生產特點(dian)
(1)產(chan)地(di)(di)選(xuan)擇(ze):選(xuan)擇(ze)在(zai)(zai)坡度(du)在(zai)(zai)25°以(yi)下(xia)(xia)海拔高(gao)度(du)為400-900米(mi)(mi)的山區、丘(qiu)陵,坡度(du)較高(gao)的應(ying)修筑(zhu)等(deng)高(gao)梯(ti)地(di)(di),平地(di)(di)和6°以(yi)下(xia)(xia)的緩坡地(di)(di),栽植行南(nan)北向,5°-25°的坡地(di)(di),按等(deng)高(gao)線挖梯(ti)地(di)(di)種植,并開好排灌溝。要求土壤肥沃,有機質含量在(zai)(zai)1.0%以(yi)上。土層厚度(du)在(zai)(zai)100厘米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上,活(huo)土層在(zai)(zai)50厘米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上。地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)位(wei)在(zai)(zai)100厘米(mi)(mi)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)。PH值5.5-7.0之間。
(2)品種(zhong)選擇(ze):天峨大(da)果山(shan)楂分有果頂(ding)凹和果頂(ding)凸出(尖臀)兩個品種(zhong),生產上推廣(guang)果頂(ding)凹、果形園球形或扁(bian)圓形的品種(zhong)。
(3)生產過程(cheng)(cheng)管理(li):包括農業投入品方面的特殊使用規定。使大果山楂產品質量達到無公害農產品要求,生產過程(cheng)(cheng)嚴格按(an)照以下(xia)技術(shu)環節進行:
①育苗(miao)(miao)。在春節前播(bo)種(zhong),第二年3月(yue)(yue)初小(xiao)苗(miao)(miao)大田移栽,5月(yue)(yue)底6月(yue)(yue)初采穗嫁接(jie)(jie),也可以(yi)在8月(yue)(yue)中下(xia)旬至9月(yue)(yue)嫁接(jie)(jie),12月(yue)(yue)份出輔。苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)須(xu)根發達,粗度0.8厘米,夏接(jie)(jie)苗(miao)(miao)高(gao)80厘米以(yi)上(shang),秋接(jie)(jie)苗(miao)(miao)高(gao)40厘米以(yi)上(shang),苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)清秀無(wu)病(bing)蟲害。
②定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以冬(dong)春(chun)種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主,在元月到(dao)2月份期間種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成活(huo)率最高。由于小苗(miao)不落葉(不論實(shi)生苗(miao)或嫁接苗(miao)),種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)要(yao)剪除嫩(nen)苗(miao)和(he)嫩(nen)葉,只留老熟葉。 栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度:栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度為(wei)(wei)每公(gong)頃500-830株,即(ji)株距(ju)3-4米(mi)(mi)(mi),行(xing)距(ju)4-5米(mi)(mi)(mi)。 整(zheng)地(di):根據(ju)計劃的(de)株行(xing)距(ju)挖深、寬(kuan)為(wei)(wei)80厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴或定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溝,每穴填(tian)(tian)25-30千(qian)克(ke)的(de)雜(za)(za)草綠肥(fei),撒入0.5千(qian)克(ke)的(de)石灰(hui),1-2個月待(dai)(dai)雜(za)(za)草綠肥(fei)腐爛沉實(shi)后(hou),用表土與25-30千(qian)克(ke)的(de)有機肥(fei)混合后(hou)回填(tian)(tian)待(dai)(dai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法:在待(dai)(dai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴內確定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)點(dian),挖深、寬(kuan)為(wei)(wei)30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴,定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)苗(miao)木根系要(yao)舒(shu)展,培土后(hou)提(ti)苗(miao)、扶正、踏實(shi),嫁接口要(yao)高出(chu)地(di)面。整(zheng)理出(chu)直徑100厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、高15-20厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)樹(shu)盤,淋足定(ding)(ding)根水,蓋上地(di)膜保(bao)濕,樹(shu)苗(miao)定(ding)(ding)干高度40-50厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
③土(tu)、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、水(shui)管(guan)理。 深(shen)翻改(gai)土(tu):在(zai)定植(zhi)穴(xue)(xue)(溝)外挖(wa)環狀溝或平行(xing)溝,溝寬40厘(li)米(mi)-60厘(li)米(mi),深(shen)80厘(li)米(mi),每次(ci)擴穴(xue)(xue)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜草15-20千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、石灰0.5千(qian)克(ke)(ke),放(fang)在(zai)底層,然后(hou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)25-30千(qian)克(ke)(ke)的有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)要與回填土(tu)混合(he)(he),中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng):果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園樹(shu)盤在(zai)生長(chang)(chang)季節降雨或灌(guan)水(shui)后(hou),及(ji)時(shi)中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)除草,保持土(tu)壤(rang)疏松,也可結(jie)合(he)(he)追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)進(jin)行(xing),中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)深(shen)度(du)(du)5-10厘(li)米(mi)。 種(zhong)植(zhi)綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和行(xing)間生草或間種(zhong)作(zuo)物:秋冬季播種(zhong)苕子、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)田蘿(luo)卜、油(you)菜等;不(bu)能種(zhong)植(zhi)玉(yu)米(mi)、木(mu)薯(shu)、紅薯(shu)等高桿、爭肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)類(lei)作(zuo)物。 基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):冬季施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru),以(yi)(yi)農家(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、土(tu)雜肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu),可混合(he)(he)少量磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量,盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園每666.7平方米(mi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2500-3000千(qian)克(ke)(ke)。挖(wa)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)溝深(shen)60-80厘(li)米(mi)左(zuo)右,大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂是嗜鈣果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu),熟石灰作(zuo)鈣肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)可缺少,否則生長(chang)(chang)不(bu)良,初結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)結(jie)合(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)農家(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石灰0.5千(qian)克(ke)(ke),盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石灰1千(qian)克(ke)(ke)。 土(tu)壤(rang)追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):第(di)一次(ci)追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在(zai)開花(hua)前(qian)15天施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下,以(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu),幼樹(shu)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尿素0.1-0.2千(qian)克(ke)(ke),盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)0.3-0.5千(qian)克(ke)(ke);第(di)二次(ci)花(hua)芽(ya)分化及(ji)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實膨(peng)大(da)期(qi),以(yi)(yi)磷(lin)鉀(jia)為主(zhu)(zhu),磷(lin)、鉀(jia)比例為1:1,株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)普鈣0.5-1千(qian)克(ke)(ke),硫酸鉀(jia)0.3-0.4千(qian)克(ke)(ke);第(di)三(san)次(ci)在(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實生長(chang)(chang)后(hou)期(qi),以(yi)(yi)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu),可株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硫酸鉀(jia)0.5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)。 葉面(mian)(mian)追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):全年(nian)4-5次(ci),一般生長(chang)(chang)前(qian)期(qi)2次(ci),以(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu),后(hou)期(qi)2-3次(ci),以(yi)(yi)磷(lin)、鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)(zhu),葉面(mian)(mian)噴肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)宜避開高溫時(shi)間,多(duo)種(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料混施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi),總濃度(du)(du)不(bu)得超過(guo)0.5%,且(qie)以(yi)(yi)互不(bu)反應為原則。 水(shui)分管(guan)理:能排能灌(guan),保持土(tu)壤(rang)濕度(du)(du)相對穩定,以(yi)(yi)滴灌(guan)為最好。
④整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)修剪(jian)(jian)。 開心形(xing)(xing):適合相(xiang)對比較密(mi)植的果(guo)園(yuan),干高40-60厘米,主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數量3 -4個(ge),分枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角度40°-60°,冠(guan)幅控(kong)制在3-4米以內。 分層(ceng)形(xing)(xing):第一層(ceng)3個(ge)或4個(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),第二層(ceng)2個(ge)或3個(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兩層(ceng)相(xiang)距60 -80厘米。 修剪(jian)(jian):以冬剪(jian)(jian)為主(zhu),幼樹(shu)重(zhong)點整(zheng)理好樹(shu)形(xing)(xing),掛果(guo)樹(shu)重(zhong)點是及(ji)時剪(jian)(jian)除(chu)病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、纖弱枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、徒長枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和過密(mi)的交(jiao)叉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、重(zhong)疊枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。及(ji)時拉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),調整(zheng)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開張角度,剪(jian)(jian)除(chu)影響樹(shu)冠(guan)內通風透(tou)光的過密(mi)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和擾亂樹(shu)形(xing)(xing)的徒長枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
⑤花果(guo)(guo)管理(li)。在(zai)開(kai)花盛期,噴(pen)布(bu)1000倍(bei)綠旺(wang)一(yi)號+0.2%硼砂(sha)+0.2%蔗糖液,謝(xie)(xie)花后可用0.3%磷酸二氫鉀(jia)或0.1%硫酸亞鐵、0.1%綠旺(wang)一(yi)號等(deng)連噴(pen)2-3次。初(chu)結果(guo)(guo)樹(shu),在(zai)謝(xie)(xie)花后及時環(huan)割或環(huan)扎(zha)保果(guo)(guo);在(zai)6月底進行環(huan)剝控梢,壯果(guo)(guo)促(cu)花。 疏果(guo)(guo):在(zai)花后1個月進行疏果(guo)(guo),疏去小果(guo)(guo)、病蟲果(guo)(guo)、畸(ji)形果(guo)(guo)。
⑥病蟲害防治。 農業防治:加強水肥管理,合理控制負載,保持樹勢健壯,提高樹體抗病力;合理修剪,保證園內和樹冠內通風透光,惡化病蟲生長環境,搞好冬季清園,清除枯枝落葉落果,樹盤翻土,剪除病蟲枝果,減少病蟲源,降低病蟲基數。 物理防治:萌芽開始,掛黃板,粘殺蚜蟲,5月初安裝頻振式殺蟲燈,誘殺各種蛾、螟類害蟲。 生物防治:保護瓢蟲、草蛉,人工釋放捕食螨等昆蟲天敵。利用昆蟲性外激素誘殺干擾成蟲交配。 化學防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):主要病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai):包(bao)括裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、銹粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)和蚜(ya)蟲(chong)類、尺(chi)蠖(huo)(huo)、卷葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蟲(chong)類、蝽象(xiang)和大果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)等(deng)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)。 落葉(xie)(xie)(xie)至萌(meng)芽前(qian):重(zhong)點(dian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和山楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)。結(jie)合(he)冬季(ji)清(qing)園,剪(jian)除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)枝梢、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)僵果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、蟲(chong)干果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),刮除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)瘤、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)斑等(deng),清(qing)除落葉(xie)(xie)(xie)、雜草、落果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),集中深(shen)埋或燒毀(hui),并噴一次3-5波(bo)美度的(de)石硫合(he)刷。對裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部刮除至健(jian)康部位(wei)后(hou),用(yong)1:1:10波(bo)爾(er)多漿或1000倍四環素涂刷,再(zai)用(yong)地(di)膜包(bao)扎。 萌(meng)芽至幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi):重(zhong)點(dian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)炭疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、鐵銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和蚜(ya)蟲(chong)、卷葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蟲(chong)類。防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)有(you):三(san)唑酮、神(shen)奇、佳禾(he)定、氟虎。 壯果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)至采收期(qi):重(zhong)點(dian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、大果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)(zha)螟(ming)、蝽象(xiang)、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)、尺(chi)蠖(huo)(huo)等(deng)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、炭疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)有(you)神(shen)奇。防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)、蝽蟓、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)、尺(chi)蠖(huo)(huo)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)有(you):高(gao)效氯(lv)氟氰菊酯、佳禾(he)定、標(biao)能、氟虎。 果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實采果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)前(qian)后(hou):重(zhong)點(dian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和山楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)、尺(chi)蠖(huo)(huo)等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)。
(4)果實(shi)采(cai)收的規定(ding):根據果實(shi)成熟度,用途(tu)和市(shi)場需(xu)求,綜合(he)確定(ding)采(cai)收時(shi)期,分(fen)期采(cai)收,采(cai)收時(shi)注意輕拿輕放(fang),避免機械損傷,并按標(biao)準分(fen)級包裝,注明品種、數量、規格、產(chan)(chan)地及(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)者。
(5)生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)要求:天峨縣大果山楂(zha)生(sheng)產(chan)過程要建立(li)生(sheng)產(chan)檔(dang)案(an),記(ji)錄(lu)投入品的(de)名稱(cheng)、使(shi)用(yong)時間、次數、用(yong)量、使(shi)用(yong)方法、收獲日(ri)期等,全面(mian)記(ji)載并(bing)妥善保存。
自然生態環(huan)境和人文歷史因素
(1)地(di)形地(di)貌:天(tian)峨大果山(shan)楂種植區地(di)處云貴(gui)高原與廣西丘陵(ling)過(guo)渡地(di)帶,基本地(di)貌成型(xing)于(yu)中(zhong)生代泥盆紀,屬鳳凰山(shan)脈(mo)和(he)東鳳嶺山(shan)脈(mo)交錯區,由頁(ye)巖、硅質頁(ye)巖、泥巖、沙頁(ye)巖、砂巖、石灰巖和(he)洪積(ji)物、河流沖積(ji)物等組(zu)成復雜的地(di)質結構(gou)。地(di)貌類型(xing)大體(ti)分為剝蝕侵蝕中(zhong)低山(shan)山(shan)地(di)地(di)貌區和(he)丘陵(ling)地(di)貌區。海拔最(zui)低點(dian)205米(mi),最(zui)高點(dian)1419米(mi)。天(tian)峨大果山(shan)楂最(zui)適宜生長(chang)海拔高度(du)400-900米(mi)。
(2)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)狀況:天峨(e)大果山(shan)楂產區土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)母質主(zhu)要(yao)有洪積物、頁(ye)(ye)(ye)巖、沙頁(ye)(ye)(ye)巖、硅質頁(ye)(ye)(ye)巖和(he)砂(sha)巖,主(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)種為沙頁(ye)(ye)(ye)巖黃紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)和(he)沙頁(ye)(ye)(ye)巖黃壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),厚度在80厘米以(yi)上,地(di)下水位(wei)在1米以(yi)下。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)質地(di)以(yi)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)和(he)沙壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)為主(zhu)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)團粒結 構好,深厚肥(fei)沃,有良好的通(tong)透性和(he)蓄水性,保(bao)(bao)水保(bao)(bao)肥(fei)能力強,非常適合大果山(shan)楂生長。
(3)水(shui)文情(qing)況:天峨(e)大果山楂產區屬珠江流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)西(xi)(xi)江段水(shui)系,水(shui)源豐富,水(shui)質清潔(jie),沒有(you)人為(wei)和(he)工礦(kuang)污(wu)染。干流(liu)(liu)(liu)紅(hong)水(shui)河由西(xi)(xi)北沿黔桂邊界流(liu)(liu)(liu)入,向東南貫穿縣(xian)境,全(quan)長(chang)112公(gong)(gong)里(li),年平(ping)均流(liu)(liu)(liu)量為(wei)1580立方米(mi)(mi)/秒,年徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)量達499.1億立方米(mi)(mi)。產區大小(xiao)河流(liu)(liu)(liu)58條(tiao),集雨面(mian)積20平(ping)方公(gong)(gong)里(li)以上(shang)的有(you)42條(tiao),平(ping)均河網密度為(wei)0.22公(gong)(gong)里(li)/平(ping)方公(gong)(gong)里(li)。
(4)氣(qi)候情況:天(tian)峨大果山楂產(chan)區(qu)位于中(zhong)亞熱(re)帶季風區(qu),既受南(nan)嶺暖溫(wen)帶的影響(xiang),亦受云貴高(gao)原的氣(qi)候控制,冬暖夏涼,四(si)季明(ming)顯(xian)。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)20℃,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)最(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)是7月達36.9℃,最(zui)低溫(wen)是1月,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)10.8℃,極端最(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)41.4℃,極端最(zui)低溫(wen)-2.9℃。年(nian)(nian)≥10℃持續日為298天(tian),活動積(ji)溫(wen)6475℃,年(nian)(nian)有效積(ji)溫(wen)5540℃,全年(nian)(nian)無霜期330天(tian)以上。氣(qi)溫(wen)的地理分布為北(bei)部(bu)和東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)低,東(dong)南(nan)部(bu)高(gao)。山地氣(qi)候垂直分布特征明(ming)顯(xian),據推算,海拔每升(sheng)高(gao)100米溫(wen)度(du)降低0.57℃。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降雨量1370.6毫米,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日照時(shi)數為1281.9小時(shi)。
(5)人文歷史(shi)情況:天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨大(da)(da)果(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)(zha)產(chan)于廣(guang)(guang)西西北部天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨縣(xian)境內,是天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨縣(xian)名特優(you)傳統果(guo)品(pin)之一,亦稱“紅花果(guo)”。其民(min)間栽培歷史(shi)至少有三百(bai)年(nian)以(yi)上。1935年(nian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨縣(xian)建制以(yi)前(qian),產(chan)區隸屬百(bai)色市凌云縣(xian)和河(he)池市南(nan)丹縣(xian),民(min)國26年(nian)凌云縣(xian)縣(xian)志在農林(lin)生產(chan)的(de)“果(guo)類植物(wu)”中就記(ji)載有“紅花果(guo)”,屬薔薇科。1994年(nian)《天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨縣(xian)志》第八章第七節林(lin)副產(chan)品(pin)的(de)“水(shui)果(guo)、干(gan)果(guo)”中記(ji)載有1952-1993年(nian)間“山(shan)楂(zha)(zha)”生產(chan)情況。上世紀90年(nian)代末實施優(you)果(guo)工(gong)程(cheng)后(hou),大(da)(da)果(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)(zha)產(chan)量和品(pin)質(zhi)有了大(da)(da)幅(fu)度提高,從1989年(nian)到2008年(nian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨大(da)(da)果(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)(zha)由原來(lai)的(de)556株(其中掛(gua)果(guo)樹(shu)333株),面(mian)積0.6公頃(qing),年(nian)產(chan)量79.47噸,發展到種植面(mian)積2000公頃(qing)。2008年(nian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨大(da)(da)果(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)(zha)獲得(de)了無(wu)公害水(shui)果(guo)產(chan)地認(ren)定和無(wu)公害水(shui)果(guo)產(chan)品(pin)認(ren)證。天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨大(da)(da)果(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)大(da)(da)肉(rou)厚,果(guo)肉(rou)細膩,耐(nai)貯運,營養價值高(鈣含量居(ju)各類水(shui)果(guo)首位(wei)),有很(hen)好(hao)的(de)深加工(gong)潛力,主要銷往廣(guang)(guang)東省的(de)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)、湛(zhan)江(jiang)、高州(zhou)、化州(zhou)等(deng)地,是天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨縣(xian)農民(min)的(de)主要經濟收入來(lai)源。
地域范圍
天(tian)峨縣(xian)地(di)(di)處北緯24°36′~25°28′,東(dong)經106°34′~107°19′,海拔(ba)400-900米;東(dong)鄰南丹縣(xian),東(dong)南接東(dong)蘭縣(xian),南連鳳(feng)山縣(xian),西倚樂業、凌云(yun)縣(xian),北與(yu)貴州省羅甸縣(xian)隔(ge)河相望;邊界線總(zong)長(chang)429公(gong)(gong)里,東(dong)西橫距(ju)76公(gong)(gong)里,南北縱距(ju)94公(gong)(gong)里。天(tian)峨大果山楂生產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)域范圍包括天(tian)峨縣(xian)向陽鎮、六排鎮、岜暮(mu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、坡(po)結(jie)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、納直鄉(xiang)(xiang)、更新(xin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、八臘(la)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)堡鄉(xiang)(xiang)、下老鄉(xiang)(xiang)等9個(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮共46個(ge)(ge)村,產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)面(mian)積2000公(gong)(gong)頃,年總(zong)產(chan)(chan)量3.6萬噸。
品質特性特征
(1)外在(zai)感(gan)官(guan)特征(zheng):天峨大(da)果(guo)山楂(zha)果(guo)實扁圓(yuan)形,果(guo)實指(zhi)數(shu)0.8~0.9,果(guo)頂凹,有(you)(you)萼(e)片宿存,果(guo)肩(jian)對(dui)稱,單果(guo)重70克左(zuo)右;果(guo)皮青黃色,有(you)(you)光(guang)澤,果(guo)點小(xiao),不明顯。果(guo)肉黃白色,肉質(zhi)細膩,味酸,有(you)(you)澀味,回味生津甘甜。
(2)內(nei)在品質指標(biao):果(guo)實均勻度指數(shu)0.65,果(guo)實硬(ying)度大(da)于15千(qian)克(ke)(ke)力/平方厘米,鈣含(han)量(liang)為(wei)120-128毫克(ke)(ke)/千(qian)克(ke)(ke),居各類水果(guo)之首。可溶性固形物(wu)12.8-13.9%,維(wei)生(sheng)素C含(han)量(liang)10.2-10.9毫克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),含(han)磷(lin)量(liang)8.5-9.0毫克(ke)(ke)/千(qian)克(ke)(ke),含(han)鐵量(liang)2.1-2.5毫克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),鋅1.2-1.4毫克(ke)(ke)/千(qian)克(ke)(ke),維(wei)生(sheng)素E含(han)量(liang)2.15-2.45毫克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),總(zong)糖4.9-5.93%,總(zong)酸1.80-1.85%,果(guo)膠1.3-1.5%,粗纖維(wei)1.28-1.49%,半纖維(wei)5.75-5.96%,總(zong)黃酮0.98-1.10%。
(3)安全(quan)要(yao)求:執行(xing)《GB18406.2-2001農(nong)產品安全(quan)質量無公(gong)害水果安全(quan)要(yao)求》標準。