梨(li)竹(學(xue)名:Melocanna humilis Kurz)是(shi)禾本科、梨(li)竹屬喬木狀竹類植(zhi)物(wu)。地下(xia)莖合軸型,假(jia)鞭圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing),實心(xin),竿(gan)勁直,末梢(shao)點(dian)垂,高可達20米,節(jie)間圓(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing),幼(you)時(shi)綠色(se),薄(bo)被白粉(fen)并(bing)混生柔毛,老則呈枯草色(se),光滑(hua)無(wu)(wu)毛,竿(gan)環不(bu)隆起,籜鞘(qiao)硬(ying)革質,籜耳不(bu)明顯;鞘(qiao)口繸毛甚發達;籜舌低矮(ai),邊緣具(ju)細齒;籜片線(xian)狀三(san)角形(xing)(xing),直立,先(xian)端漸尖呈錐狀,末級(ji)小枝具(ju)葉(xie)(xie)(xie),葉(xie)(xie)(xie)鞘(qiao)光滑(hua)無(wu)(wu)毛,葉(xie)(xie)(xie)耳極小,葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)至矩狀披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing),上表(biao)面無(wu)(wu)毛,下(xia)表(biao)面灰綠色(se),兩邊緣均具(ju)纖毛,花(hua)枝下(xia)垂,假(jia)小穗稍(shao)作兩側扁,無(wu)(wu)毛,苞(bao)片披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing),外稃(fu)卵(luan)狀披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing),內稃(fu)席卷,無(wu)(wu)脊,鱗(lin)被形(xing)(xing)狹窄,線(xian)狀長圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),花(hua)絲扁平,花(hua)藥(yao)黃色(se),子房卵(luan)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing),果實大型,呈梨(li)形(xing)(xing),果皮(pi)堅硬(ying)肉質,肥(fei)厚,種子內無(wu)(wu)胚乳。
原(yuan)產印度、孟(meng)加拉(la)和緬甸。中國臺灣(wan)、廣(guang)東(dong)和香(xiang)港等地都有(you)引種栽培(pei)。喜生于溫暖濕潤的環境,
梨竹竿為造紙上等原料,劈篾可(ke)供編織(zhi);竹葉可(ke)釀酒,果可(ke)食。地下(xia)莖的(de)假鞭類似黃(huang)藤,可(ke)作為黃(huang)藤的(de)代用品。
中國(guo)臺(tai)灣、廣(guang)東(廣(guang)州)和香港等地都有引種栽培。梨竹原產印度、孟加(jia)拉和緬甸。喜生于溫(wen)暖濕潤的環(huan)境(jing)。
喬木狀(zhuang)竹類。地下(xia)莖合軸型(xing),假鞭(bian)粗約2.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),實心,節(jie)間長(chang)10-15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),在(zai)地中(zhong)橫(heng)走可延伸至(zhi)5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)之(zhi)遙。竿(gan)(gan)勁直(zhi),末梢點(dian)垂,高8-20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),直(zhi)徑3-7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);節(jie)間圓(yuan)筒形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(12)20-50厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),幼(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)綠色,薄被白(bai)(bai)粉并混(hun)生(sheng)柔毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),老則呈(cheng)枯草色,光滑無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),竿(gan)(gan)壁厚5-7.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);竿(gan)(gan)環不(bu)(bu)隆起,僅(jin)其籜(tuo)環較明顯;幼(you)竿(gan)(gan)因竿(gan)(gan)籜(tuo)宿(su)存(cun)而長(chang)期不(bu)(bu)具(ju)(ju)分枝,老熟后則竿(gan)(gan)上部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)每節(jie)有(you)多(duo)枝簇生(sheng),其粗細彼(bi)此近相等。籜(tuo)鞘硬革質,幼(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)黃(huang)綠色,背面(mian)貼(tie)生(sheng)脫(tuo)落(luo)性的(de)白(bai)(bai)色(老時(shi)(shi)(shi)呈(cheng)黃(huang)色)小刺毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),鞘長(chang)10-15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先端(duan)作廣弧形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)下(xia)凹,但(dan)頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可呈(cheng)波(bo)狀(zhuang)鼓凸(tu),基部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)外(wai)緣(yuan)呈(cheng)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)弧曲;籜(tuo)耳不(bu)(bu)明顯;鞘口繸毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)甚(shen)發達;籜(tuo)舌低矮,邊緣(yuan)具(ju)(ju)細齒;籜(tuo)片線(xian)狀(zhuang)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)可10-30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基底寬約2.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),直(zhi)立,惟以后外(wai)翻,先端(duan)漸尖呈(cheng)錐(zhui)狀(zhuang),基部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沿(yan)鞘之(zhi)兩(liang)側向(xiang)外(wai)延伸成為窄條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)附(fu)著在(zai)鞘肩上。末級小枝具(ju)(ju)5-10葉,葉鞘光滑無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),葉耳極小,常不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在(zai),鞘口繸毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)每邊8-10條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),波(bo)曲或(huo)卷(juan)曲,其長(chang)為8-15毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),白(bai)(bai)色,易落(luo);葉片披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)矩(ju)狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)15-24(35)厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬25-35毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),上表面(mian)無毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),下(xia)表面(mian)灰綠色,幼(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)且有(you)微毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),先端(duan)尾(wei)狀(zhuang)漸尖而具(ju)(ju)一(yi)粗糙扭(niu)曲的(de)長(chang)尖頭,基部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)不(bu)(bu)對稱的(de)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),兩(liang)邊緣(yuan)均(jun)具(ju)(ju)纖毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao),但(dan)有(you)一(yi)邊較粗糙,次(ci)脈(mo)8-12條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),三次(ci)脈(mo)在(zai)次(ci)脈(mo)間為5或(huo)6條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),小橫(heng)脈(mo)不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)明顯,亦不(bu)(bu)作整齊的(de)方格狀(zhuang),但(dan)可見(jian)有(you)透明微點(dian)散布(bu)于細脈(mo)間。
花(hua)枝下垂,每節(jie)可(ke)簇(cu)生3-4枚假(jia)小穗位于(yu)無(wu)毛鈍圓頭(tou)之(zhi)苞片(pian)(pian)腋間;假(jia)小穗稍作兩(liang)側扁,無(wu)毛,長(chang)約13毫米(mi)(mi);苞片(pian)(pian)2-4片(pian)(pian),披針形(xing),先端(duan)(duan)具小尖頭(tou);外(wai)稃卵狀披-端(duan)(duan)鈍圓而具嚙蝕狀之(zhi)流蘇,基部具3-5條脈紋;花(hua)絲扁平,互相分離或在基底有(you)不規則的連(lian)合(he),花(hua)藥黃(huang)色,頂端(duan)(duan)凹(ao)缺;子房卵球形(xing),無(wu)毛,上端(duan)(duan)變(bian)細而形(xing)成甚長(chang)的花(hua)柱,后者(zhe)上具2-4枚羽毛狀外(wai)彎的柱頭(tou)。果實大型(xing),呈梨形(xing),長(chang)4.5-12.5厘米(mi)(mi),直徑5-7厘米(mi)(mi),鮮重47-180克,先端(duan)(duan)具長(chang)(可(ke)達5厘米(mi)(mi))而彎曲(qu)之(zhi)喙,果皮堅硬肉質,肥厚(hou),壁厚(hou)約為2-3厘米(mi)(mi);種子內(nei)無(wu)胚乳(ru),胚體的盾片(pian)(pian)很大,幾乎(hu)充滿果實內(nei)腔。
梨(li)竹2-5月份開花(hua),4-8月結(jie)出(chu)(chu)梨(li)形果實。梨(li)竹開花(hua)結(jie)實后(hou)老竿逐漸(jian)枯死。梨(li)竹的(de)果果熟后(hou)脫落(或不脫落,大(da)多(duo)脫落),果無休眠期,成熟后(hou),不論(lun)仍(reng)在樹(shu)上或貯藏放置的(de)情(qing)況下(xia),都能萌(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)幼苗(既萌(meng)(meng)(meng)成芽體),長(chang)(chang)出(chu)(chu)胚(pei)(pei)根(gen),胚(pei)(pei)萌(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)時,從基部(bu)萌(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)孔(kong)(kong)(果肉不增厚的(de)間隙(xi),有1-2個(ge)小孔(kong)(kong))穿出(chu)(chu),萌(meng)(meng)(meng)發(fa)時胚(pei)(pei)靠胚(pei)(pei)乳營養自(zi)己,當胚(pei)(pei)芽伸出(chu)(chu)不多(duo)長(chang)(chang)時,則見胚(pei)(pei)根(gen)從基部(bu)的(de)芽眼處長(chang)(chang)出(chu)(chu),芽體外(wai)包著綠色的(de)鱗片(籜)。
播(bo)(bo)種材料為(wei)梨(li)竹果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi),收(shou)集(ji)自然(ran)掉落地面的(de)成熟(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi),連帶果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮直接(jie)用于(yu)播(bo)(bo)種育苗(miao)。播(bo)(bo)種后1-5天相(xiang)繼(ji)生根發(fa)芽(ya)(ya),80%的(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)集(ji)中在播(bo)(bo)種1-3天內(nei)發(fa)芽(ya)(ya)。75%的(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)萌發(fa)1個(ge)芽(ya)(ya),25%萌發(fa)2-3個(ge)芽(ya)(ya)。梨(li)竹播(bo)(bo)種后25天左右,胚苗(miao)高生長正處于(yu)盛期(qi),其竿基部的(de)苗(miao)芽(ya)(ya)萌動,分蘗第(di)一代(dai)苗(miao),苗(miao)芽(ya)(ya)首先向地下生長,經3-5天后,形成一個(ge)長1-1.5厘(li)米的(de)苗(miao)基,苗(miao)芽(ya)(ya)轉而彎曲向上生長,露出(chu)(chu)土面成為(wei)筍苗(miao)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)較大的(de)較果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)小(xiao)型(xing)的(de)出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)早3-5天,出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)量平均2枚(mei)/株(zhu),小(xiao)型(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)的(de)一般1枚(mei)/株(zhu)。
竿(gan)為造(zao)紙上等原料,劈(pi)篾可供編織(zhi);竹葉可釀酒,果(guo)可食。地下莖的假鞭類似黃藤(teng),可作為黃藤(teng)的代(dai)用(yong)品。