一.產品介紹
陵(ling)(ling)川縣位于山(shan)(shan)(shan)西省(sheng)東(dong)南(nan)端(duan),保護范圍(wei)是(shi):坐標北(bei)緯35°30′~35°52.5′之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian),東(dong)經113°15′~113°36′之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian),保護地域:陵(ling)(ling)川縣東(dong)部古郊鄉(xiang)(xiang)、六泉鄉(xiang)(xiang)、馬圪當鄉(xiang)(xiang)、奪火鄉(xiang)(xiang)、潞(lu)城鎮(zhen)5個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen),總面積(ji)1097.2平方。陵(ling)(ling)川黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)吃的(de)是(shi)中草(cao)藥(yao)、喝的(de)是(shi)礦泉水,優質(zhi)的(de)牧草(cao)資源和山(shan)(shan)(shan)間(jian)(jian)溪(xi)流成就了黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)味道(dao)鮮美、膻味極(ji)(ji)小的(de)特質(zhi)。陵(ling)(ling)川黑(hei)(hei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肌(ji)纖維細,肉(rou)質(zhi)細嫩,味道(dao)鮮美,膻味極(ji)(ji)小,營養價(jia)值高,15種(zhong)氨基酸含量齊全,被譽為人(ren)間(jian)(jian)“肉(rou)食珍(zhen)品”。 羊(yang)(yang)(yang)也代表了一(yi)種(zhong)文化,它開啟了人(ren)性的(de)善良之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門,據(ju)《春秋繁露(lu)》記述,羊(yang)(yang)(yang)最能觸動人(ren)心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處就在(zai)于“羊(yang)(yang)(yang)有角而(er)不任,設備(bei)而(er)不用,類(lei)好(hao)仁者(zhe);執之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不鳴(ming),殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不啼(ti),類(lei)死(si)義者(zhe);羔食于母(mu),跪(gui)而(er)受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),類(lei)知禮(li)者(zhe),古羊(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為言猶(you)祥(xiang)與,故卿以(yi)為贊(zan)。”
二.自然生態環境(jing)和人文歷史因素
1.土(tu)壤(rang)地(di)貌情況陵(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)依據地(di)形差(cha)異,全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)劃分為(wei)東南(nan)部(bu)(bu)石質山(shan)(shan)區(qu)、中部(bu)(bu)土(tu)石山(shan)(shan)區(qu)、西部(bu)(bu)土(tu)石丘(qiu)陵(ling)平川(chuan)區(qu)三(san)大自然區(qu)域(yu)。東南(nan)部(bu)(bu)石質山(shan)(shan)區(qu)占全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總面積(ji)的(de)(de)49.1%,境(jing)內(nei)山(shan)(shan)體陡峻,谷(gu)窄溝深,地(di)勢(shi)險要,海(hai)拔高低(di)懸殊,最(zui)(zui)高峰在(zai)六泉(quan)鄉的(de)(de)板(ban)山(shan)(shan),海(hai)拔1791.7米,是(shi)(shi)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)高點(dian),最(zui)(zui)低(di)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)馬圪(ge)當鄉甘河破屋(wu),海(hai)拔僅(jin)有628米,為(wei)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)最(zui)(zui)低(di)點(dian);中部(bu)(bu)土(tu)石山(shan)(shan)區(qu)占全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總面積(ji)的(de)(de)26.1%,境(jing)內(nei)嶺梁(liang)連綿(mian),溝谷(gu)縱橫,土(tu)少石多;西部(bu)(bu)土(tu)石丘(qiu)陵(ling)平川(chuan)區(qu),占全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總面積(ji)的(de)(de)24.8%,本(ben)區(qu)多呈低(di)山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling),由(you)于沖刷(shua)和(he)風蝕作(zuo)用(yong),以黃土(tu)原、梁(liang)、嶺、坪、柱、墻為(wei)特(te)色,水(shui)(shui)土(tu)流失極為(wei)嚴重,是(shi)(shi)本(ben)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)肥(fei)、水(shui)(shui)足、路平、煤(mei)香、五谷(gu)豐(feng)登的(de)(de)富(fu)饒(rao)地(di)方。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)勢(shi)隨太行山(shan)(shan)脈走向由(you)東北(bei)向西南(nan)逐漸(jian)傾斜(xie)南(nan)北(bei)長52.8公里,東西寬53.2公里,平均海(hai)拔1300米,縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城海(hai)拔1290米,相對高差(cha)達1163.7米。陵(ling)川(chuan)黑山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)保護區(qu)內(nei)有豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)牧(mu)草資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan),如紫花苜蓿、無芒雀(que)麥、籽粒莧、紅(hong)豆(dou)草等;還有可供山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)食用(yong)的(de)(de)灌(guan)木(mu),如針楓、石榆、黃花條(tiao)、刺槐、黃刺槐、狼(lang)牙(ya)刺、白草、百里香、鼠曲草、藍(lan)蓬花。此外,還有地(di)榆、野黨(dang)參、黃芩、胡麻等野生藥材。豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)牧(mu)草和(he)灌(guan)木(mu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)陵(ling)川(chuan)黑山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)提供了(le)種類(lei)繁多的(de)(de)食物來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan),再加上大量的(de)(de)野生藥材,成就了(le)陵(ling)川(chuan)黑山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)的(de)(de)獨特(te)風味。
2.水(shui)(shui)文情況陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)年(nian)平均(jun)水(shui)(shui)資源可利用總量0.35億m3,其中(zhong)衛河(he)流(liu)(liu)域多年(nian)平均(jun)水(shui)(shui)資源可利用總量0.24億m3,各(ge)支流(liu)(liu)則均(jun)處于(yu)陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)山大溝深、人口(kou)較少(shao)的(de)的(de)東南部石灰(hui)巖地區(qu),其水(shui)(shui)資源量占到陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)水(shui)(shui)資源總量的(de)80%。年(nian)平均(jun)降水(shui)(shui)量為(wei)600—700毫米。全縣(xian)主(zhu)要有四大河(he)流(liu)(liu),即廖東河(he)、武家(jia)灣(wan)河(he)、北召河(he)和香磨河(he)。山上(shang)有豐富的(de)泉水(shui)(shui),為(wei)陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)黑山羊(yang)(yang)提供了(le)充(chong)足和優質的(de)飲(yin)用水(shui)(shui),可以(yi)說陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)黑山羊(yang)(yang)是(shi)喝著礦(kuang)泉水(shui)(shui)長大的(de)。
3.氣(qi)(qi)候情況:陵(ling)(ling)川縣年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)7.9℃,≥10℃的(de)年(nian)積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)2755℃。1月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)最冷,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)為-5.2℃,極(ji)端最低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)可(ke)降(jiang)至(zhi)-23.7℃,7月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)最熱,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)21.3℃,極(ji)端最高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)為34.3℃,最熱月(yue)(yue)與(yu)最冷月(yue)(yue)相(xiang)差(cha)26.5℃。氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)年(nian)變化規律是(shi):1至(zhi)7月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)為氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)上升階(jie)段,7至(zhi)12月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)為氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下(xia)降(jiang)階(jie)段,2月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)至(zhi)5月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen),每(mei)月(yue)(yue)以5—7℃增(zeng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen),為增(zeng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)高峰期(qi),10—12月(yue)(yue),每(mei)月(yue)(yue)又以5—6℃降(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen),屬降(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)高峰期(qi)。無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為135天(tian),平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)初霜(shuang)期(qi)在10月(yue)(yue)上旬,終霜(shuang)期(qi)在次年(nian)4月(yue)(yue)下(xia)旬,東(dong)部山(shan)(shan)區無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)較(jiao)短,西部平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)川區無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)較(jiao)長,東(dong)西相(xiang)差(cha)15天(tian)左右(you),一(yi)般背陰坡比向陽坡初霜(shuang)來的(de)早。陵(ling)(ling)川黑山(shan)(shan)羊保護范圍內(nei)沒有工礦企(qi)業(ye),為陵(ling)(ling)川黑山(shan)(shan)羊提供了(le)優質空氣(qi)(qi),使陵(ling)(ling)川黑山(shan)(shan)羊羊肉具(ju)備了(le)味道鮮美、膻(shan)味極(ji)小的(de)特質。
三.地域范圍
陵(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)位于山(shan)西(xi)省東南(nan)(nan)端,北(bei)靠壺關(guan)、長治,西(xi)連高平(ping)、澤(ze)州,東南(nan)(nan)與河南(nan)(nan)輝縣(xian)、修武接壤(rang),為山(shan)西(xi)省東南(nan)(nan)之門戶。全(quan)縣(xian)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)1751平(ping)方公(gong)里,大部分地區海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)在1200—1600米之間(jian),最高海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)達1791.9米,最低(di)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)628米。全(quan)縣(xian)共轄7鎮(zhen)5鄉378個行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)村,總人(ren)口25萬(wan)(wan)人(ren),其中農業(ye)人(ren)口22.6萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)。陵(ling)川(chuan)黑(hei)山(shan)羊地理標志(zhi)產(chan)品(pin)保護范(fan)圍為山(shan)西(xi)省晉城(cheng)市陵(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)古(gu)郊(jiao)鄉、六泉鄉、馬(ma)圪當鄉、奪火(huo)鄉和潞城(cheng)鎮(zhen)五個鄉鎮(zhen)的(de)274個行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)村,總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)109700公(gong)頃,地理坐(zuo)標東經113°15′—113°36′,北(bei)緯(wei)35°30′—35°52.5′之間(jian)。保護范(fan)圍內現存欄(lan)陵(ling)川(chuan)黑(hei)山(shan)羊9.5萬(wan)(wan)只,年生產(chan)總量4萬(wan)(wan)余只。
四.產品品質(zhi)特性特征(zheng)
1.外(wai)在感官特征:陵川(chuan)黑山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)軀中等,頭(tou)部大小適中,眼大微凸(tu),鼻梁凹陷(xian),耳小,向左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)平伸,公(gong)母羊(yang)(yang)多具有粗(cu)大的“八”字型角(jiao),也(ye)有少數羊(yang)(yang)無角(jiao)。背腰(yao)寬廣肥圓,四肢粗(cu)壯,蹄堅實。被(bei)毛(mao)修長(chang)(chang)光(guang)亮,多為褐(he)色,外(wai)層(ceng)毛(mao)粗(cu)硬而長(chang)(chang),有光(guang)澤。成(cheng)年(nian)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)50公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),體(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)58.5厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),體(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)63.9厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),胸圍(wei)(wei)76.3厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),管圍(wei)(wei)8.9厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)。成(cheng)年(nian)母羊(yang)(yang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)35公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),體(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)53.1厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),體(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang) 59.9厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),胸圍(wei)(wei)69.6厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),管圍(wei)(wei)6.8厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)。陵川(chuan)黑山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)屠宰(zai)率平均(jun)為35%,產仔率120%,外(wai)層(ceng)毛(mao)12個(ge)月(yue)毛(mao)長(chang)(chang)度可達20厘(li)米以上,平均(jun)每年(nian)可剪(jian)毛(mao)7.5兩。內層(ceng)毛(mao)年(nian)抓絨公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)可達5兩以上,母羊(yang)(yang)可達3兩以上。性成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)1歲左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)、體(ti)(ti)(ti)成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)1.5歲左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you),產肉(rou)性好,蛋白質高(gao)(gao)(gao)脂肪少,味(wei)香而美(mei)。每活(huo)重(zhong)2.2-2.5公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)即可產凈肉(rou)1公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。
2.內在(zai)品(pin)質指標陵(ling)川(chuan)黑(hei)山羊肌纖維(wei)細(xi),肉(rou)質細(xi)嫩(nen),味(wei)道(dao)鮮(xian)美(mei),膻(shan)味(wei)極小,營養(yang)價值(zhi)高,15種氨(an)基酸(suan)含量齊全,特別是人(ren)體必須氨(an)基酸(suan)尤為豐(feng)富,被譽為人(ren)間“肉(rou)食珍品(pin)”。滋補作(zuo)用(yong)極強,長期食用(yong),可補虛、強體,特別適用(yong)于年(nian)老(lao)、體弱(ruo)、多(duo)病者,常(chang)食用(yong)黑(hei)山羊或配以(yi)適宜的(de)滋補藥品(pin),以(yi)達到(dao)補虛、健康、延年(nian)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。
3.安全要(yao)求飲(yin)用水(shui)(shui)符(fu)合《NY5027-2001無(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)害(hai)食(shi)品畜(chu)禽飲(yin)用水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質》標(biao)準(zhun)規定(ding)(ding),投入品符(fu)合《NY5030-2001無(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)害(hai)食(shi)品畜(chu)禽飼(si)養獸(shou)藥使用準(zhun)則(ze)》和《NY5032-2001無(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)害(hai)食(shi)品畜(chu)禽飼(si)料和飼(si)料添加劑使用準(zhun)則(ze)》標(biao)準(zhun)規定(ding)(ding),肉羊(yang)飼(si)養管(guan)理符(fu)合《NY5151-2002無(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)害(hai)食(shi)品肉羊(yang)飼(si)養管(guan)理準(zhun)則(ze)》和《NY5149-2002無(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)害(hai)食(shi)品肉羊(yang)飼(si)養獸(shou)醫(yi)防疫準(zhun)則(ze)》標(biao)準(zhun)規定(ding)(ding)。羊(yang)肉符(fu)合《NY5149-2002無(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)害(hai)食(shi)品羊(yang)肉》標(biao)準(zhun)規定(ding)(ding)。
五.特定(ding)生(sheng)產方(fang)式
1.放(fang)(fang)牧管理要點春(chun)季(ji)放(fang)(fang)牧先放(fang)(fang)枯草坡或(huo)喂一些干草,然后再(zai)放(fang)(fang)青草坡,要防(fang)(fang)止羊(yang)(yang)跑青和臌氣,早上天冷,不能讓(rang)羊(yang)(yang)吃露水草,否則易引起拉(la)稀;夏季(ji)應做好防(fang)(fang)暑(shu)降溫工(gong)作,中午炎(yan)熱時應讓(rang)羊(yang)(yang)群到通風、陰涼處(chu)休息,同(tong)時要多(duo)給羊(yang)(yang)群飲(yin)水和補(bu)鹽(yan);秋季(ji)是羊(yang)(yang)群抓膘配種(zhong)季(ji)節,要將羊(yang)(yang)放(fang)(fang)飽、放(fang)(fang)好;冬季(ji)注意防(fang)(fang)寒、保(bao)(bao)暖、保(bao)(bao)膘、保(bao)(bao)羔(gao)。
2.舍(she)飼(si)(si)(si)技術舍(she)飼(si)(si)(si)應配有專用的(de)(de)羊(yang)(yang)舍(she)和運動場(chang),并設(she)有飼(si)(si)(si)槽和水(shui)槽。飼(si)(si)(si)養要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意定(ding)(ding)時、定(ding)(ding)量(liang)、定(ding)(ding)質、定(ding)(ding)人。根據不同(tong)羊(yang)(yang)只(zhi),確定(ding)(ding)喂(wei)量(liang),既能(neng)吃飽,又(you)不浪費。飼(si)(si)(si)草、飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)、飲(yin)水(shui)要(yao)(yao)清(qing)潔(jie),不喂(wei)霉(mei)變(bian)草料(liao),冬天最好飲(yin)用溫水(shui),保(bao)持(chi)羊(yang)(yang)舍(she)清(qing)潔(jie)、干燥,做到冬暖(nuan)夏涼,糞便要(yao)(yao)經常打掃。要(yao)(yao)搞好春秋兩次防疫和經常性的(de)(de)驅蟲。平時做好衛(wei)(wei)生、消毒(du)工作,羊(yang)(yang)糞要(yao)(yao)堆(dui)積(ji)發酵(jiao)處(chu)理后使用,同(tong)時增加(jia)羊(yang)(yang)只(zhi)運動,保(bao)持(chi)羊(yang)(yang)體衛(wei)(wei)生。
3.種羊(yang)的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)管理種公羊(yang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)持(chi)中上等(deng)膘(biao)情,性欲旺盛。飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)營養(yang)價值高,有足(zu)量的(de)(de)蛋白質、維(wei)生素及無(wu)機(ji)鹽(yan)等(deng),且易消化(hua),適口性好。要(yao)(yao)(yao)單圈飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang),單獨(du)組群放牧、運動(dong)和(he)補飼(si)(si)(si)(si),不(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)母羊(yang)混群。母羊(yang)配(pei)種前要(yao)(yao)(yao)做好抓膘(biao)復壯,瘦弱母羊(yang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)適當增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)營養(yang)。青、粗飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)自由采食,精料(liao)每(mei)天(tian)每(mei)只補飼(si)(si)(si)(si)0.2公斤左右(you)。孕(yun)期(qi)應(ying)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)管理,防(fang)擁(yong)擠、跳溝、驚群、滑倒,日常活動(dong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)慢、穩,不(bu)喂(wei)霉變飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)和(he)冰凍飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao),以防(fang)流產(chan)。妊娠后期(qi)由于胎(tai)兒發育快,應(ying)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)精料(liao)喂(wei)量。產(chan)前10天(tian)左右(you)應(ying)多喂(wei)一些多汁(zhi)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao),哺乳期(qi)應(ying)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)營養(yang),以保(bao)證(zheng)奶(nai)水充足(zu)。
4.羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的管(guan)理初(chu)生羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)要盡量早吃(chi)、多吃(chi)初(chu)乳,吃(chi)得越(yue)早,吃(chi)得越(yue)多,增(zeng)重越(yue)快(kuai),體質(zhi)越(yue)強,發病少,成活率高。從10日齡后開始(shi)給草,20天開始(shi)訓練吃(chi)料(liao),以促使羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)正常發育,對于(yu)不作種用的公羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)可用結扎法(fa)或手術法(fa)進行去勢(shi)。
5.育成羊的(de)管理半(ban)(ban)放牧半(ban)(ban)舍(she)飼是培育青年羊最理想的(de)飼養(yang)方(fang)式,斷奶后至8月(yue)齡,每(mei)日在吃足優(you)(you)質(zhi)干草的(de)基礎(chu)上,補喂含可消化粗(cu)蛋白15%的(de)精料0.2公斤,如果草質(zhi)優(you)(you)良(liang)也可以少給(gei)精料。