甘泉賦
孝(xiao)成帝時1,客有薦雄文似相如者2,上方郊(jiao)祀甘泉(quan)泰畤、汾陰后土(tu)3,以求繼嗣(si)4,召雄待詔承明之庭(ting)5。正月,從上甘泉(quan)還,奏甘泉(quan)賦以風6。其辭曰(yue):
惟漢十世7,將(jiang)郊上玄8,定泰(tai)畤9,雍(yong)神休(xiu)10,尊明(ming)號(hao)11,同符三皇12,錄功(gong)五帝13,恤胤錫羨(xian)14,拓跡開統(tong)15。于是(shi)乃(nai)命(ming)群僚,歷吉日16,協靈辰17,星陳(chen)而天行(xing)18。詔(zhao)招搖與(yu)太(tai)陰兮(xi)(xi)(xi),伏(fu)鉤(gou)陳(chen)使當兵19。屬堪輿以(yi)(yi)壁壘(lei)兮(xi)(xi)(xi),捎夔魖(xu)而抶獝(yu)狂20。八神奔而警蹕兮(xi)(xi)(xi),振殷轔而軍裝(zhuang)21。蚩尤(you)之倫帶干將(jiang)而秉玉戚兮(xi)(xi)(xi)22,飛蒙(meng)茸而走陸梁23。齊(qi)緫緫以(yi)(yi)撙撙,其相膠轕(ge)兮(xi)(xi)(xi),猋駭(hai)云迅,奮以(yi)(yi)方攘24。駢羅列布,鱗以(yi)(yi)雜沓兮(xi)(xi)(xi),柴虒參差,魚頡而鳥?25。翕赫曶霍,霧集而蒙(meng)合(he)兮(xi)(xi)(xi),半散昭爛,粲以(yi)(yi)成章26。
于是乘輿乃登(deng)夫(fu)鳳皇兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)而翳華芝,駟蒼(cang)螭兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)六素虬,蠖略蕤綏,漓(li)虖幓纚27。帥爾(er)陰閉,霅然陽開28。騰清霄而軼浮景(jing)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),夫(fu)何旟(yu)旐(zhao)郅偈之旖(yi)旎也29!流星旄以(yi)電爥兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),咸翠蓋而鸞旗30。敦萬騎于中營兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),方玉車之千乘31。聲駍隱以(yi)陸離兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),輕先(xian)疾雷而馺(sa)遺(yi)風32。凌(ling)高衍之嵱嵸兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),超紆譎之清澄33。登(deng)椽欒而羾天門兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),馳閶闔(he)而入凌(ling)兢34。
是時未轃夫(fu)甘泉(quan)也,乃望通天之繹繹35。下陰潛以(yi)慘廩(lin)兮,上洪紛(fen)而相錯(cuo)36。直(zhi)嶢嶢以(yi)造天兮,厥高慶而不可乎彌度37。平原唐其(qi)壇曼兮,列新雉于林(lin)薄38。攢并閭與(yu)茇(ba)?兮,紛(fen)被麗其(qi)亡(wang)鄂39。崇丘(qiu)陵(ling)之駊騀兮,深溝嵚巖而為谷40。往(wang)往(wang)離宮般以(yi)相爥兮,封巒石關施靡乎延屬(shu)41。
于(yu)是大廈云譎波詭,嶊嶉而(er)成觀42。仰撟首以高視兮(xi)(xi),目冥眴而(er)亡(wang)見43。正瀏濫以弘惝兮(xi)(xi),指東(dong)西之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漫(man)漫(man)44。徒(tu)徊徊以徨(huang)徨(huang)兮(xi)(xi),魂眇眇而(er)昏亂45。據軨軒而(er)周流兮(xi)(xi),忽軮(ang)軋而(er)亡(wang)垠46。翠玉(yu)樹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)青蔥(cong)兮(xi)(xi),璧馬犀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瞵?47。金人仡(ge)仡(ge)其承鍾虡兮(xi)(xi),嵌巖(yan)巖(yan)其龍鱗48。揚光曜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)燎爥(zhu)兮(xi)(xi),垂(chui)景(jing)炎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)炘(xin)炘(xin)49。配(pei)帝居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣圃兮(xi)(xi),象泰壹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威神50。洪臺崛其獨出兮(xi)(xi),?北極之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶟嶟51。列(lie)宿(su)乃(nai)施(shi)于(yu)上榮兮(xi)(xi),日月(yue)才經于(yu)柍桭(zhen)52。雷郁律于(yu)巖(yan)窔兮(xi)(xi),電儵忽于(yu)墻藩(fan)53。鬼魅不(bu)能自逮兮(xi)(xi),半長途而(er)下?54。歷倒景(jing)而(er)絕飛梁兮(xi)(xi),浮蠛蠓而(er)撇(pie)天55。
左欃槍而右玄冥兮,前熛闕而后應門56。蔭西海與幽都兮,涌醴汩以生川57。蛟龍連蜷于東厓兮,白虎敦圉乎昆侖58。覽樛流于高光兮,溶方皇于西清59。前殿崔巍兮,和氏玲瓏60。炕浮柱之飛榱兮,神莫莫而扶傾61。閌閬閬其寥廓兮,似紫宮之崢嶸62。駢交錯而曼衍兮,?
此(ci)賦前有小序,交待了作賦原委及目的。漢(han)成帝(di)永始四年(公元前13年)正月揚(yang)雄(xiong)扈從(cong)漢(han)成帝(di)游甘泉(quan)宮(gong),回長(chang)安(an)后作此(ci)賦,意在諷諫(jian)成帝(di)的郊游之舉。《漢(han)書·揚(yang)雄(xiong)傳》載:“甘泉(quan)本因秦離(li)宮(gong),既奢泰,而(er)武帝(di)復增通天、高光、迎風。宮(gong)外近則(ze)洪(hong)厓(ya)、旁(pang)皇、儲胥、弩阹,遠則(ze)石關、封巒、枝鵲、露寒(han)、棠梨、師得(de),游觀屈奇瑰瑋,非木摩而(er)不(bu)雕,墻涂而(er)不(bu)畫,周宣所考(kao),般(ban)庚所遷,夏卑宮(gong)室(shi),唐虞棌椽(chuan)三等之制也。且為(wei)其(qi)已久矣,非成帝(di)所造,欲諫(jian)則(ze)非時,欲默則(ze)不(bu)能已,故遂推(tui)而(er)隆(long)之,乃上比于帝(di)室(shi)紫宮(gong),若曰(yue)此(ci)非人力之所能為(wei),黨鬼神(shen)可(ke)也。又是時趙(zhao)昭(zhao)儀方(fang)大幸,每上甘泉(quan),常(chang)法從(cong),在屬車間豹尾中(zhong)。故雄(xiong)聊(liao)盛言車騎之眾,參麗之駕(jia),非所以感(gan)動天地,逆(ni)厘(li)三神(shen)。又言‘屏玉女,卻虙妃(fei)’,以微戒齊肅之事。賦成奏(zou)之,天子異焉。”
揚雄(公元前53年—公元18年),西漢(han)文學(xue)家、哲學(xue)家、語(yu)言(yan)(yan)學(xue)家。一作(zuo)“楊雄”,字子云,蜀(shu)郡成都(今屬四(si)川(chuan))人(ren)。漢(han)成帝時為(wei)給(gei)事黃門郎,王莽時,校書(shu)天祿閣。后(hou)受他人(ren)牽(qian)累,即將被捕,于是墜閣自殺,未死。后(hou)召為(wei)太(tai)中大夫。為(wei)人(ren)口吃,不(bu)能劇談(tan),一生悉心(xin)著(zhu)述(shu),以文章名世。曾仿(fang)《論語(yu)》作(zuo)《法(fa)言(yan)(yan)》,仿(fang)《周易》作(zuo)《太(tai)玄》,表述(shu)他對社會、政治、哲學(xue)等方面的思想(xiang)。另(ling)有(you)語(yu)言(yan)(yan)學(xue)著(zhu)作(zuo)《方言(yan)(yan)》等。明人(ren)輯有(you)《揚子云集(ji)》。
此賦極(ji)(ji)力鋪(pu)(pu)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)天(tian)(tian)子郊祀甘(gan)泉(quan)(quan)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)盛況與(yu)甘(gan)泉(quan)(quan)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑之(zhi)豪華。全篇采用順敘的(de)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)法(fa),可分(fen)為十段(duan)(duan)。第(di)(di)一段(duan)(duan)揭明成帝(di)(di)(di)定(ding)祭泰畤的(de)目的(de)和希望(wang),并(bing)敘寫(xie)(xie)(xie)出行前各種(zhong)事(shi)項的(de)準備(bei)情況。第(di)(di)二段(duan)(duan)描寫(xie)(xie)(xie)天(tian)(tian)子登(deng)乘(cheng),車駕(jia)上路及行進的(de)情況。第(di)(di)三(san)段(duan)(duan)描寫(xie)(xie)(xie)通(tong)天(tian)(tian)臺(tai)的(de)遠景和沿途所(suo)(suo)見(jian)平原、丘(qiu)陵(ling)、山谷的(de)形勢及離(li)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)別館的(de)連(lian)綿相映。第(di)(di)四段(duan)(duan)鋪(pu)(pu)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)到達甘(gan)泉(quan)(quan)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)后(hou)所(suo)(suo)見(jian)其宮(gong)(gong)(gong)室(shi)的(de)高(gao)峻、長大、深(shen)博,并(bing)詳(xiang)細鋪(pu)(pu)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)了憑欄周流所(suo)(suo)見(jian)大庭內的(de)種(zhong)種(zhong)奇異(yi)景象。第(di)(di)五段(duan)(duan)描寫(xie)(xie)(xie)漫游高(gao)光宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)見(jian),極(ji)(ji)陳宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)的(de)高(gao)大富麗(li),接(jie)著以臨淵處(chu)危微諫。第(di)(di)六(liu)段(duan)(duan)描寫(xie)(xie)(xie)大風在宮(gong)(gong)(gong)中刮起時所(suo)(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)種(zhong)種(zhong)音響變(bian)動(dong),繼(ji)而(er)贊嘆宮(gong)(gong)(gong)觀建筑的(de)精巧美麗(li)。第(di)(di)七段(duan)(duan)描寫(xie)(xie)(xie)成帝(di)(di)(di)與(yu)其賢能(neng)之(zhi)臣會集(ji)于(yu)陽靈宮(gong)(gong)(gong),齋戒(jie)自新,潔祀天(tian)(tian)地,并(bing)設想(xiang)他們周流曠遠,升(sheng)降天(tian)(tian)地,廣(guang)通(tong)神(shen)(shen)明。隨后(hou)告(gao)誡成帝(di)(di)(di)清心寡欲,屏(ping)退女色,方能(neng)保持天(tian)(tian)性,增壽廣(guang)嗣。第(di)(di)八段(duan)(duan)描寫(xie)(xie)(xie)柴祭皇天(tian)(tian)的(de)經(jing)過,設想(xiang)天(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)賜(si)福(fu)甚多(duo)。第(di)(di)九段(duan)(duan)描寫(xie)(xie)(xie)歸途中的(de)情形,并(bing)歌功(gong)頌德(de)。第(di)(di)十段(duan)(duan)總括全篇意義,謂成帝(di)(di)(di)恭(gong)肅祭天(tian)(tian),神(shen)(shen)祇憑依,廣(guang)賜(si)福(fu)祥,子孫相繼(ji)無極(ji)(ji),并(bing)與(yu)文章開頭相呼應(ying)。全篇有如觀覽長卷畫幅,徐徐展示,一一顯(xian)明,凡君臣衛侍、車馬旗斧、山川草木(mu)、雷電風雨、宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)觀闕、天(tian)(tian)上地下、神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)鬼怪乃至金人玉樹、燎(liao)燭景炎、玄瓚秬鬯等,無不(bu)畢(bi)陳。
這(zhe)(zhe)篇(pian)賦(fu)(fu)和(he)眾多漢賦(fu)(fu)一(yi)樣(yang),用(yong)了不小(xiao)的(de)(de)篇(pian)幅花了很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)氣(qi),只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)鋪張描(miao)(miao)寫(xie)了一(yi)次天(tian)(tian)子郊(jiao)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng),現實意義(yi)不很(hen)大(da)(da);勉(mian)強點(dian)綴上(shang)去的(de)(de)幾句微諫(jian)之辭,也(ye)如(ru)滄海一(yi)滴,被大(da)(da)量極力(li)(li)鋪陳夸飾的(de)(de)東西所淹沒,諷勸作用(yong)很(hen)小(xiao)。但(dan)(dan)(dan)在(zai)(zai)客(ke)觀上(shang)它卻反(fan)映了那個時代及以前廣大(da)(da)勞動人(ren)民(min)所創(chuang)造的(de)(de)燦爛的(de)(de)物(wu)質文化的(de)(de)一(yi)些面(mian)影。特別(bie)值得指出(chu)的(de)(de)還在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)篇(pian)賦(fu)(fu)是(shi)(shi)見于(yu)(yu)記載的(de)(de)最早的(de)(de)一(yi)篇(pian)描(miao)(miao)寫(xie)郊(jiao)祀的(de)(de)賦(fu)(fu)。關(guan)于(yu)(yu)郊(jiao)祀之儀,史籍所載雖多,但(dan)(dan)(dan)大(da)(da)都(dou)語焉而(er)(er)不詳(xiang)。這(zhe)(zhe)篇(pian)賦(fu)(fu)則(ze)專寫(xie)郊(jiao)祀,從準(zhun)備出(chu)發(fa)一(yi)直(zhi)到(dao)事畢(bi)回車,對郊(jiao)天(tian)(tian)之全過(guo)程(cheng)逐(zhu)一(yi)作了詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)描(miao)(miao)述(shu)。盡管使用(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)文筆(bi)而(er)(er)不是(shi)(shi)史筆(bi),但(dan)(dan)(dan)通過(guo)那些夸誕的(de)(de)詞語仍(reng)能辨別(bie)出(chu)漢時天(tian)(tian)子郊(jiao)天(tian)(tian)儀式的(de)(de)真實面(mian)貌。也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)說,在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)方面(mian),《甘(gan)泉賦(fu)(fu)》具(ju)有重要的(de)(de)歷史意義(yi)和(he)文獻價值。
在藝(yi)術(shu)上(shang)(shang),此(ci)賦(fu)(fu)鋪(pu)陳夸張,想(xiang)象(xiang)豐富,氣魄宏偉,文辭(ci)流麗。甘(gan)泉(quan)(quan)宮觀,豪華奇偉,無從(cong)實寫。賦(fu)(fu)家則是(shi)(shi)發揮了賦(fu)(fu)體的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing),以(yi)虛(xu)概實,夸張變形,選擇幾種特征(zheng)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)物象(xiang),潑(po)灑筆墨,盡(jin)力夸張,予人以(yi)不(bu)即不(bu)離,似是(shi)(shi)而(er)非的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)黨。此(ci)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)后世繪(hui)畫的(de)(de)(de)寫意手法,而(er)最初運用當推(tui)賦(fu)(fu)家。但此(ci)賦(fu)(fu)屬模仿司馬(ma)相如(ru)的(de)(de)(de)《子虛(xu)上(shang)(shang)林賦(fu)(fu)》,缺乏(fa)自己的(de)(de)(de)特色。揚雄晚年認識到《甘(gan)泉(quan)(quan)賦(fu)(fu)》之(zhi)類的(de)(de)(de)作品(pin),其(qi)效果與(yu)初衷(zhong)適得(de)其(qi)反,實際上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)“勸百而(er)諷(feng)一”。揚雄是(shi)(shi)首開模擬之(zhi)風的(de)(de)(de)漢賦(fu)(fu)作家,《甘(gan)泉(quan)(quan)賦(fu)(fu)》繼承(cheng)和弘揚了司馬(ma)相如(ru)樹立的(de)(de)(de)賦(fu)(fu)頌(song)傳統,手法上(shang)(shang)同樣講究鋪(pu)陳夸張,文字上(shang)(shang)也(ye)力求辭(ci)藻華麗,乃致流于(yu)堆砌。總的(de)(de)(de)說來,揚雄的(de)(de)(de)《甘(gan)泉(quan)(quan)賦(fu)(fu)》可與(yu)司馬(ma)相如(ru)的(de)(de)(de)《子虛(xu)賦(fu)(fu)》《上(shang)(shang)林賦(fu)(fu)》比肩,是(shi)(shi)漢賦(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)代表作品(pin)。
漢代桓譚《新(xin)論》:“始成,夢腸出,收而內之。明日遂卒。”
明代張溥《漢(han)魏六(liu)朝百三家集題辭》:“自比諷(feng)諫(jian),相(xiang)如(ru)不死。”