)質。代(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)應(ying)(ying)選用(yong)當地(di)木屑、玉米稈(gan)、樹枝等農副產品(pin)。
(4)產(chan)品收獲及產(chan)后處理的規定:亞(ya)(ya)東黑木(mu)耳收獲及產(chan)后處理必須執行《亞(ya)(ya)東黑木(mu)耳加工(gong)技(ji)術規程》。
①采(cai)(cai)收(shou)。長大成(cheng)熟的(de)黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時采(cai)(cai)收(shou),做(zuo)到勤采(cai)(cai)細采(cai)(cai),不(bu)(bu)使流失,確保(bao)高產優質。成(cheng)熟的(de)黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)充分展(zhan)開,開始收(shou)邊,顏色變(bian)為褐色,肉(rou)質肥厚(hou),耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根收(shou)縮、變(bian)細,觸動(dong)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)時,可(ke)看(kan)出耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)顫動(dong)。只要(yao)(yao)具備(bei)這些特征,說明耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已成(cheng)熟,要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時采(cai)(cai)收(shou)。亞東黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)一年出耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)2次,采(cai)(cai)收(shou)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求有所不(bu)(bu)同。5月(yue)份(fen)前生產的(de)黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱為春耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),產量較(jiao)低,其(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)色深,耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)肉(rou)厚(hou);11月(yue)采(cai)(cai)收(shou)入的(de)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)稱為冬耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),其(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)色淺,肉(rou)厚(hou),質量最好(hao)。采(cai)(cai)收(shou)春耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)和秋耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)時,要(yao)(yao)求采(cai)(cai)大留(liu)小。采(cai)(cai)收(shou)時間最好(hao)選在天晴的(de)早晨,或者晴天早晨露水(shui)未干(gan)時。這時耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)潮(chao)軟,不(bu)(bu)會因(yin)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)片(pian)(pian)干(gan)燥而(er)弄(nong)碎。采(cai)(cai)收(shou)時,抓住整(zheng)朵子實體,連耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)根一起(qi)摘下來。要(yao)(yao)求勤采(cai)(cai)收(shou),不(bu)(bu)使流耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。采(cai)(cai)收(shou)時,要(yao)(yao)注意保(bao)護耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)芽(ya)。每次采(cai)(cai)收(shou)后,需(xu)將耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)木(mu)翻個面,促使結耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)。
②篩選。首先(xian)要清(qing)除(chu)樹皮、木(mu)塞、草(cao)葉等雜物,修剪耳根,如有泥沙應放在清(qing)水中(zhong)漂(piao)洗(xi)干凈,再進行干制.
③干(gan)(gan)(gan)制。方法有2種:一(yi)種是將鮮耳(er)攤(tan)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)地面的曬(shai)席或(huo)竹簾(lian)上,在(zai)(zai)烈(lie)日下涼曬(shai)1~2天(tian)即可曬(shai)干(gan)(gan)(gan),在(zai)(zai)耳(er)片未干(gan)(gan)(gan)以前,不宜(yi)多翻動,影響質量。另一(yi)種方法是烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)法,在(zai)(zai)烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)箱或(huo)在(zai)(zai)簡易(yi)烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)房內烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan),溫度不要超(chao)出45℃。烘(hong)(hong)烤過程中翻動,以防變成“拳耳(er)”。烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)后的黑(hei)耳(er)含水量<13%。
(5)生產記(ji)(ji)錄要求(qiu):亞東黑木耳生產的全過程,要建立生產記(ji)(ji)錄檔(dang)案,必須準確、清晰、工(gong)整、完全。全面記(ji)(ji)載并妥善保存(cun),以備查閱。
六.包裝標識相關規定
(1)分(fen)級:根據中華人民(min)共和國(guo)國(guo)家標(biao)(biao)準GB6192-86規定,將段木(mu)干制黑(hei)耳按質量指標(biao)(biao)分(fen)為一(yi)級、二級、三(san)級。
(2)包裝(zhuang):包裝(zhuang)材料(liao)必須符合《農產品(pin)包裝(zhuang)和(he)標(biao)識(shi)管理辦法》等(deng)相關規(gui)定,包裝(zhuang)袋上注明產品(pin)批號并加注“亞東黑木耳”字樣(yang)。
(3)標(biao)識(shi)(shi):銷售(shou)的(de)亞(ya)東(dong)黑木耳(er),應(ying)當在(zai)包(bao)裝物(wu)上標(biao)注(zhu)(zhu)或者附加(jia)標(biao)識(shi)(shi)標(biao)明(ming)品(pin)名、產地、生(sheng)產者或者銷售(shou)者名稱、生(sheng)產日期、產品(pin)質量等級、保期質。亞(ya)東(dong)黑木耳(er)標(biao)識(shi)(shi)所用文字應(ying)當使(shi)用規范的(de)中文和藏文(出口另外)。標(biao)識(shi)(shi)標(biao)注(zhu)(zhu)的(de)內容應(ying)當準確、清晰、顯著、完(wan)整、持(chi)久。
(4)貯藏(zang):包(bao)裝好(hao)的產品(pin)在專用倉(cang)庫中貯藏(zang),注意防霉、防蟲。
(5)運輸:黑木(mu)耳(er)在運輸過程中,要注意防曝曬(shai),防潮濕,防雨淋。用(yong)車運載(zai)黑木(mu)耳(er)時,要加蓋(gai)防雨布。嚴(yan)禁與有(you)毒(du)物品混裝,嚴(yan)禁用(yong)含殘毒(du)、有(you)污染(ran)的運輸工具(ju)運載(zai)黑木(mu)耳(er)。