一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)貌(mao)情況:中(zhong)寧縣區域地(di)形地(di)貌(mao)是清水河(he)沖(chong)(chong)積平原(yuan)淤灌(guan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和黃河(he)沖(chong)(chong)積平原(yuan)淤灌(guan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型為(wei)綠洲土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),質(zhi)地(di)以中(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)為(wei)主(zhu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)pH值7.3~8.5之間,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量8.3~14.6g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)全氮含(han)(han)量0.7~1.11g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)堿解氮含(han)(han)量37~68.4mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)速效(xiao)磷含(han)(han)量25~73.7mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)速效(xiao)鉀(jia)含(han)(han)量136~326mg/kg。同時,在黃河(he)沿岸,由(you)于發源于青藏高原(yuan)的(de)黃河(he)泥沙也帶有大(da)量礦物(wu)質(zhi),淤積又形成了大(da)量的(de)河(he)灘(tan)沖(chong)(chong)積區,良好(hao)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)條件(jian),為(wei)中(zhong)寧枸杞(qi)(qi)的(de)生長提供良好(hao)的(de)生存環境,從(cong)而(er)造就了中(zhong)寧優質(zhi)的(de)枸杞(qi)(qi)。
(2)水(shui)文情況:黃(huang)河(he)(he)是寧(ning)(ning)夏境內的(de)主(zhu)要河(he)(he)流,中寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)位于黃(huang)河(he)(he)兩岸,所用水(shui)源均來(lai)自黃(huang)河(he)(he)。黃(huang)河(he)(he)流出黑山(shan)峽入(ru)衛寧(ning)(ning)灌(guan)區,至(zhi)勝金關(guan)入(ru)中寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境,東流68km至(zhi)青銅(tong)峽二道溝出縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境。黃(huang)河(he)(he)過境客(ke)水(shui)24年(nian)年(nian)平均徑流量為(wei)315億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(1955-1979年(nian),下河(he)(he)沿測站(zhan)),平均流量993立(li)方米(mi)/秒(miao)。 黃(huang)河(he)(he)水(shui)量豐(feng)沛,水(shui)質(zhi)優良(liang),是中寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)業灌(guan)溉水(shui)源。清水(shui)河(he)(he)是黃(huang)河(he)(he)的(de)一級支流,發源于固(gu)原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)南開城鄉,由南向北經(jing)固(gu)原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、海原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、同心縣(xian)(xian)(xian)至(zhi)中寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)泉眼山(shan)西入(ru)黃(huang)河(he)(he)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況:中寧縣地處西北內陸(lu),屬典(dian)型的大(da)陸(lu)性氣(qi)(qi)候(hou),海(hai)拔1184米(mi)。總的特(te)點是:春暖遲,夏熱(re)短(duan),秋涼(liang)早(zao)(zao),冬(dong)寒長,日(ri)照(zhao)時間(jian)長,晝夜溫(wen)差大(da),光能資源豐(feng)富,干旱少(shao)雨多(duo)(duo)風(feng)(feng),蒸發量(liang)大(da),無霜(shuang)期短(duan)。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)9.1℃,7月(yue)份(fen)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)23.4℃,1月(yue)份(fen)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-7.4℃,年(nian)際相差30.8℃,絕對最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)38.5℃,絕對最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-26.7℃,有(you)效(xiao)積溫(wen)3349℃。其初終(zhong)霜(shuang)日(ri)數為(wei)(wei)175d,初霜(shuang)期為(wei)(wei)10月(yue)上(shang)旬(xun),最(zui)早(zao)(zao)在9月(yue)15日(ri)發生; 平(ping)均(jun)(jun)終(zhong)霜(shuang)期在4月(yue)下旬(xun),最(zui)早(zao)(zao)在3月(yue)4日(ri),最(zui)晚在5月(yue)21日(ri),無霜(shuang)期165d。每(mei)年(nian)3-5月(yue)份(fen)是風(feng)(feng)季,8級以(yi)上(shang)大(da)風(feng)(feng)日(ri)數年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)18.6d, 風(feng)(feng)向多(duo)(duo)西北和(he)偏南兩個(ge)方向,最(zui)大(da)瞬(shun)間(jian)風(feng)(feng)速38m/s/秒。冬(dong)春季風(feng)(feng)沙頻繁,有(you)時出現沙塵(chen)暴。土(tu)壤在11月(yue)底以(yi)后封凍,3月(yue)上(shang)中旬(xun)解凍。年(nian)均(jun)(jun)降水量(liang)221.6毫米(mi),年(nian)太陽輻射總量(liang)59245924兆焦(jiao)耳(er)/米(mi)2。從而有(you)利于枸(gou)杞果(guo)實營養成份(fen)的積累。
(4)人文歷史情況(kuang): 寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)”,是(shi)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精品(pin)(pin)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)本(ben)名寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi),因(yin)其原產(chan)地(di)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡(bao)一帶而得名。當寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)形成(cheng)商品(pin)(pin),走向全國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)材市(shi)場(chang)時(shi)(shi),由于(yu)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡(bao)屬于(yu)當時(shi)(shi)甘(gan)肅省中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛(wei)縣(xian)管轄,故又(you)(you)有“甘(gan)杞(qi)(qi)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱呼。1934年中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)設縣(xian)時(shi)(shi),以(yi)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡(bao)為(wei)(wei)縣(xian)城,從(cong)此又(you)(you)稱為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)從(cong)列入朝廷貢品(pin)(pin)到占(zhan)領全國(guo)市(shi)場(chang),大約經歷了250年時(shi)(shi)間。在(zai)隨后的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)百多年時(shi)(shi)間里,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)逐漸形成(cheng)優良(liang)品(pin)(pin)種,長期囿于(yu)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡(bao)一帶,尤以(yi)清水河與黃(huang)河交匯的(de)(de)(de)(de)洪泛(fan)區(qu)所產(chan)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)最(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)優質。清乾隆(long)二(er)十(shi)年(1755年),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)《銀(yin)川小志》的(de)(de)(de)(de)作者(zhe)汪繹辰(chen)在(zai)藥(yao)(yao)材類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)唯一的(de)(de)(de)(de)評注歌頌了寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi),文日:“枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡(bao)產(chan)者(zhe)極(ji)佳,紅大肉厚,家家種植(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛(wei)知縣(xian)黃(huang)恩(en)錫(xi)有詩(shi)為(wei)(wei)證“六月杞(qi)(qi)園(yuan)樹樹紅,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)藥(yao)(yao)果擅寰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。千(qian)錢一斗矜(jin)時(shi)(shi)價,絕勝腴田歲早豐(feng)。”寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)黃(huang)河灌區(qu)與南部(bu)山區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交匯地(di)帶,四周群山環(huan)繞,黃(huang)河從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間流過(guo),兩岸地(di)勢平坦,晝夜(ye)溫差大,有利于(yu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)營(ying)養成(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)積累。在(zai)我國(guo)2002年自(zi)然(ran)科學資金(jin)項目(編號39960036)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),劉(liu)靜等(deng)在(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)北方地(di)區(qu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)氣候適(shi)宜性區(qu)劃》的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),把寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)黃(huang)河灌區(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南部(bu)區(qu)劃為(wei)(wei)我國(guo)北方地(di)區(qu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)種植(zhi)最(zui)(zui)適(shi)宜區(qu)。
二.地域范圍
中(zhong)寧(ning)枸(gou)杞(qi)農產品地(di)(di)理標志(zhi)地(di)(di)域保(bao)護范圍(wei)(wei)是中(zhong)衛市(shi)中(zhong)寧(ning)縣寧(ning)安鎮(zhen)、恩和鎮(zhen)、鳴(ming)沙鎮(zhen)、新堡鎮(zhen)、大(da)戰場鎮(zhen)、石(shi)空(kong)鎮(zhen)、舟塔(ta)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、余丁鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、白馬(ma)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、喊叫水(shui)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、徐套鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)11個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen),120個行(xing)政村。保(bao)護范圍(wei)(wei)位東經105°16′04~106°04′11,北(bei)(bei)緯36°54′09~37°44′19之(zhi)間,南北(bei)(bei)長(chang)約60公里,東西寬約50公里。中(zhong)寧(ning)枸(gou)杞(qi)農產品地(di)(di)理標志(zhi)生產規模(mo)為20000公頃(qing),年產枸(gou)杞(qi)干果8萬噸。
三.產品品質特性特征
(1)外觀(guan)感官(guan)特征(zheng):中寧枸杞是長(chang)果(guo)形呈橢圓且(qie)扁長(chang),肉質飽滿、外觀(guan)光(guang)亮、柔潤;其干果(guo)色(se)澤紅重,果(guo)臍顯白色(se),先端有小尖,包裝不(bu)結塊,味甘(gan)甜微帶苦澀。
(2)內在(zai)的品質特征:枸杞(qi)多糖(tang)含(han)量(liang)范圍為(wei)(wei)3.17-5.45%;枸杞(qi)總糖(tang)含(han)量(liang)范圍為(wei)(wei)39.79-62.58%。
(3)安全要求:
①產(chan)(chan)地(di)及(ji)環境(jing)(jing):產(chan)(chan)地(di)環境(jing)(jing)必須符合(he)NY/T391-2013《綠色食品產(chan)(chan)地(di)環境(jing)(jing)質量》的規(gui)定。
②生產技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)程“中寧枸杞”地理標志證(zheng)明(ming)商標的枸杞原料生產技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)程符(fu)合GB/T19116-2003《枸杞栽培(pei)技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)程》等技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)程的規(gui)(gui)定。
③包(bao)裝、運(yun)輸(shu)和貯存(cun)條(tiao)件使用“中寧(ning)枸杞(qi)”地理標(biao)志證(zheng)明商(shang)標(biao)商(shang)品(pin)的包(bao)裝、運(yun)輸(shu)、貯存(cun)應符合(he)GB7718-2011《食(shi)品(pin)安(an)全國家標(biao)準預包(bao)裝食(shi)品(pin)標(biao)簽通則》要求。
四.特定生產方式
(1)產地(di)選(xuan)擇與特殊內容規(gui)定:生產地(di)域內無工礦企業,無環境(jing)污染源, 大氣(qi)土壞均符合國家有關標準(zhun)。田地(di)選(xuan)擇:選(xuan)擇地(di)勢平坦(tan)、有排(pai)灌條件(jian)、地(di)下水(shui)位1.0m 以下、較肥沃(wo)的沙壤(rang)(rang)、輕(qing)壤(rang)(rang)或中壤(rang)(rang)地(di)塊,土壤(rang)(rang)含鹽量 3‰以下,pH7.5~8.3左右(you),土層厚度1m以上。田地(di)規(gui)劃:為了便于枸杞園的灌溉(gai)、施肥、噴藥(yao)及運(yun)輸等管(guan)理工作,新建枸杞園必(bi)須進行規(gui)劃。
(2)品種(zhong)選擇與特(te)定要(yao)求:以(yi)(yi)寧夏枸杞(qi)(qi)的優良(liang)品種(zhong)“寧杞(qi)(qi)1號、5號”為主。苗木一級規格為苗株高50cm以(yi)(yi)上、地徑0.7cm以(yi)(yi)上,根系完整(zheng)(zheng); 二級為苗株高40~50cm、地徑0.5~0.7cm,根系完整(zheng)(zheng)。
(3)生產過程管理:
①播種時間及方式:中(zhong)寧枸杞育苗一般采(cai)用無性繁殖(zhi)主要有硬枝(zhi)扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)和嫩(nen)枝(zhi)扦(qian)插(cha)(cha)。a、硬枝(zhi)扦(qian)插(cha)(cha),3月中(zhong)旬(xun)~4月上(shang)旬(xun),日平均氣溫穩定通過6℃以(yi)上(shang)即可進行,冬(dong)季和早春可以(yi)采(cai)用大棚育苗。以(yi)中(zhong)寧枸杞為母條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),剪(jian)取0.4~0.6cm粗的(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),截成(cheng)l0~15cm長(chang),用15~20mg/kg的(de)(de)a~萘(nai)乙酸(suan)水(shui)溶(rong)液浸插(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)下端(duan)24h,或用l00mg/kg的(de)(de)a~萘(nai)乙酸(suan)溶(rong)液浸插(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)下端(duan)2h~3h,浸深3cm。按40cm行距開溝,溝深l0~13cm,將(jiang)插(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)按l00cm株距擺在溝壁一側,覆濕(shi)潤土踏實,插(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)端(duan)露出地(di)面約1cm,插(cha)(cha)后覆地(di)膜。
b、嫩枝扦插 日平均氣溫穩(wen)定(ding)在18℃以上的(de)(de)5~8月可進行。剪取半(ban)木(mu)質化枝條,截(jie)成5~8cm的(de)(de)插條,去除下(xia)(xia)端1~2個節上的(de)(de)葉片。將插條下(xia)(xia)端速沾400mg/kg的(de)(de)a-萘乙(yi)酸和滑石粉調制(zhi)成的(de)(de)生根劑(ji),按5×l0cm的(de)(de)株行距,插入(ru)準(zhun)備好的(de)(de)沙(sha)床上,插入(ru)深度(du)1.0~1.5cm,插后(hou)噴(pen)殺菌劑(ji),蓋塑料拱棚保濕。
②適時移(yi)栽:中寧(ning)枸杞移(yi)栽時間分春(chun)季(ji)和(he)秋(qiu)季(ji)兩種,春(chun)季(ji)移(yi)栽的(de)占絕大(da)多數。春(chun)季(ji)移(yi)栽一般在3月下旬至4月上旬,株行距1×3m,畝栽222株。按株行距在定植前劃(hua)行定點挖(wa)穴。定植穴挖(wa)出的(de)表土(tu)和(he)心土(tu)各放一邊,穴內先(xian)施入(ru)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)2~3kg,加復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)100g,將心土(tu)填(tian)入(ru),混合(he)均勻后(hou)蓋表土(tu)5cm,然(ran)后(hou)放入(ru)枸杞苗,扶(fu)直,填(tian)入(ru)少(shao)半坑土(tu),提苗,踏(ta)實,再填(tian)土(tu)至苗木根頸處踏(ta)實,再踏(ta)實覆土(tu)略高于地面。栽植后(hou)及時整園(yuan)灌水(shui)1次(ci)。
③病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)有蚜蟲(chong)、木虱、薊馬、癭螨(man)、銹螨(man)、紅癭蚊、黑果病(bing)等(deng)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原則:以防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu),綜(zong)合防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),優先采取農業(ye)措施(shi)、物(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)。允許使(shi)用(yong)植物(wu)源(yuan)、動物(wu)源(yuan)、微生(sheng)物(wu)源(yuan)農藥(yao)及(ji)礦(kuang)物(wu)源(yuan)農藥(yao),可選用(yong)高效、低毒(du)、低殘留化學農藥(yao)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法:一是 農業(ye)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):加(jia)強(qiang)中(zhong)耕鋤(chu)草,深翻曬土;清潔枸杞(qi)園及(ji)周圍(wei),將枯枝(zhi)爛葉、病(bing)蟲(chong)枝(zhi)、雜草集中(zhong)燒毀;枸杞(qi)園及(ji)時(shi)排灌,防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止積(ji)水;合理施(shi)肥、修剪(jian),促進樹體(ti)健康生(sheng)長。二(er)是物(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):采用(yong)燈光、色彩誘(you)(you)殺(sha)害(hai)蟲(chong),如用(yong)銀灰膜避蚜或黃板(ban)(柱(zhu))誘(you)(you)殺(sha)蚜蟲(chong)。三是生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):保護(hu)天(tian)(tian)敵,創造有利(li)于天(tian)(tian)敵繁衍生(sheng)長的環境條件,投放寄生(sheng)性(xing)(xing)、捕食性(xing)(xing)天(tian)(tian)敵;使(shi)用(yong)昆(kun)蟲(chong)性(xing)(xing)外激素誘(you)(you)殺(sha)或干擾成(cheng)蟲(chong)交配。四是藥(yao)劑防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):枸杞(qi)病(bing)蟲(chong)種類多(duo),以統防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)統治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu),交叉用(yong)藥(yao),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)兼治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其它次要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)。在生(sheng)產中(zhong),要(yao)根據病(bing)蟲(chong)發(fa)生(sheng)的具體(ti)情況確定防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對象和方法。
④整形修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)按季(ji)(ji)節劃分為三次,即(ji)春(chun)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)、夏(xia)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)和冬(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(又(you)叫休眠期修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)),修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)重點在夏(xia)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)和冬(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian), 在冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)枸杞落葉以后之春(chun)芽(ya)萌動前(qian)進(jin)行。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)原則是(shi)“修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)橫不修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)順(shun),去(qu)舊(jiu)要留新。密處(chu)來修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian),缺處(chu)留壯枝(zhi)。清(qing)膛截底修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)好(hao),樹(shu)冠圓(yuan)滿產量高(gao)”。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)序是(shi):清(qing)基 、剪(jian)(jian)(jian)頂(ding) 、清(qing)膛 。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)后要求(qiu)各(ge)層分明,每一(yi)層的(de)(de)(de)冠幅枝(zhi)條疏(shu)密分布均勻有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)距離(li),通風透(tou)光良(liang)好(hao)。春(chun)季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian), 在萌芽(ya)后到(dao)展葉前(qian)進(jin)行,主要是(shi)彌補冬(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)不足和剪(jian)(jian)(jian)除(chu)果枝(zhi)干尖與針刺。夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(生長季(ji)(ji)節修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)),夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)由(you)于時間跨春(chun)、夏(xia)、秋三季(ji)(ji)。一(yi)般相隔8~10天進(jin)行一(yi)次,充分利用有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)空間,增加結果枝(zhi)條,拉長采果時間,實現剪(jian)(jian)(jian)去(qu)無用枝(zhi),改(gai)造中間枝(zhi),增加結果枝(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。
(4)產(chan)(chan)品收獲(huo)及產(chan)(chan)后(hou)處理規定(ding)(ding):枸杞(qi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝流程:人工(gong)采摘鮮果枸杞(qi)-→自然晾曬或(huo)機械(xie)制(zhi)干-→機械(xie)篩選分等定(ding)(ding)級(ji)-→機械(xie)揀選或(huo)人工(gong)揀選-→消毒殺菌-→包裝-→銷售。
① 收(shou)獲時間(jian):第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成熟(shu)期在夏(xia)季(ji), 7月(yue)上旬(xun)至(zhi)8月(yue)初;第二個(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成熟(shu)期,在9月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)至(zhi)10月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)。采(cai)收(shou)時間(jian)7月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)旬(xun)至(zhi)10月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun),夏(xia)果(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)4~6d采(cai)一(yi)(yi)次(ci);秋果(guo)(guo)(guo)7~l0d采(cai)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成熟(shu)8成~9成,果(guo)(guo)(guo)色鮮(xian)紅(hong),果(guo)(guo)(guo)蒂松(song)動即可采(cai)收(shou)。②產后處理:枸杞鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)制(zhi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)分為自然晾曬、機械設施制(zhi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)和利用太陽能制(zhi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)等方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。自然制(zhi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa),需(xu)要(yao)準備長1.8-2米,寬0.9-1米的(de)木框(kuang),中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)夾竹簾,再用鐵釘(ding)(ding)釘(ding)(ding)制(zhi)而成。將脫臘后的(de)鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)鋪在果(guo)(guo)(guo)棧(zhan)上,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)鋪開(kai)的(de)厚度為2-3厘(li)米,要(yao)求(qiu)厚薄均勻,氣(qi)溫(wen)高,晾曬時間(jian)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為4-5天;氣(qi)溫(wen)低,晾曬時間(jian)為7-10天。機械設施制(zhi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa)主要(yao)有烘(hong)(hong)道烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)以及(ji)各種熱風(feng)烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)設備與太陽能烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)相結(jie)合。
③產品初加工:
a、枸杞二次烘(hong)干(gan) 枸杞干(gan)果初加工(gong)時,含水量要求是否(fou)達到13%以下,如達不到標準,就要采取二次制干(gan)。
b、分(fen)(fen)級(ji)去雜:按照果(guo)實大(da)小(xiao)、色(se)澤、破粒等外觀(guan)條(tiao)件,將(jiang)枸杞(qi)果(guo)實分(fen)(fen)為四級(ji):特優、特級(ji)、甲級(ji)和乙(yi)級(ji);分(fen)(fen)級(ji)方(fang)法 用分(fen)(fen)級(ji)篩篩選,精分(fen)(fen)等級(ji),并篩除(chu)雜質(zhi)、細碎、損(sun)粒;
C、揀選(xuan):通過機械(xie)揀選(xuan),將霉果、黑(hei)果、油果、青果等分選(xuan)出來。
d、殺菌:分級(ji)揀(jian)選后的枸杞干果須(xu)經殺菌處理,才能包裝入(ru)庫。殺菌方法有(you)紫(zi)外線燈照(zhao)射(she)殺菌、輻照(zhao)殺菌等。
e、包裝(zhuang):定量裝(zhuang)袋,打印生產(chan)日期(qi),裝(zhuang)箱、入庫、銷售。
五.包裝標識相關規定
(1)符合下列條件的(de)單位和(he)個人(ren),可以向登記證書持有人(ren)申(shen)請使用地理標志:
A、生產(chan)經(jing)營的農產(chan)品產(chan)自登記確定(ding)的地域范圍;
B、已取得登(deng)記農產(chan)品相關的生產(chan)經營資質(zhi);
C、能夠嚴格按照(zhao)規定的(de)質量(liang)技術規范組織開展生(sheng)產經營活動(dong);
D、具有(you)地理(li)標(biao)志農(nong)產品(pin)市(shi)場開(kai)發經營能力;使用(yong)農(nong)產品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志,應(ying)當(dang)按照生產經營年度(du)與登記證(zheng)書(shu)持有(you)人產品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志使用(yong)協議,在協議中載明使用(yong)數量、范圍及相關的責任(ren)人。
(2)農產(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標志使(shi)用(yong)人享(xiang)有(you)以下權利;
A、可(ke)以在產(chan)(chan)品及其(qi)包(bao)裝上統一使(shi)用(yong)農產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理標(biao)志;
B、可(ke)以使用登記的(de)農產品地(di)理標志,進(jin)行宣(xuan)傳和參(can)加(jia)展覽、展示。
(3)自覺(jue)接受(shou)登記證書使用人應(ying)當履(lv)行以(yi)下義務:
A、自覺接受(shou)登記證書(shu)持有(you)人(ren)的監(jian)督檢查;
B、保證地理標志農產品(pin)的(de)品(pin)質和信(xin)譽(yu);
C、正確(que)規范(fan)的使用(yong)農(nong)產品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi);
(4)地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營者,應當建立質(zhi)量控制追溯(su)體(ti)系,地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)持有人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)標(biao)志(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren),對地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)質(zhi)量和(he)信(xin)譽負責;任何單位和(he)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不得偽造、冒用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)和(he)登記證書;鼓勵單位和(he)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品對地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)進行社會(hui)監督。標(biao)志(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在產(chan)(chan)(chan)品或產(chan)(chan)(chan)品包裝上(shang)統一使(shi)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)公共(gong)標(biao)識(shi)和(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品名(ming)稱(cheng)組合型式字樣,產(chan)(chan)(chan)品名(ming)稱(cheng)為申請登記產(chan)(chan)(chan)品名(ming)稱(cheng)。