驢(lv)食(shi)草(cao)(cao)(學名:Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.)是豆科、驢(lv)食(shi)草(cao)(cao)屬多年生草(cao)(cao)本,高40-80厘米(mi)(mi)。莖直立,中空,被向上(shang)(shang)貼伏的(de)(de)短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)。小葉片長(chang)(chang)圓狀披針形或披針形,長(chang)(chang)20-30毫米(mi)(mi),寬4-10毫米(mi)(mi)。總狀花序腋生,明顯超出(chu)葉層;花多數,長(chang)(chang)9-11毫米(mi)(mi),具(ju)l毫米(mi)(mi)左右的(de)(de)短花梗;子房密被貼伏柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)。莢(jia)果具(ju)1個節莢(jia),節莢(jia)半(ban)圓形,上(shang)(shang)部邊緣具(ju)或尖或鈍(dun)的(de)(de)刺。
中國華(hua)北、西北地區栽培;主要(yao)分布(bu)于(yu)歐洲。適應性強,喜溫(wen)暖半干燥的氣候條件,在海(hai)拔3500米(mi)左右的甘(gan)南高寒牧區也能生長。
莖稈柔軟,適(shi)口性(xing)好,營養豐富,蛋(dan)白(bai)質含量高,因含丹(dan)寧,家畜采食(shi)后(hou)不得臌(gu)脹病。為各(ge)類畜禽所(suo)喜食(shi)。被譽為“牧草皇后(hou)”。是優良的蜜源植物。其(qi)根上有根瘤,固氮能力強(qiang),對改(gai)善(shan)土壤理化性(xing)質,增加土壤養分(fen),促進土壤團(tuan)粒結構的形成,都具有重要的意(yi)義。
驢食(shi)草(cao)適應(ying)性強(qiang),喜溫暖半干燥的氣候條件(jian),適宜在年(nian)平均氣溫12-13℃、年(nian)降水量350-500毫米(mi)的地區生長。在海拔3500米(mi)左右(you)的甘(gan)南高(gao)寒牧區也能生長。
中國華北、西北地區栽(zai)培;中國新疆天(tian)山(shan)和阿爾泰山(shan)北麓(lu)都(dou)有野(ye)生(sheng)種分布。主要分布于歐洲。
多(duo)年生草本,高40-80厘米。莖直立,中空,被向上貼伏(fu)的短柔毛。小葉(xie)13-19,幾無小葉(xie)柄;小葉(xie)片長圓狀披針形或披針形,長20-30毫(hao)米,寬(kuan)4-10毫(hao)米,上面(mian)(mian)無毛,下面(mian)(mian)被貼伏(fu)柔毛。
總狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)序(xu)腋生,明顯超出葉層;花(hua)多(duo)數,長(chang)9-11毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),具(ju)l毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)左右(you)的(de)短(duan)花(hua)梗;萼鐘狀(zhuang)(zhuang),長(chang)6-8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),萼齒(chi)披針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鉆(zhan)形,長(chang)為萼筒(tong)的(de)2-2.5倍(bei),下(xia)萼齒(chi)較短(duan);花(hua)冠玫瑰紫色(se),旗(qi)瓣(ban)倒卵形,翼瓣(ban)長(chang)為旗(qi)瓣(ban)的(de)1/4,龍骨瓣(ban)與瓣(ban)約(yue)等長(chang);子(zi)房密(mi)被貼(tie)伏(fu)柔毛(mao)。莢果具(ju)1個節(jie)莢,節(jie)莢半圓形,上部邊緣(yuan)具(ju)或尖或鈍的(de)刺。
雜草(cao)嚴重(zhong)時(shi)可采用除草(cao)劑處理后翻(fan)(fan)耕。在農田種植,前作收獲后及時(shi)翻(fan)(fan)耕。秋耕宜深,春(chun)耕宜淺。翻(fan)(fan)耕后須及時(shi)耙(pa)地(di)和壓地(di),粉碎(sui)土(tu)塊,平整土(tu)地(di)。翻(fan)(fan)耕前施有機肥1000-2000千(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)和過磷酸(suan)鈣(gai)100-150千(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)作基肥。在酸(suan)性土(tu)壤(rang)上應增施石灰。土(tu)壤(rang)瘠薄時(shi),播前還可施尿素5-10千(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)、磷酸(suan)二(er)銨5-6千(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)。
驢食(shi)草(cao)適宜(yi)的土壤含水(shui)(shui)量為(wei)田間持(chi)水(shui)(shui)量的70%。在(zai)年降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量為(wei)500毫米以(yi)上地區可以(yi)不(bu)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)。在(zai)干旱地區視降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)情(qing)況每(mei)(mei)年須灌(guan)溉(gai)3-5次(ci)(ci)。返(fan)青期(qi)、每(mei)(mei)次(ci)(ci)刈(yi)割前10天左(zuo)右和入(ru)冬(dong)前各(ge)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)一次(ci)(ci)。每(mei)(mei)次(ci)(ci)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)量以(yi)30-40立方米/畝(mu)為(wei)宜(yi)。
高產驢食草草地須在生長初期或(huo)每次刈割后結合灌水施肥(fei)。可(ke)追施尿素5-7千克(ke)/畝、磷酸二胺7-10千克(ke)/畝,氮磷比以1:1最佳。北方土壤中大多(duo)富鉀(jia),可(ke)滿足紅豆草生長需要,一般不(bu)再施用鉀(jia)肥(fei)。
驢食(shi)草從出苗到封壟(long)40-50天,為雜(za)草盛發期(qi),須及(ji)時中(zhong)耕(geng)除草。返青前(qian)和(he)每次刈割后,根據雜(za)草發生情況,及(ji)時中(zhong)耕(geng)除草。
青飼或青貯時(shi)在(zai)(zai)現蕾至(zhi)盛(sheng)花期(qi)刈(yi)割(ge),調制干(gan)草在(zai)(zai)盛(sheng)花期(qi)刈(yi)割(ge)。溫暖地(di)(di)區年可(ke)(ke)刈(yi)割(ge)兩茬(cha),高寒(han)地(di)(di)區年刈(yi)割(ge)一茬(cha)。再生(sheng)草可(ke)(ke)放(fang)牧利(li)用。初花期(qi)刈(yi)割(ge)干(gan)物(wu)質粗蛋(dan)白質含(han)量可(ke)(ke)達18%左(zuo)右(you)。初花期(qi)刈(yi)割(ge)可(ke)(ke)刈(yi)割(ge)三茬(cha),但產(chan)草量不及(ji)盛(sheng)花期(qi),而且(qie)影(ying)響草地(di)(di)使(shi)用壽命。機械收(shou)獲(huo)(huo)時(shi)留茬(cha)高度根據地(di)(di)面狀況調至(zhi)最(zui)低,人工收(shou)獲(huo)(huo)可(ke)(ke)齊地(di)(di)面刈(yi)割(ge)。
播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春秋(qiu)皆宜。一(yi)年一(yi)熟地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)宜春播(bo)(bo)(bo),一(yi)年兩熟地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)宜秋(qiu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)。干(gan)旱(han)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)可在雨后(hou)搶墑播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)(yong)0.05%鉬酸銨溶液處理(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)會提(ti)高根(gen)系有效(xiao)根(gen)瘤數(shu)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)前種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)可用(yong)(yong)紅(hong)豆(dou)草(cao)專用(yong)(yong)根(gen)瘤菌接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也可用(yong)(yong)搗碎(sui)的根(gen)瘤帶土拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。單播(bo)(bo)(bo)收(shou)草(cao)田播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)3-5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),干(gan)旱(han)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)3-4千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),濕(shi)潤和灌溉(gai)(gai)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)5-6千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)田播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)2-3千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。濕(shi)潤和灌溉(gai)(gai)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)行(xing)距(ju)20-30厘(li)米,干(gan)旱(han)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)30-40厘(li)米。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)田行(xing)距(ju)50-70厘(li)米。帶莢(jia)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不影(ying)響發芽,去莢(jia)反而可能(neng)會傷害到胚。覆土深(shen)度3-4厘(li)米,播(bo)(bo)(bo)后(hou)鎮壓,以(yi)利出苗。紅(hong)豆(dou)草(cao)與(yu)苜(mu)蓿(xu)、老(lao)芒(mang)麥(mai)混(hun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)可用(yong)(yong)于刈牧兼用(yong)(yong)草(cao)地(di)(di)。與(yu)苜(mu)蓿(xu)混(hun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)時(shi)紅(hong)豆(dou)草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)1.4千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),苜(mu)蓿(xu)0.5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。與(yu)老(lao)芒(mang)麥(mai)混(hun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)時(shi)紅(hong)豆(dou)草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)1.4千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),老(lao)芒(mang)麥(mai)1千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)如遇降雨表土板結時(shi),須適時(shi)耙地(di)(di)。
驢(lv)食草(cao)易感染銹病、白(bai)粉病和菌核(he)(he)病。要及(ji)早發現(xian)及(ji)時治療。生長后期發現(xian)病害應(ying)提前(qian)刈(yi)割。銹病防治可(ke)采用波爾多液(ye)、石(shi)硫(liu)(liu)合(he)劑、硫(liu)(liu)磺粉、代森鋅、福美雙、萎銹靈等,自發病初(chu)期起,每7-10天(tian)噴酒(jiu)一次。白(bai)粉病用膠體(ti)硫(liu)(liu)、多菌靈、甲基托布津、苯來特和十三嗎(ma)啉等。菌核(he)(he)病可(ke)采取土(tu)表撒施(shi)五氯(lv)硝(xiao)基苯預防。害蟲有(you)苜蓿葉象甲、青葉跳蟬等,可(ke)噴灑敵殺死、速滅(mie)殺丁(ding)等藥(yao)物。刈(yi)割前(qian)20天(tian)內禁止(zhi)用藥(yao)。
驢食草花(hua)色粉紅艷麗(li),飼用(yong)價值可(ke)與紫(zi)花(hua)苜蓿媲美,故有“牧草皇后”之稱。適口(kou)性(xing)(xing)比紫(zi)花(hua)苜蓿和三(san)葉草好,牛、羊、豬(zhu)、兔均(jun)喜(xi)食,且食后不易得膨脹病。紅豆草的耐牧性(xing)(xing)和再生(sheng)性(xing)(xing)不如白三(san)葉和紫(zi)花(hua)苜蓿。開花(hua)早,花(hua)期長達2-3個月,是優良的蜜源植物。其根上有根瘤,固(gu)氮(dan)能力強,對改善(shan)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)理化性(xing)(xing)質(zhi),增加土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)養(yang)分,促進土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)團粒結構的形成,都具有重(zhong)要(yao)的意義。