驢食草(學名:Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.)是豆科、驢食草屬多年生(sheng)草本,高40-80厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。莖直立,中空(kong),被(bei)向上(shang)貼(tie)(tie)伏(fu)的短(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)。小葉片長(chang)圓狀披(pi)針形(xing)或(huo)披(pi)針形(xing),長(chang)20-30毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)4-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。總(zong)狀花序腋(ye)生(sheng),明顯超出葉層;花多數,長(chang)9-11毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),具(ju)l毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右的短(duan)花梗;子房密被(bei)貼(tie)(tie)伏(fu)柔(rou)毛(mao)。莢(jia)果具(ju)1個節莢(jia),節莢(jia)半(ban)圓形(xing),上(shang)部邊緣具(ju)或(huo)尖或(huo)鈍的刺。
中國華北、西(xi)北地區栽培;主要分布于歐洲。適應性強,喜(xi)溫暖半干燥的氣候(hou)條(tiao)件(jian),在海拔3500米(mi)左右的甘南(nan)高寒牧區也能生長。
莖稈(gan)柔軟,適口性好(hao),營養豐富,蛋白質含(han)量高(gao),因含(han)丹寧,家畜(chu)(chu)采食(shi)后不得臌(gu)脹病。為(wei)各類畜(chu)(chu)禽所喜食(shi)。被譽(yu)為(wei)“牧(mu)草皇后”。是優(you)良(liang)的蜜源植物(wu)。其根(gen)上有根(gen)瘤,固氮能力強,對改善(shan)土(tu)壤理化性質,增加土(tu)壤養分,促進土(tu)壤團(tuan)粒結構的形成(cheng),都具有重要的意義。
驢食(shi)草適應(ying)性強,喜溫暖半(ban)干燥的(de)(de)氣候條件,適宜在年(nian)平(ping)均氣溫12-13℃、年(nian)降(jiang)水量350-500毫米(mi)的(de)(de)地區生長(chang)。在海拔3500米(mi)左右的(de)(de)甘南高寒牧區也能生長(chang)。
中國(guo)華(hua)北、西北地(di)區(qu)栽培;中國(guo)新(xin)疆天山和(he)阿爾泰山北麓(lu)都(dou)有野(ye)生種分(fen)布(bu)。主(zhu)要分(fen)布(bu)于歐洲。
多年生草本,高40-80厘米。莖直立,中空(kong),被向(xiang)上貼(tie)伏(fu)的短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao)。小葉13-19,幾無小葉柄;小葉片長(chang)圓(yuan)狀披針形(xing)或(huo)披針形(xing),長(chang)20-30毫米,寬4-10毫米,上面(mian)無毛(mao)(mao),下面(mian)被貼(tie)伏(fu)柔毛(mao)(mao)。
總狀花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)腋生,明顯超(chao)出(chu)葉(xie)層;花(hua)(hua)(hua)多(duo)數,長(chang)(chang)(chang)9-11毫米,具l毫米左(zuo)右的短(duan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗;萼(e)鐘狀,長(chang)(chang)(chang)6-8毫米,萼(e)齒(chi)披針(zhen)狀鉆(zhan)形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)萼(e)筒的2-2.5倍,下萼(e)齒(chi)較短(duan);花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠玫瑰紫色,旗(qi)瓣(ban)倒卵形,翼瓣(ban)長(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)旗(qi)瓣(ban)的1/4,龍骨瓣(ban)與瓣(ban)約等長(chang)(chang)(chang);子房密被貼伏柔毛(mao)。莢果具1個節(jie)莢,節(jie)莢半圓(yuan)形,上(shang)部(bu)邊(bian)緣具或(huo)尖或(huo)鈍的刺。
雜草(cao)嚴重時(shi)(shi)可(ke)采用除草(cao)劑處理后翻(fan)耕。在農(nong)田種植,前作收獲后及時(shi)(shi)翻(fan)耕。秋(qiu)耕宜(yi)深,春耕宜(yi)淺。翻(fan)耕后須及時(shi)(shi)耙地(di)和(he)壓地(di),粉碎土(tu)(tu)塊,平整土(tu)(tu)地(di)。翻(fan)耕前施(shi)(shi)有機(ji)肥1000-2000千克(ke)(ke)/畝和(he)過磷酸(suan)鈣100-150千克(ke)(ke)/畝作基肥。在酸(suan)性土(tu)(tu)壤上應增(zeng)施(shi)(shi)石灰。土(tu)(tu)壤瘠(ji)薄時(shi)(shi),播前還可(ke)施(shi)(shi)尿素(su)5-10千克(ke)(ke)/畝、磷酸(suan)二銨5-6千克(ke)(ke)/畝。
驢食草(cao)適宜的(de)土(tu)壤含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為田間持水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)70%。在年(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為500毫米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)地(di)區(qu)可以(yi)不(bu)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)。在干旱地(di)區(qu)視降水(shui)(shui)情況(kuang)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)須灌(guan)(guan)溉3-5次。返青期(qi)、每(mei)(mei)次刈割前10天左右(you)和(he)入冬前各灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)一次。每(mei)(mei)次灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)以(yi)30-40立方米(mi)/畝(mu)為宜。
高產驢食草草地須在生長(chang)初期或每次(ci)刈(yi)割后結合灌水(shui)施(shi)肥。可(ke)追施(shi)尿素5-7千克/畝、磷酸二胺7-10千克/畝,氮磷比(bi)以1:1最佳。北(bei)方土壤中大多(duo)富(fu)鉀,可(ke)滿足紅(hong)豆草生長(chang)需要(yao),一般不再施(shi)用鉀肥。
驢(lv)食(shi)草從出苗(miao)到封壟(long)40-50天,為雜(za)草盛發(fa)期,須及時中(zhong)耕除草。返(fan)青前和(he)每次刈割(ge)后,根據雜(za)草發(fa)生情(qing)況,及時中(zhong)耕除草。
青飼或青貯時在(zai)現蕾(lei)至盛(sheng)花期刈割(ge)(ge),調制干草(cao)在(zai)盛(sheng)花期刈割(ge)(ge)。溫暖地區年可(ke)刈割(ge)(ge)兩(liang)茬,高寒(han)地區年刈割(ge)(ge)一(yi)茬。再(zai)生草(cao)可(ke)放牧利用。初花期刈割(ge)(ge)干物質(zhi)粗蛋(dan)白質(zhi)含量可(ke)達18%左(zuo)右。初花期刈割(ge)(ge)可(ke)刈割(ge)(ge)三茬,但產(chan)草(cao)量不及盛(sheng)花期,而且影響(xiang)草(cao)地使用壽(shou)命。機械收(shou)獲(huo)時留茬高度根據地面(mian)狀(zhuang)況調至最低(di),人工收(shou)獲(huo)可(ke)齊地面(mian)刈割(ge)(ge)。
播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)秋(qiu)皆宜。一年(nian)一熟地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)宜春(chun)播(bo)(bo)(bo),一年(nian)兩熟地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)宜秋(qiu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)。干(gan)旱地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)可在(zai)雨后搶墑播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)0.05%鉬酸銨溶液處理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)會(hui)提高根(gen)系有效(xiao)根(gen)瘤數。播(bo)(bo)(bo)前種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)紅(hong)(hong)豆草(cao)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)根(gen)瘤菌接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也可用(yong)(yong)(yong)搗碎的(de)根(gen)瘤帶(dai)土拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。單播(bo)(bo)(bo)收草(cao)田(tian)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量3-5千(qian)(qian)克/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),干(gan)旱地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)3-4千(qian)(qian)克/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),濕(shi)潤和(he)灌溉地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)5-6千(qian)(qian)克/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)田(tian)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量2-3千(qian)(qian)克/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。濕(shi)潤和(he)灌溉地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)行距20-30厘米(mi),干(gan)旱地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)30-40厘米(mi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)田(tian)行距50-70厘米(mi)。帶(dai)莢播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不影響發芽(ya),去(qu)莢反而可能會(hui)傷害到胚。覆土深度(du)3-4厘米(mi),播(bo)(bo)(bo)后鎮壓,以利出苗(miao)。紅(hong)(hong)豆草(cao)與苜蓿(xu)、老芒麥混(hun)(hun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于刈牧兼用(yong)(yong)(yong)草(cao)地(di)(di)。與苜蓿(xu)混(hun)(hun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)時(shi)紅(hong)(hong)豆草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量1.4千(qian)(qian)克/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),苜蓿(xu)0.5千(qian)(qian)克/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。與老芒麥混(hun)(hun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)時(shi)紅(hong)(hong)豆草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量1.4千(qian)(qian)克/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),老芒麥1千(qian)(qian)克/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后如(ru)遇降雨表土板結時(shi),須適時(shi)耙地(di)(di)。
驢(lv)食(shi)草易(yi)感染銹(xiu)病(bing)、白粉(fen)(fen)病(bing)和菌(jun)核病(bing)。要及(ji)早發(fa)現(xian)及(ji)時治療。生長后(hou)期發(fa)現(xian)病(bing)害(hai)應提前刈割。銹(xiu)病(bing)防治可采用波爾多液、石硫(liu)合劑、硫(liu)磺粉(fen)(fen)、代森鋅、福美雙、萎銹(xiu)靈(ling)等(deng),自發(fa)病(bing)初期起,每(mei)7-10天噴(pen)酒一(yi)次。白粉(fen)(fen)病(bing)用膠(jiao)體(ti)硫(liu)、多菌(jun)靈(ling)、甲基托布(bu)津、苯(ben)來特和十三(san)嗎啉等(deng)。菌(jun)核病(bing)可采取土表撒(sa)施(shi)五氯硝基苯(ben)預防。害(hai)蟲有苜蓿(xu)葉象甲、青葉跳蟬等(deng),可噴(pen)灑敵(di)殺(sha)(sha)死、速滅(mie)殺(sha)(sha)丁等(deng)藥(yao)(yao)物。刈割前20天內(nei)禁止用藥(yao)(yao)。
驢食草(cao)花色粉紅艷麗,飼(si)用價值可與紫花苜蓿媲美,故有(you)“牧(mu)(mu)草(cao)皇后”之稱。適口性(xing)比紫花苜蓿和三葉(xie)草(cao)好(hao),牛、羊(yang)、豬、兔均喜食,且食后不易(yi)得(de)膨(peng)脹病。紅豆(dou)草(cao)的(de)耐(nai)牧(mu)(mu)性(xing)和再生性(xing)不如白(bai)三葉(xie)和紫花苜蓿。開花早,花期長達(da)2-3個月(yue),是優良的(de)蜜源植物。其(qi)根(gen)上有(you)根(gen)瘤,固氮能力強,對改善土壤(rang)(rang)理化性(xing)質,增加土壤(rang)(rang)養分,促進土壤(rang)(rang)團粒結構(gou)的(de)形成,都具有(you)重(zhong)要的(de)意(yi)義。