一.產品介紹
宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處青藏高(gao)原(yuan)邊緣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)岷山(shan)山(shan)系與西秦(qin)嶺延伸交(jiao)錯地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai),境(jing)(jing)內(nei)(nei)山(shan)高(gao)坡陡、地(di)(di)(di)(di)形復(fu)雜、屬亞熱帶(dai)(dai)、溫帶(dai)(dai)、寒帶(dai)(dai)三種(zhong)(zhong)氣候(hou)(hou)過渡(du)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)位(wei)置(zhi)特(te)(te)殊,氣候(hou)(hou)差異大(da),光(guang)照充足,獨(du)特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)環境(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)(he)層(ceng)次分明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)(hou)特(te)(te)征(zheng),形成了(le)(le)(le)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)有(you)四季,十里不同(tong)(tong)(tong)天(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立體(ti)氣候(hou)(hou),為(wei)(wei)發展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)提供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)得天(tian)獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件。 宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)縣(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)資源豐富,自古就有(you)“千年(nian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)鄉”、“天(tian)然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)庫”之美(mei)譽(yu)(yu)。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)(nei)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)資源690多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong),野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)400多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)收購量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就有(you)142種(zhong)(zhong),常年(nian)家種(zhong)(zhong)、面(mian)積(ji)比較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)有(you)當(dang)歸、大(da)黃(huang)(huang)、黨(dang)參、紅芪(qi)、黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)等10余種(zhong)(zhong)。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)說宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確是天(tian)然中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶庫。在(zai)這(zhe)天(tian)然寶庫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)許多(duo)優(you)質中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)其種(zhong)(zhong)群和(he)(he)(he)性狀當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)特(te)(te)有(you),宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)就在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。李時(shi)(shi)珍本草(cao)綱目記載(zai):【時(shi)(shi)珍曰】耆,長也。黃(huang)(huang)耆色(se)黃(huang)(huang),為(wei)(wei)補藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)之長,故名。今(jin)俗通(tong)作黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)。南(nan)宋藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物學家【弘景(jing)曰】:“黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)出隴西洮陽(yang),色(se)黃(huang)(huang)白,甜(tian)美(mei),今(jin)亦難得,”洮陽(yang)指(zhi)岷州(zhou),宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)大(da)部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)(di)(di)方過去屬岷州(zhou)管轄(xia)。宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)(nei)各個(ge)山(shan)上都(dou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi),已(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)數千年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史,因此有(you)時(shi)(shi)也叫宕(dang)(dang)(dang)芪(qi)。《神農草(cao)木經》列(lie)為(wei)(wei)上品(pin)(pin)。 由于(yu)(yu)(yu)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)(hou)陰(yin)涼濕潤,光(guang)照充足,境(jing)(jing)內(nei)(nei)山(shan)高(gao)坡陡,地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌復(fu)雜,植(zhi)(zhi)被多(duo)樣化(hua)(hua)且繁茂,除岷江流(liu)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河谷(gu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)以(yi)(yi)外全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)其他地(di)(di)(di)(di)方均(jun)能(neng)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)。宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)和(he)(he)(he)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)紅芪(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣享(xiang)譽(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外,主(zhu)要取(qu)決于(yu)(yu)(yu)質量(liang)特(te)(te)色(se),而(er)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)色(se)又取(qu)決于(yu)(yu)(yu)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)獨(du)特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)環境(jing)(jing)。該環境(jing)(jing)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然氣候(hou)(hou),土壤和(he)(he)(he)獨(du)特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽培管理(li)技術(shu)與宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)質量(liang)特(te)(te)色(se)存在(zai)著密不可(ke)(ke)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依存關系。在(zai)民國時(shi)(shi)期,就已(yi)(yi)(yi)成為(wei)(wei)外銷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。從1978年(nian)開始,由野(ye)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)變為(wei)(wei)家種(zhong)(zhong)。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)年(nian)均(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)3萬畝(mu)以(yi)(yi)上,產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達1.8萬噸。 宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)縣(xian)歷(li)屆縣(xian)委(wei)、政府領導都(dou)尤為(wei)(wei)重視中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan),得到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)上級組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)有(you)關部(bu)(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度重視,2002年(nian)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)得到(dao)國家醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)總(zong)公司幫扶,農業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)司為(wei)(wei)此派梁金龍(long)同(tong)(tong)(tong)志(zhi)到(dao)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)掛職副縣(xian)長,主(zhu)抓宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)優(you)特(te)(te)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)加工銷售。并在(zai)多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)加工過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),各級組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)廣大(da)農民群眾在(zai)實踐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)摸索出了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)系列(lie)經驗,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步擴大(da)了(le)(le)(le)優(you)勢(shi)品(pin)(pin)牌,推動(dong)了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)發展(zhan)(zhan)壯大(da)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi),健全(quan)(quan)了(le)(le)(le)服務體(ti)系。縣(xian)上有(you)專職負責(ze)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)開發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃指(zhi)導、技術(shu)培訓、信息交(jiao)流(liu)、溝通(tong)協(xie)調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)開發服務中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心。通(tong)過辦示(shi)范點、選育引進(jin)新品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)、進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步改進(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu),推動(dong)無公害標(biao)準化(hua)(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)配方施肥,從種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料到(dao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)環節嚴密把(ba)關,確保(bao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)質量(liang),使黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)得到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)空前發展(zhan)(zhan)。 總(zong)之,宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)從民國時(shi)(shi),已(yi)(yi)(yi)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)外銷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)之一(yi)(yi)(yi),1978年(nian)家種(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)來,已(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)量(liang)推廣、發展(zhan)(zhan)并以(yi)(yi)享(xiang)譽(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外。在(zai)市場(chang)引導、政府鼓勵和(he)(he)(he)技術(shu)保(bao)證下,黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)表現出群眾積(ji)極性高(gao)、面(mian)積(ji)大(da)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)高(gao),種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)科學化(hua)(hua)、標(biao)準化(hua)(hua)等特(te)(te)點,產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)質好,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用成分含量(liang)高(gao),初(chu)步呈現出大(da)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、大(da)市場(chang)、大(da)流(liu)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)態勢(shi),黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)已(yi)(yi)(yi)成為(wei)(wei)宕(dang)(dang)(dang)昌(chang)最有(you)特(te)(te)色(se)、最具有(you)潛力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重點支柱(zhu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye),發展(zhan)(zhan)前景(jing)廣闊。
二.自(zi)然生態環境和(he)人文歷史(shi)因(yin)素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地貌情況:地域內土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)主(zhu)要以褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)、黑(hei)(hei)鈣土(tu)(tu)(tu)和森(sen)林黑(hei)(hei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)質多為(wei)(wei)砂質壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、粉砂質壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)深厚、疏松,易(yi)耕作(zuo)、易(yi)排(pai)水,PH值為(wei)(wei)7.9~8.3之間,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有機(ji)質含(han)量(liang)均在(zai)1.31%以上(shang),最高達(da)6.86%以上(shang),磷(lin)、氮(dan)、鉀(jia)元素含(han)量(liang)豐富(fu),植株表(biao)現根系發(fa)達(da),莖桿(gan)粗壯(zhuang),栽培管理(li)中只要適當注意(yi)氮(dan)、磷(lin)、鉀(jia)肥的科學配施,就能(neng)為(wei)(wei)黃芪生長(chang)發(fa)育(yu)創造有利條件(jian)。
(2)水(shui)文情況:種植區(qu)屬濕涼半干旱和(he)溫寒(han)半濕潤區(qu),年降水(shui)600~750mm,自然降水(shui)充足,黃芪生長(chang)忌水(shui)澇,主(zhu)要靠自然降水(shui),無(wu)需(xu)灌溉。
(3)氣候情況:宕昌黃(huang)芪種植區域內無霜期(qi)160天,日照(zhao)(zhao)總(zong)時(shi)數2260~2370小時(shi),年均氣溫6.5℃。在黃(huang)芪塊(kuai)根膨大期(qi),光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)充足,溫差大,完(wan)全滿足黃(huang)芪塊(kuai)根形成期(qi)對溫度和光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)的需求(qiu)。
三.地域范圍
宕昌黃(huang)芪在宕昌縣范圍內(nei)的(de)高半山區(qu)(qu)均能種(zhong)植,界于東經104°01′-104°25′,北緯33°46′-34°03′的(de)范圍,海(hai)拔1900~2200米濕(shi)涼半干旱和溫寒半濕(shi)潤(run)區(qu)(qu)。區(qu)(qu)內(nei)有阿塢鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、哈達鋪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、理川鎮(zhen)(zhen)、八力鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龐家鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、南河(he)(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、何(he)家堡(bao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、木(mu)耳鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、興化鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、車拉鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、將臺鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、賈河(he)(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、城關鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新(xin)城子鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、臨江鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、甘江頭鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、兩河(he)(he)口鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、沙(sha)灣(wan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、官亭鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新(xin)寨(zhai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、獅子鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、南陽(yang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、好梯鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、竹院(yuan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、韓院(yuan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等25個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),334個行(xing)政村,區(qu)(qu)域面積3333.1平(ping)方公(gong)里,黃(huang)芪種(zhong)植面積4300公(gong)頃(qing),年產量為3.6萬(wan)噸。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征
(一(yi))外(wai)在感(gan)官特征宕昌(chang)黃(huang)(huang)芪主根長呈圓柱形,上(shang)端(duan)較粗,長30~90cm,直徑(jing)1~3.5cm;表皮縱皺,淡棕黃(huang)(huang)色(se)或(huo)淡棕褐色(se),有不整齊(qi)的縱皺紋或(huo)縱溝;質(zhi)硬而(er)韌,不易折斷,有粉(fen)性(xing);肉質(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)白,斷面纖維(wei)性(xing)強,較疏松;木(mu)質(zhi)部有菊花(hua)狀(zhuang)紋理;有生豆氣味、味微甜。以根條粗長、菊花(hua)心(xin)鮮明、空(kong)洞小、破皮少者為(wei)佳。
(二)內在(zai)品質特性宕昌(chang)黃(huang)芪食藥(yao)(yao)同源,營養豐(feng)富。主要成分(fen)為鋅(xin)≥26.9mg/kg、鐵(tie)≥ 272.0mg/kg、錳(meng)≥16.5mg/kg、鈣≥2.0g/kg、鎂≥2.2g/kg、磷≥3.1g/kg、總糖≥389.0g/kg、水分(fen)≤8.5%、灰分(fen)≤4.20g/kg、粗(cu)蛋白≥183.0g/kg、粗(cu)脂肪(fang)≥8.30g/kg、粗(cu)纖(xian)維≤198.0g/kg、無(wu)氮(dan)浸出(chu)物≥494.0g/kg。藥(yao)(yao)效成分(fen)高于(yu)《中華(hua)人民共和國藥(yao)(yao)典》(2010版):黃(huang)芪甲苷(以干(gan)基計)≥0.044%;毛蕊(rui)異黃(huang)酮(tong)葡萄糖苷(以干(gan)基計)≥0.12%。
(三)安全要(yao)求 宕(dang)昌黃芪農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)用按(an)GB4285農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)安全使(shi)用標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)GB/T8321.1(所有(you)部分(fen))農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)合理使(shi)用準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)按(an)NY/T496-2002肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)合理使(shi)用準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)(通(tong)則(ze)(ze))執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),產(chan)(chan)(chan)地環境(jing)按(an)NY5332-2006無公(gong)害食品(pin)(pin)大田作物(wu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地環境(jing)條件執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)按(an)NY/T658綠色食品(pin)(pin)包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)通(tong)用準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)則(ze)(ze)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。宕(dang)昌黃芪產(chan)(chan)(chan)地安全應當按(an)照(zhao)無公(gong)害農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地環境(jing)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)監督和(he)管(guan)理,產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)除按(an)照(zhao)無公(gong)害農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)嚴格管(guan)理和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)外,還(huan)要(yao)遵照(zhao)國(guo)家(jia)嚴格按(an)《中華人民共和(he)國(guo)藥(yao)典》2010年(nian)版質量標準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。相關中藥(yao)材生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理的相關規(gui)定(ding)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。