梨(li)竹(學名:Melocanna humilis Kurz)是禾本科、梨(li)竹屬喬木狀(zhuang)(zhuang)竹類植物。地(di)下(xia)莖合軸型,假鞭圓柱形(xing),實(shi)(shi)心,竿勁(jing)直,末梢(shao)點垂(chui),高可達20米,節間圓筒形(xing),幼時(shi)綠色(se),薄被白粉(fen)并混(hun)生柔毛(mao),老則呈(cheng)枯草色(se),光滑無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao),竿環(huan)不(bu)隆起,籜鞘(qiao)(qiao)硬革質,籜耳不(bu)明顯(xian);鞘(qiao)(qiao)口繸毛(mao)甚發達;籜舌低矮,邊緣具細齒;籜片(pian)線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)三角形(xing),直立,先端漸尖呈(cheng)錐狀(zhuang)(zhuang),末級小枝具葉(xie),葉(xie)鞘(qiao)(qiao)光滑無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao),葉(xie)耳極小,葉(xie)片(pian)披針(zhen)形(xing)至矩狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing),上表面無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao),下(xia)表面灰綠色(se),兩邊緣均具纖毛(mao),花枝下(xia)垂(chui),假小穗稍(shao)作兩側扁(bian),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao),苞(bao)片(pian)披針(zhen)形(xing),外(wai)稃卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing),內稃席卷,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)脊(ji),鱗被形(xing)狹窄,線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)圓形(xing),花絲扁(bian)平,花藥(yao)黃色(se),子房卵(luan)球形(xing),果實(shi)(shi)大型,呈(cheng)梨(li)形(xing),果皮堅硬肉質,肥厚,種子內無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)胚乳。
原產印度(du)、孟加拉和(he)(he)緬甸。中(zhong)國臺灣、廣東和(he)(he)香港(gang)等地(di)都(dou)有(you)引種栽培。喜生于(yu)溫(wen)暖濕(shi)潤的環境(jing),
梨竹竿為造紙上(shang)等原料(liao),劈篾可(ke)(ke)供編(bian)織;竹葉可(ke)(ke)釀酒(jiu),果可(ke)(ke)食。地下莖(jing)的假鞭類似黃藤,可(ke)(ke)作為黃藤的代(dai)用(yong)品。
中國臺灣、廣東(dong)(廣州)和香(xiang)港(gang)等地都有引種栽培。梨竹原產(chan)印度、孟加拉和緬(mian)甸。喜生于(yu)溫(wen)暖(nuan)濕潤的環境。
喬(qiao)木狀竹(zhu)類。地下(xia)(xia)莖合軸型,假鞭(bian)粗(cu)約2.5厘(li)米(mi),圓柱形(xing)(xing),實心,節間長(chang)(chang)10-15厘(li)米(mi),在(zai)地中橫(heng)走(zou)可(ke)(ke)延伸至5米(mi)之遙。竿(gan)勁直(zhi)(zhi),末(mo)梢點(dian)垂,高8-20米(mi),直(zhi)(zhi)徑3-7厘(li)米(mi);節間圓筒形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(12)20-50厘(li)米(mi),幼(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)綠色(se),薄(bo)被白(bai)粉并混生(sheng)柔(rou)毛(mao),老則(ze)呈(cheng)(cheng)枯(ku)草色(se),光(guang)滑無毛(mao),竿(gan)壁厚5-7.5毫米(mi);竿(gan)環不(bu)隆起(qi),僅(jin)其籜環較明顯(xian);幼(you)(you)竿(gan)因(yin)竿(gan)籜宿存而(er)長(chang)(chang)期不(bu)具(ju)分枝(zhi),老熟后(hou)則(ze)竿(gan)上(shang)部每(mei)節有多(duo)枝(zhi)簇(cu)生(sheng),其粗(cu)細(xi)彼此(ci)近相等。籜鞘(qiao)硬革質,幼(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)黃綠色(se),背(bei)面貼生(sheng)脫落性的(de)(de)白(bai)色(se)(老時(shi)(shi)呈(cheng)(cheng)黃色(se))小(xiao)(xiao)刺毛(mao),鞘(qiao)長(chang)(chang)10-15厘(li)米(mi),先(xian)(xian)端作廣(guang)弧形(xing)(xing)下(xia)(xia)凹,但頂部可(ke)(ke)呈(cheng)(cheng)波狀鼓凸,基(ji)(ji)部的(de)(de)外(wai)緣(yuan)呈(cheng)(cheng)圓形(xing)(xing)弧曲;籜耳不(bu)明顯(xian);鞘(qiao)口繸毛(mao)甚發達(da);籜舌低矮(ai),邊(bian)緣(yuan)具(ju)細(xi)齒;籜片線狀三角形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)可(ke)(ke)10-30厘(li)米(mi),基(ji)(ji)底寬約2.5厘(li)米(mi),直(zhi)(zhi)立,惟以后(hou)外(wai)翻,先(xian)(xian)端漸尖呈(cheng)(cheng)錐狀,基(ji)(ji)部沿鞘(qiao)之兩(liang)側向外(wai)延伸成為窄條附(fu)著(zhu)在(zai)鞘(qiao)肩上(shang)。末(mo)級小(xiao)(xiao)枝(zhi)具(ju)5-10葉,葉鞘(qiao)光(guang)滑無毛(mao),葉耳極小(xiao)(xiao),常不(bu)存在(zai),鞘(qiao)口繸毛(mao)每(mei)邊(bian)8-10條,波曲或卷(juan)曲,其長(chang)(chang)為8-15毫米(mi),白(bai)色(se),易落;葉片披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)至矩狀披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)15-24(35)厘(li)米(mi),寬25-35毫米(mi),上(shang)表面無毛(mao),下(xia)(xia)表面灰綠色(se),幼(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)且有微毛(mao),先(xian)(xian)端尾(wei)狀漸尖而(er)具(ju)一粗(cu)糙扭曲的(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)尖頭,基(ji)(ji)部呈(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)對稱的(de)(de)楔形(xing)(xing),兩(liang)邊(bian)緣(yuan)均具(ju)纖(xian)毛(mao),但有一邊(bian)較粗(cu)糙,次(ci)脈8-12條,三次(ci)脈在(zai)次(ci)脈間為5或6條,小(xiao)(xiao)橫(heng)脈不(bu)甚明顯(xian),亦不(bu)作整齊(qi)的(de)(de)方(fang)格(ge)狀,但可(ke)(ke)見有透(tou)明微點(dian)散布于(yu)細(xi)脈間。
花(hua)(hua)枝下垂,每節可(ke)簇生3-4枚假小(xiao)穗位(wei)于無(wu)毛(mao)鈍圓頭之(zhi)苞片(pian)腋間;假小(xiao)穗稍作兩(liang)側扁(bian)(bian),無(wu)毛(mao),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)13毫米;苞片(pian)2-4片(pian),披針形(xing)(xing),先端具小(xiao)尖頭;外稃(fu)卵狀(zhuang)披-端鈍圓而(er)具嚙蝕(shi)狀(zhuang)之(zhi)流蘇(su),基部具3-5條(tiao)脈紋(wen);花(hua)(hua)絲扁(bian)(bian)平,互相(xiang)分離(li)或在基底(di)有不規則的(de)(de)連合,花(hua)(hua)藥黃色,頂(ding)端凹缺;子房卵球形(xing)(xing),無(wu)毛(mao),上(shang)端變細而(er)形(xing)(xing)成甚長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu),后者上(shang)具2-4枚羽毛(mao)狀(zhuang)外彎的(de)(de)柱(zhu)頭。果(guo)實大(da)型,呈梨形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)4.5-12.5厘米,直徑5-7厘米,鮮重47-180克,先端具長(chang)(chang)(可(ke)達5厘米)而(er)彎曲之(zhi)喙(hui),果(guo)皮堅硬肉質(zhi),肥厚,壁厚約(yue)為2-3厘米;種子內(nei)無(wu)胚(pei)乳,胚(pei)體的(de)(de)盾片(pian)很(hen)大(da),幾乎充滿(man)果(guo)實內(nei)腔。
梨(li)竹(zhu)2-5月(yue)份開(kai)花,4-8月(yue)結出梨(li)形(xing)果(guo)實。梨(li)竹(zhu)開(kai)花結實后老(lao)竿逐漸枯死。梨(li)竹(zhu)的果(guo)果(guo)熟(shu)后脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo)(或不脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo),大多脫(tuo)落(luo)(luo)),果(guo)無休(xiu)眠期,成熟(shu)后,不論仍在樹上或貯藏放置(zhi)的情況(kuang)下(xia),都能萌(meng)發(fa)(fa)出幼(you)苗(既萌(meng)成芽體),長出胚(pei)根(gen),胚(pei)萌(meng)發(fa)(fa)時(shi),從基(ji)(ji)部(bu)萌(meng)發(fa)(fa)孔(果(guo)肉不增厚的間(jian)隙,有(you)1-2個(ge)小孔)穿(chuan)出,萌(meng)發(fa)(fa)時(shi)胚(pei)靠胚(pei)乳營(ying)養(yang)自己(ji),當胚(pei)芽伸出不多長時(shi),則見胚(pei)根(gen)從基(ji)(ji)部(bu)的芽眼處長出,芽體外包(bao)著綠色的鱗片(籜(tuo))。
播(bo)種(zhong)材料為(wei)(wei)梨竹果(guo)(guo)實,收(shou)集(ji)自然(ran)掉落(luo)地面的(de)(de)成熟果(guo)(guo)實,連帶果(guo)(guo)皮直接用(yong)于播(bo)種(zhong)育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。播(bo)種(zhong)后1-5天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)相繼(ji)生(sheng)根發(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya),80%的(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)實集(ji)中在播(bo)種(zhong)1-3天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)內(nei)發(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。75%的(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)實萌(meng)發(fa)1個(ge)芽(ya)(ya)(ya),25%萌(meng)發(fa)2-3個(ge)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。梨竹播(bo)種(zhong)后25天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)左右(you),胚苗(miao)(miao)(miao)高生(sheng)長(chang)正處于盛期,其竿基部的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)萌(meng)動,分蘗(bo)第(di)一代(dai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)首先向地下生(sheng)長(chang),經(jing)3-5天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)后,形成一個(ge)長(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)基,苗(miao)(miao)(miao)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)轉而彎曲向上生(sheng)長(chang),露出(chu)土面成為(wei)(wei)筍(sun)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。果(guo)(guo)實較大的(de)(de)較果(guo)(guo)實小(xiao)型的(de)(de)出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)早(zao)3-5天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)量平均2枚(mei)/株,小(xiao)型果(guo)(guo)實的(de)(de)一般(ban)1枚(mei)/株。
竿為(wei)造(zao)紙上等(deng)原料,劈篾可供編織;竹葉(xie)可釀酒(jiu),果可食。地下莖的假鞭類(lei)似(si)黃藤(teng),可作為(wei)黃藤(teng)的代用(yong)品。