產地環境
岷縣當歸主要分布于洮(tao)河和(he)(he)迭藏河沿(yan)岸(an)的(de)(de)西 寨、清水、岷山(shan)(shan)、十里(li)、城郊、茶埠(bu)、梅川(chuan)、文斗(dou)、西江、 小(xiao)寨、中寨、維新(xin)、堡子(zi)(zi)、寺溝、麻(ma)(ma)子(zi)(zi)川(chuan)、秦許(xu)、蒲麻(ma)(ma)17個(ge)鄉鎮,位于西秦嶺、青藏高(gao)(gao)原和(he)(he)黃(huang)土高(gao)(gao)原交(jiao)匯地(di)(di)帶(dai)的(de)(de)甘肅,西連青海、南通巴蜀(shu)、東接三秦。獨特的(de)(de)地(di)(di)理位置和(he)(he)氣候條(tiao)件,構成(cheng)了這(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)巒起(qi)伏(fu),盆地(di)(di)毗連,草場(chang)寬闊,山(shan)(shan)清水秀。岷縣平(ping)均海拔(ba)2500m,年(nian)平(ping)均溫度5.7-6℃;年(nian)平(ping)均降水量596.6mm,無霜期86-145夭,年(nian)平(ping)均日照(zhao)2229小(xiao)時,土壤肥(fei)沃、疏松(song),有機質含量高(gao)(gao),為當歸等中藥材(cai)的(de)(de)生長提供(gong)了得夭獨厚的(de)(de)自(zi)然條(tiao)件。該區人民在長期的(de)(de)生產實(shi)踐中積(ji)累(lei)了極為豐富(fu)的(de)(de)當歸種(zhong)植經(jing)驗。因此,“岷歸”以其質優和(he)(he)道地(di)(di)藥材(cai)馳(chi)名中外,素有“千年(nian)藥鄉”之稱。
歷史淵源
當(dang)歸(gui)(gui)(gui)古名(ming)草頭歸(gui)(gui)(gui)、文無、乾歸(gui)(gui)(gui)、夷(yi)靈(ling)芝、仙二女(nv),屬傘形狀科多(duo)(duo)年生草本植(zhi)物,藥用其根。據《名(ming)醫別錄》記載:“當(dang)歸(gui)(gui)(gui)生隴(long)西川(chuan)谷”(古代岷(min)縣(xian)屬隴(long)西郡所轄)。公元(yuan)500年左右南朝陶弘景《神農(nong)本草經集注(zhu)》曰:“今(jin)隴(long)西四(si)陽黑水當(dang)歸(gui)(gui)(gui)多(duo)(duo)肉(rou)、少支氣(qi)香,名(ming)曰馬尾當(dang)歸(gui)(gui)(gui),稍(shao)難(nan)得。”可見在1500多(duo)(duo)年前岷(min)縣(xian)就(jiu)已種植(zhi)當(dang)歸(gui)(gui)(gui),且品種優良(liang),因而將岷(min)縣(xian)稱為“當(dang)歸(gui)(gui)(gui)之鄉(xiang)”真是名(ming)不虛(xu)傳。
岷縣當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)(gui)又稱(cheng)(cheng)“岷歸(gui)(gui)”,有(you)(you)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)(gui)甲(jia)夭下,岷縣當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)(gui)甲(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華”之美稱(cheng)(cheng)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳統醫學(xue)認為,當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)(gui)能上能下,可攻可補,有(you)(you)活經補血、調經止痛、去瘀生新、潤腸通便等功效(xiao),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)補血效(xiao)果尤為卓著。在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)配方中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)“十(shi)藥(yao)九歸(gui)(gui)”之傳,歐洲醫學(xue)界稱(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)(gui)為“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國的婦科人參”。早(zao)在1700多年前岷縣就有(you)(you)了種(zhong)植當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)(gui)的記載(zai),且品種(zhong)優良(liang),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“馬(ma)尾當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)(gui)”更(geng)是進(jin)貢朝(chao)廷的珍(zhen)品,堪稱(cheng)(cheng)千古奇(qi)藥(yao)。
品質特點
岷(min)縣(xian)當(dang)(dang)歸(gui),又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)“岷(min)歸(gui)”或(huo)“秦歸(gui)”、“西歸(gui)”。岷(min)縣(xian)位于甘肅省筮南(nan)地(di)區。這里高寒(han)陰濕,雨量(liang)(liang)充足,最適宜(yi)當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)和其(qi)他中(zhong)草(cao)藥生長,因此,岷(min)縣(xian)素有(you)(you)“千(qian)里藥鄉”之稱(cheng)(cheng)。當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)藥用其(qi)根(gen),其(qi)主根(gen)呈圓(yuan)柱形或(huo)圓(yuan)錐形,尾端漸細(xi);表皮(pi)棕褐(he)色(se)或(huo)黃褐(he)色(se),主根(gen)上(shang)端有(you)(you)不甚(shen)明顯的環形皺紋(wen);橫斷面是(shi)白(bai)色(se)或(huo)呈淡(dan)黃色(se),有(you)(you)線(xian)狀紋(wen)理,習(xi)稱(cheng)(cheng)“菊花心”,中(zhong)心有(you)(you)的有(you)(you)白(bai)色(se)髓心;體質堅硬(ying),吸潮后軟韌。氣有(you)(you)特異芳香(xiang),味微甘而(er)稍(shao)有(you)(you)苦(ku)辛。岷(min)縣(xian)當(dang)(dang)歸(gui),肉多枝少(shao),氣味香(xiang)醇,個頭整齊,無論(lun)是(shi)論(lun)質量(liang)(liang)或(huo)數量(liang)(liang),岷(min)縣(xian)當(dang)(dang)歸(gui)堪稱(cheng)(cheng)全國第一。
根據研究,“岷(min)歸(gui)”成分復雜,有揮(hui)發性和水溶性物質106種。因其質量最(zui)佳、含量豐(feng)富、產量最(zui)大、銷量最(zui)廣而馳名中(zhong)(zhong)外,遠銷東南亞、港澳臺及歐美(mei)等20多個國家和地區,被歐洲人譽為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)國婦科人參”,是世界當歸(gui)中(zhong)(zhong)的上(shang)品(pin)。