或曰:“賦者(zhe),古詩(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流也(ye)(ye)。”昔成、康(kang)沒而(er)(er)(er)頌聲(sheng)寢,王澤竭而(er)(er)(er)詩(shi)不作(zuo)。大(da)(da)漢(han)初定,日(ri)(ri)不暇給(gei)。至于武、宣(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi),乃崇禮官,考文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)。內(nei)設金馬(ma)、石(shi)渠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,外興(xing)樂府、協律(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,以(yi)(yi)(yi)興(xing)廢(fei)繼(ji)絕,潤色鴻業(ye)。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)眾庶悅(yue)豫,福應尤(you)盛,白麟、赤雁(yan)、芝房(fang)、寶鼎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌,薦(jian)于郊廟。神雀、五鳳(feng)、甘(gan)露、黃龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑞,以(yi)(yi)(yi)為年紀(ji)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)言語侍從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen),若(ruo)司馬(ma)相(xiang)如(ru)、虞丘壽王、東(dong)方朔、枚(mei)皋、王褒、劉(liu)向之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬,朝(chao)夕論思(si),日(ri)(ri)月獻(xian)納(na)。而(er)(er)(er)公卿大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)御(yu)史大(da)(da)夫倪(ni)寬(kuan)、太常孔臧、大(da)(da)中(zhong)大(da)(da)夫董仲舒(shu)、宗正劉(liu)德、太子(zi)太傅蕭(xiao)望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間作(zuo)。或以(yi)(yi)(yi)抒下情而(er)(er)(er)通諷諭,或以(yi)(yi)(yi)宣(xuan)上(shang)德而(er)(er)(er)盡忠孝,雍容揄揚,著于后嗣,抑亦《雅》《頌》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亞也(ye)(ye),故(gu)(gu)(gu)孝成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世(shi),論而(er)(er)(er)錄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。蓋奏(zou)御(yu)者(zhe)千有(you)(you)(you)余(yu)篇(pian),而(er)(er)(er)后大(da)(da)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)章(zhang),炳(bing)焉與三代同(tong)風(feng)。且夫道有(you)(you)(you)夷隆,學有(you)(you)(you)粗密,因(yin)時(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)建德者(zhe),不以(yi)(yi)(yi)遠近易則,故(gu)(gu)(gu)皋陶歌虞,奚斯頌魯,同(tong)見采(cai)于孔氏,列(lie)于《詩(shi)》《書(shu)》,其義一也(ye)(ye)。稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)古則如(ru)彼,考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漢(han)室(shi)又如(ru)此(ci)。斯事雖細,然先臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊(jiu)式,國家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺(yi)美,不可闕也(ye)(ye)。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)竊(qie)見海內(nei)清(qing)平,朝(chao)廷無事,京師修宮(gong)室(shi),浚城隍,起苑囿,以(yi)(yi)(yi)備制度(du)。西土耆老,咸懷(huai)怨思(si),冀上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眷顧,而(er)(er)(er)盛稱長安舊(jiu)制,有(you)(you)(you)陋雒邑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議(yi)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)作(zuo)《兩都(dou)賦》,以(yi)(yi)(yi)極眾人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)眩曜,折以(yi)(yi)(yi)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法度(du),其詞(ci)曰:
西都賦
有(you)西(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)賓(bin)問(wen)于東都(dou)(dou)(dou)主(zhu)(zhu)人曰:“蓋(gai)聞(wen)皇漢之初經營也,嘗有(you)意乎(hu)都(dou)(dou)(dou)河、洛(luo)矣(yi)。輟而(er)弗康,實用西(xi)遷(qian),作(zuo)我(wo)(wo)上都(dou)(dou)(dou)。主(zhu)(zhu)人聞(wen)其(qi)故而(er)睹其(qi)制乎(hu)?”主(zhu)(zhu)人曰:“未也。愿賓(bin)攄懷(huai)舊之蓄念,發思(si)古之幽情,博我(wo)(wo)以皇道,弘我(wo)(wo)以漢京。”賓(bin)曰:“唯唯。”
“漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)都,在于(yu)雍州(zhou),實(shi)(shi)曰長安。左據函(han)谷(gu)、二崤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻,表以(yi)太華(hua)、終(zhong)南之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山。右界褒(bao)斜、隴首之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險,帶(dai)以(yi)洪河(he)、涇、渭(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)川。眾(zhong)流(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隈,汧涌其(qi)西(xi)。華(hua)實(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毛,則九州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上腴焉。防(fang)御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻,則天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隩區(qu)焉。是(shi)故(gu)橫被六合(he),三(san)成帝畿,周以(yi)龍(long)(long)興,秦(qin)以(yi)虎視(shi)。及至大漢(han)受命而都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也,仰寤東井之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精,俯協《河(he)圖》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)靈。奉春(chun)建策,留侯(hou)演成。天(tian)人合(he)應,以(yi)發皇明,乃眷西(xi)顧,實(shi)(shi)惟作(zuo)京。于(yu)是(shi)睎(xi)秦(qin)嶺,睋(e)北阜,挾酆灞(ba),據龍(long)(long)首。圖皇基于(yu)億載(zai),度宏規(gui)而大起(qi)。肇自高而終(zhong)平,世(shi)增飾以(yi)崇(chong)麗。歷(li)十二之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)延祚,故(gu)窮奢而極(ji)侈。建金城其(qi)萬雉(zhi),呀(ya)周池而成淵。披三(san)條之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廣路,立十二之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)門。內(nei)則街衢洞達,閭閻且千,九市開場(chang),貨(huo)別隧分。入不得顧,車不得旋(xuan),闐城溢郭(guo),旁流(liu)百廛。紅塵四合(he),煙云相(xiang)連。于(yu)是(shi)既庶且富,娛樂無疆。都人士女,殊異乎五方。游士擬于(yu)公(gong)侯(hou),列肆(si)侈于(yu)姬姜(jiang)。鄉曲豪舉,游俠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄(xiong),節慕原、嘗,名亞春(chun)、陵。連交合(he)眾(zhong),騁騖乎其(qi)中。
“若乃觀其(qi)四郊(jiao)(jiao),浮(fu)游近(jin)縣,則南望杜、霸(ba),北眺五(wu)陵。名都對郭,邑(yi)居相承。英俊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)域,紱冕(mian)所(suo)興(xing)。冠(guan)蓋如(ru)云(yun),七(qi)相五(wu)公。與乎州(zhou)郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豪(hao)杰,五(wu)都之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貨(huo)殖,三(san)選七(qi)遷,充奉陵邑(yi)。蓋以(yi)強干弱枝,隆上(shang)都而觀萬國(guo)也。封(feng)畿(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,厥(jue)土千(qian)里(li)(li),逴躒(li)諸夏(xia),兼(jian)其(qi)所(suo)有(you)。其(qi)陽則崇山(shan)隱天,幽林穹谷,陸(lu)海(hai)(hai)珍藏,藍田美玉。商(shang)、洛(luo)緣其(qi)隈,鄠、杜濱其(qi)足,源泉灌注,陂池(chi)交屬。竹(zhu)林果園,芳草甘木,郊(jiao)(jiao)野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富,號(hao)為近(jin)蜀。其(qi)陰則冠(guan)以(yi)九嵕(zong),陪以(yi)甘泉,乃有(you)靈宮起(qi)乎其(qi)中。秦漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)極觀,淵云(yun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)頌嘆,于是乎存(cun)焉。下(xia)有(you)鄭、白之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沃,衣食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源。提封(feng)五(wu)萬,疆埸綺分,溝塍刻縷(lv),原隰龍(long)鱗,決(jue)渠降雨,荷插(cha)成云(yun)。五(wu)谷垂穎,桑麻鋪棻。東郊(jiao)(jiao)則有(you)通(tong)(tong)溝大漕,潰渭洞河,泛(fan)舟山(shan)東,控引淮(huai)湖,與海(hai)(hai)通(tong)(tong)波。西郊(jiao)(jiao)則有(you)上(shang)囿禁苑,林麓藪澤,陂池(chi)連乎蜀漢(han),繚以(yi)周墻(qiang),四百余里(li)(li)。離宮別館(guan),三(san)十六(liu)所(suo)。神(shen)池(chi)靈沼,往往而在。其(qi)中乃有(you)九真之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)麟,大宛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬,黃(huang)支之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犀,條支之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳥。逾昆侖,越巨海(hai)(hai),殊(shu)方異(yi)類,至于三(san)萬里(li)(li)。
“其(qi)宮(gong)室也,體(ti)象乎(hu)(hu)天地,經緯乎(hu)(hu)陰陽。據坤(kun)靈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正位,放太紫(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圓方(fang)。樹中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華(hua)(hua)(hua)闕,豐冠山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朱堂。因(yin)瑰(gui)材(cai)而(er)(er)(er)究奇,抗(kang)應龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虹梁。列棼橑以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)布(bu)翼(yi),荷棟桴而(er)(er)(er)高驤。雕玉瑱(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)居楹(ying),裁金(jin)壁以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)飾珰。發五(wu)色之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渥彩(cai),光(guang)焰朗以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)景彰(zhang)。于(yu)是左(zuo)墄右(you)平,重軒三階(jie)(jie)。閨房周(zhou)通,門闥洞開。列鐘虡于(yu)中(zhong)庭(ting)(ting),立金(jin)人于(yu)端闈。仍增(zeng)崖而(er)(er)(er)衡(heng)閾(yu),臨峻(jun)路而(er)(er)(er)啟扉。徇以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)離殿別寢(qin),承以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)崇(chong)臺閑館,煥若(ruo)列宿(su),紫(zi)宮(gong)是環。清涼、宣溫、神(shen)(shen)仙、長年(nian)、金(jin)華(hua)(hua)(hua)、玉堂、白虎、麒麟(lin),區宇(yu)若(ruo)茲,不可(ke)殫論(lun)。增(zeng)盤崔嵬,登降炤爛,殊形(xing)詭制,每各異觀。乘茵步輦,惟所(suo)息宴(yan)。后宮(gong)則有(you)掖庭(ting)(ting)、椒房,后妃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室。合(he)歡、增(zeng)城、安處(chu)、常寧、茝若(ruo)、椒風、披香(xiang)、發越、蘭林、蕙草、鴛鸞、飛翔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列,昭陽特盛,隆乎(hu)(hu)孝成。屋不呈材(cai),墻不露形(xing)。裛以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藻繡,絡以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)綸(lun)連。隨侯明月,錯(cuo)落其(qi)間。金(jin)釭銜(xian)璧,是為列錢(qian)。翡翠火(huo)齊,流(liu)耀含英(ying)。懸(xuan)黎垂棘,夜光(guang)在焉(yan)。于(yu)是玄墀筘砌,玉階(jie)(jie)彤庭(ting)(ting),碝磩彩(cai)致,琳珉青熒,珊瑚(hu)碧樹,周(zhou)阿而(er)(er)(er)生。紅羅(luo)颯(sa)纚,綺(qi)組(zu)繽(bin)紛(fen)。精曜華(hua)(hua)(hua)燭,俯仰如神(shen)(shen)。后宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)號,十有(you)四位。窈窕(tiao)繁華(hua)(hua)(hua),更盛迭貴。處(chu)乎(hu)(hu)斯列者,蓋以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)數。左(zuo)右(you)庭(ting)(ting)中(zhong),朝堂百(bai)(bai)(bai)寮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,蕭、曹(cao)、魏、邴,謀謨乎(hu)(hu)其(qi)上。佐命(ming)則垂統(tong),輔翼(yi)則成化。流(liu)大漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愷(kai)悌,蕩亡秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒螫。故令斯人揚樂(le)和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聲,作(zuo)畫(hua)一之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌。功德著于(yu)祖宗,膏(gao)澤洽(qia)于(yu)黎庶。又有(you)天祿、石渠,典籍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府。命(ming)夫諄誨(hui)故老,名儒師傅,講論(lun)乎(hu)(hu)六藝,稽合(he)乎(hu)(hu)同異。又有(you)承明、金(jin)馬、著作(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting)(ting)。大雅宏達(da),于(yu)茲為群。元元本本,周(zhou)見洽(qia)聞。啟發篇章,校理秘文。周(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鉤(gou)陳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,衛以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)嚴(yan)更之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署,總禮官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甲科(ke),群百(bai)(bai)(bai)郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廉(lian)孝。虎賁贅衣,閹尹閽寺(si)。陛戟百(bai)(bai)(bai)重,各有(you)典司。
“周(zhou)廬千(qian)列,徼道綺(qi)錯(cuo)。輦路經營,修(xiu)除飛閣。自(zi)未(wei)央而(er)連(lian)桂(gui)宮,北彌明(ming)光(guang)而(er)亙長樂(le)。凌隥(deng)道而(er)超西墉,掍建章而(er)連(lian)外屬。設璧門之(zhi)鳳闕,上(shang)觚棱而(er)棲(qi)金(jin)爵。內則別風之(zhi)嶕峣(yao),眇麗巧(qiao)而(er)聳擢,張千(qian)門而(er)立萬戶,順陰(yin)陽(yang)(yang)以(yi)開闔。爾(er)乃正殿崔嵬,層構厥高,臨乎(hu)(hu)未(wei)央。經駘蕩(dang)而(er)出(chu)馺娑(suo),洞(dong)枍詣以(yi)與天(tian)梁(liang)。上(shang)反宇以(yi)蓋戴(dai),激日景而(er)納光(guang)。神(shen)明(ming)郁其特起,遂偃蹇而(er)上(shang)躋。軼(yi)云雨于(yu)(yu)太半,虹霓回(hui)帶于(yu)(yu)棼楣。雖輕(qing)迅(xun)與僄狡,猶(you)愕眙而(er)不能階。攀井(jing)干而(er)未(wei)半,目(mu)眴轉而(er)意迷,舍欞(ling)檻而(er)卻(que)倚,若顛墜而(er)復稽,魂怳怳以(yi)失度,巡回(hui)途而(er)下(xia)低,既懲懼于(yu)(yu)登望,降周(zhou)流以(yi)彷徨。步甬道以(yi)縈紆,又杳窱而(er)不見(jian)陽(yang)(yang)。排飛闥而(er)上(shang)出(chu),若游(you)目(mu)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)表,似無依而(er)洋(yang)洋(yang)。前唐中而(er)后(hou)太液,攬滄(cang)海之(zhi)湯湯。揚波濤于(yu)(yu)碣石,激神(shen)岳之(zhi)嶈嶈。濫瀛洲與方壺(hu),蓬萊起乎(hu)(hu)中央。于(yu)(yu)是靈(ling)草(cao)冬(dong)榮(rong),神(shen)木叢生。巖峻崷(qiu)崪(zu),金(jin)石崢嶸(rong)。抗仙掌以(yi)承露,擢雙立之(zhi)金(jin)莖,軼(yi)埃壒之(zhi)混(hun)濁,鮮顥氣(qi)之(zhi)清英(ying)。騁文(wen)成之(zhi)丕誕,馳五利之(zhi)所刑。庶松(song)喬之(zhi)群(qun)類,時游(you)從(cong)乎(hu)(hu)斯庭(ting)。實列仙之(zhi)攸(you)館,非吾人(ren)之(zhi)所寧。
“爾乃(nai)盛(sheng)娛(yu)游之壯觀,奮泰武乎(hu)上囿。因茲以威(wei)戎(rong)夸(kua)狄,耀(yao)威(wei)靈而講武事。命(ming)荊州使(shi)起鳥、詔梁野而驅獸(shou)(shou)。毛群內(nei)闐,飛(fei)(fei)羽上覆(fu),接翼側足,集禁林(lin)而屯聚(ju)。水衡虞人,修其營表。種別群分(fen),部曲有署。罘網連纮,籠山絡野。列(lie)卒周(zhou)匝,星羅云布。于是(shi)乘鑾輿,備法駕,帥群臣(chen),披飛(fei)(fei)廉,入苑門。遂(sui)繞酆鄗,歷上蘭。六師發(fa)逐,百獸(shou)(shou)駭(hai)殫(dan),震震爚(yue)爚(yue),雷奔(ben)電(dian)激,草木(mu)涂地,山淵反覆(fu)。蹂躪(lin)其十二三,乃(nai)拗怒而少(shao)息(xi)。爾乃(nai)期門佽飛(fei)(fei),列(lie)刃鉆鍭,要趹追(zhui)蹤。鳥驚(jing)觸絲(si),獸(shou)(shou)駭(hai)值鋒(feng)。機不(bu)虛(xu)掎(ji),弦不(bu)再控。矢不(bu)單殺,中必疊雙。颮颮紛紛,矰繳(jiao)相纏(chan)。風毛雨血,灑野蔽天。平原赤,勇士厲。猿狖失木(mu),豺狼(lang)懾竄(cuan)。爾乃(nai)移師趨險(xian),并(bing)蹈(dao)潛穢。窮虎(hu)奔(ben)突,狂兕觸蹶。許少(shao)施巧,秦成力折(zhe)。掎(ji)僄狡,扼猛噬。脫角(jiao)挫脰,徒搏獨殺。挾師豹,拖熊(xiong)螭。曳(ye)犀犛,頓象羆。超(chao)洞壑,越峻崖。蹶巉巖(yan),巨石頹(tui)。松柏仆,叢林(lin)摧。草木(mu)無余,禽獸(shou)(shou)殄夷。
“于是天子乃(nai)登屬玉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)館,歷(li)長揚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榭。覽山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體勢,觀三軍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殺獲。原野蕭條,目極四裔。禽(qin)相鎮壓,獸相枕藉。然后收禽(qin)會眾,論功賜(si)胙。陳輕騎以行炰(pao),騰酒車以斟酌(zhuo)。割鮮野食,舉烽命釂(jiao)。饗賜(si)畢,勞逸齊(qi),大輅鳴鑾(luan),容(rong)與(yu)徘徊。集(ji)乎(hu)豫章之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宇,臨乎(hu)昆明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池。左牽牛而右織女(nv),似(si)云(yun)漢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無涯(ya)。茂樹(shu)蔭(yin)蔚,芳(fang)草被堤。蘭茝發(fa)色,曄曄猗猗。若摛錦布繡,燭燿(yao)乎(hu)其陂(po)。鳥(niao)則(ze)玄鶴白鷺(lu),黃鵠鵁鸛,鸧鴰鴇鶂,鳧鷖(yi)鴻雁。朝發(fa)河海,夕宿江(jiang)漢。沉(chen)浮(fu)往來,云(yun)集(ji)霧散(san)。于是后宮乘(cheng)輚輅,登龍(long)舟。張(zhang)鳳蓋,建華(hua)旗。祛黼帷,鏡清流。靡(mi)微風(feng),澹(dan)淡(dan)浮(fu)。棹女(nv)謳,鼓吹震,聲激(ji)越,謍厲(li)天,鳥(niao)群翔,直窺淵。招白鷴,下雙鵠。揄文竿,出比目。撫鴻罿,御矰繳,方(fang)舟并騖,俯仰極樂。遂乃(nai)風(feng)舉云(yun)搖,浮(fu)游溥覽。前乘(cheng)秦嶺(ling),后越九嵕,東薄河華(hua),西(xi)涉岐雍。宮館所(suo)(suo)歷(li),百有余區(qu)。行所(suo)(suo)朝夕,儲不改供。禮上下而接山(shan)川,究休佑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)用(yong)。采游童之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歡謠,第從臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉頌。于斯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),都都相望,邑邑相屬。國籍十世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基,家承百年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業,士食舊(jiu)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名氏,農服先疇(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畎畝,商循族世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)鬻,工用(yong)高曾(ceng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)矩。粲乎(hu)隱(yin)隱(yin),各得其所(suo)(suo)。
“若臣(chen)者(zhe)徒觀(guan)跡于舊墟,聞之乎(hu)故(gu)老,十分而未得其一端,故(gu)不能遍舉也。”
東都賦
東都主(zhu)人喟然而(er)嘆曰:“痛乎風俗(su)之(zhi)移(yi)人也。子(zi)實秦(qin)人,矜夸(kua)館室,保界(jie)河山(shan),信識(shi)昭(zhao)、襄而(er)知始皇矣,烏睹大漢之(zhi)云為乎?夫大漢之(zhi)開元也,奮布衣以登皇位,由數期而(er)創萬代,蓋六(liu)籍所不(bu)能談,前圣靡得言焉當此之(zhi)時,功有(you)橫而(er)當天,討(tao)有(you)逆而(er)順民(min)。故婁(lou)敬度勢而(er)獻其說(shuo),蕭公權宜而(er)拓其制(zhi)。時豈泰而(er)安(an)之(zhi)哉(zai),計不(bu)得以已也。吾子(zi)曾不(bu)是(shi)睹,顧曜后嗣之(zhi)末造,不(bu)亦暗乎?今將語(yu)子(zi)以建(jian)武之(zhi)治,永(yong)平之(zhi)事,監于太清,以變子(zi)之(zhi)惑志(zhi)。
“往(wang)者王莽作逆,漢祚中缺,天(tian)人(ren)致誅,六合相(xiang)滅。于時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan),生(sheng)人(ren)幾亡,鬼神泯(min)絕,壑無完柩,郛罔遺室。原野厭人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肉,川谷(gu)流人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血,秦、項(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災(zai),猶不克(ke)半,書契以來(lai),未之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或紀。故下人(ren)號而(er)(er)上訴,上帝(di)懷而(er)(er)降監,乃(nai)(nai)致命乎(hu)圣皇(huang)。于是圣皇(huang)乃(nai)(nai)握乾符(fu),闡(chan)坤珍,披皇(huang)圖,稽(ji)(ji)帝(di)文,赫(he)然發憤,應若(ruo)興(xing)云(yun)(yun),霆擊昆陽(yang),憑怒雷震。遂(sui)超大(da)河,跨北(bei)岳,立號高邑,建(jian)都河、洛。紹百(bai)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荒(huang)屯,因(yin)造(zao)(zao)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蕩(dang)滌,體(ti)元立制,繼天(tian)而(er)(er)作。系唐統,接漢緒,茂育群生(sheng),恢復疆宇,勛(xun)兼乎(hu)在(zai)昔,事勤乎(hu)三五。豈特方(fang)軌并跡(ji),紛紛后辟,治(zhi)近古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)務,蹈(dao)一圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險易云(yun)(yun)爾哉。且夫建(jian)武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元,天(tian)地革命,四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,更造(zao)(zao)夫婦,肇(zhao)有父子,君(jun)臣初建(jian),人(ren)倫(lun)實始,斯乃(nai)(nai)伏犧氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以基(ji)皇(huang)德也。分州土(tu),立市朝,作盤輿(yu),造(zao)(zao)器械,斯乃(nai)(nai)軒轅(yuan)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以開帝(di)功也。龔行天(tian)罰,應天(tian)順人(ren),斯乃(nai)(nai)湯(tang)、武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以昭(zhao)王業也。遷都改邑,有殷(yin)宗(zong)中興(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則焉(yan)。即土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,有周(zhou)成(cheng)隆(long)平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制焉(yan)。不階尺土(tu)一人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柄,同符(fu)乎(hu)高祖(zu)。克(ke)己復禮,以奉終始,允恭(gong)乎(hu)孝文。憲章(zhang)稽(ji)(ji)古(gu),封岱勒成(cheng),儀炳(bing)乎(hu)世宗(zong)。案《六經》而(er)(er)校德,眇古(gu)昔而(er)(er)論功,仁圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事既該,而(er)(er)帝(di)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道備矣。
“至于(yu)(yu)(yu)永平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),重熙(xi)而(er)(er)累洽,盛三(san)雍(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)儀(yi),修袞龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法服(fu),鋪鴻藻(zao),信景鑠,揚(yang)世廟,正雅(ya)樂(le)。人神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)允洽,群臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)序(xu)既肅。乃(nai)動大輅(lu),遵皇(huang)(huang)衢,省方(fang)巡狩,窮覽(lan)萬國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有無,考(kao)聲教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)被,散皇(huang)(huang)明以(yi)燭幽。然(ran)后(hou)增周舊,修洛(luo)邑(yi),扇巍(wei)巍(wei),顯翼(yi)翼(yi)。光漢京于(yu)(yu)(yu)諸夏(xia),總(zong)八方(fang)而(er)(er)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極。是以(yi)皇(huang)(huang)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),宮室光明,闕庭(ting)(ting)神(shen)(shen)麗,奢不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逾,儉不(bu)(bu)能侈。外(wai)則(ze)因原野(ye)以(yi)作苑,填流泉而(er)(er)為(wei)沼,發(fa)蘋藻(zao)以(yi)潛魚(yu),豐圃草以(yi)毓獸,制同(tong)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)梁鄒,誼合乎(hu)(hu)(hu)靈(ling)囿。若乃(nai)順時節(jie)而(er)(er)蒐狩,簡車徒以(yi)講武,則(ze)必臨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《王制》,考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《風(feng)》《雅(ya)》,歷(li)《騶(zou)虞》,覽(lan)《駟鐵》,嘉《車攻》,采《吉日(ri)》,禮(li)官整儀(yi),乘輿乃(nai)出。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是發(fa)鯨魚(yu),鏗華鐘,登(deng)玉(yu)輅(lu),乘時龍(long),鳳蓋(gai)棽麗,和(he)鑾玲瓏(long),天(tian)(tian)官景從,寢威盛容。山靈(ling)護野(ye),屬(shu)御方(fang)神(shen)(shen),雨(yu)師(shi)泛(fan)灑,風(feng)伯清塵,千乘雷起(qi),萬騎(qi)(qi)紛紜,元戎(rong)竟野(ye),戈鋌彗(hui)云,羽旄掃霓,旌旗(qi)拂天(tian)(tian)。焱(yan)焱(yan)炎炎,揚(yang)光飛文(wen),吐焰生風(feng),欱野(ye)噴山,日(ri)月為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奪明,丘陵為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)搖震。遂集(ji)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)中(zhong)囿,陳師(shi)案(an)屯,駢部(bu)曲,列校隊,勒三(san)軍(jun),誓將帥(shuai)。然(ran)后(hou)舉烽伐鼓,申令三(san)驅(qu),輶車霆激,驍騎(qi)(qi)電騖,由(you)基(ji)發(fa)射,范氏施御,弦不(bu)(bu)睼是禽(qin),轡不(bu)(bu)詭遇(yu),飛者未(wei)及(ji)翔,走(zou)者未(wei)及(ji)去。指顧倏忽(hu),獲車已實(shi),樂(le)不(bu)(bu)極盤,殺(sha)不(bu)(bu)盡物,馬踠余足(zu),士怒未(wei)渫,先驅(qu)復(fu)路,屬(shu)車案(an)節(jie)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是薦三(san)犧,效(xiao)五牲,禮(li)神(shen)(shen)祇,懷百靈(ling),覲明堂(tang),臨辟雍(yong),揚(yang)緝(ji)熙(xi),宣皇(huang)(huang)風(feng),登(deng)靈(ling)臺,考(kao)休(xiu)徵。俯仰乎(hu)(hu)(hu)乾坤,參象乎(hu)(hu)(hu)圣躬,目中(zhong)夏(xia)而(er)(er)布德(de),瞰(kan)四(si)裔而(er)(er)抗棱。西蕩河源,東澹(dan)海(hai)漘,北(bei)動幽崖,南趯朱垠。殊方(fang)別區,界絕(jue)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)鄰。自孝武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)征,孝宣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)未(wei)臣,莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)陸詟水栗,奔走(zou)而(er)(er)來賓。遂綏哀牢,開永昌,春(chun)王三(san)朝,會同(tong)漢京。是日(ri)也,天(tian)(tian)子受四(si)海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖籍,膺萬國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貢珍,內(nei)撫諸夏(xia),外(wai)綏百蠻(man)。爾乃(nai)盛禮(li)興樂(le),供帳置乎(hu)(hu)(hu)云龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting)(ting),陳百寮而(er)(er)贊(zan)群后(hou),究皇(huang)(huang)儀(yi)而(er)(er)展(zhan)帝容。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是庭(ting)(ting)實(shi)千品,旨酒萬鐘,列金罍,班玉(yu)觴,嘉珍御,太牢饗。爾乃(nai)食舉《雍(yong)》徹,太師(shi)奏樂(le),陳金石,布絲竹,鐘鼓鏗鍧,管弦燁煜。抗五聲,極六律,歌九功(gong),舞八佾,《韶》《武》備(bei),泰古華。四(si)夷間奏,德(de)廣所(suo)及(ji),僸佅(mai)兜(dou)離(li),罔不(bu)(bu)具集(ji)。萬樂(le)備(bei),百禮(li)暨,皇(huang)(huang)歡浹,群臣醉,降煙煴,調元氣(qi),然(ran)后(hou)撞(zhuang)鐘告罷,百寮遂退。
“是圣上(shang)親萬(wan)方之(zhi)(zhi)歡娛,又沐浴于(yu)(yu)膏澤,懼其侈(chi)心之(zhi)(zhi)將萌,而(er)(er)怠于(yu)(yu)東作(zuo)也(ye),乃申舊間,下(xia)明詔,命有(you)司,班憲度(du),昭節儉,示太素(su)。去后(hou)宮之(zhi)(zhi)麗飾,損乘輿之(zhi)(zhi)服御,抑工商之(zhi)(zhi)淫業,興農桑之(zhi)(zhi)盛務。遂令海(hai)內棄末而(er)(er)反本,背偽而(er)(er)歸真,女修織,男務耕耘,器用陶匏,服尚素(su)玄,恥(chi)纖靡而(er)(er)不服,賤奇麗而(er)(er)弗(fu)珍,捐金(jin)于(yu)(yu)山,沈珠于(yu)(yu)淵。于(yu)(yu)是百姓(xing)滌(di)瑕蕩(dang)穢,而(er)(er)鏡至清,形神寂漠,耳(er)目弗(fu)營(ying),嗜欲之(zhi)(zhi)源滅,廉恥(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)心生,莫不優(you)游(you)而(er)(er)自得,玉潤而(er)(er)金(jin)聲。是以四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)內,學校如林,庠序盈門(men),獻酬交錯,俎豆莘(xin)莘(xin),下(xia)舞上(shang)歌,蹈德(de)詠仁。登降(jiang)飪宴之(zhi)(zhi)禮既畢(bi),因相與嗟嘆玄德(de),讜言弘說,咸含和而(er)(er)吐氣,頌曰:盛哉(zai)乎斯世!
“今論者但知誦(song)虞、夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《書》,詠殷、周(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《詩》,講羲(xi)、文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《易(yi)》,論孔氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春秋》,罕(han)能(neng)精古今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清濁,究漢(han)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所由。唯(wei)子頗識舊典,又徒(tu)馳騁乎末流。溫故知新已(yi)難,而知德者鮮(xian)矣。且夫僻界西戎,險阻四(si)塞,修(xiu)其(qi)防(fang)御(yu),孰(shu)與(yu)處(chu)乎土中,平(ping)夷洞達,萬(wan)方輻湊?秦(qin)嶺、九嵕,涇、渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)川,曷(he)若四(si)瀆、五岳,帶河(he)溯洛,圖書之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淵?建章、甘泉,館御(yu)列(lie)仙(xian),孰(shu)與(yu)靈(ling)臺、明堂(tang),統和天人(ren)?太(tai)液、昆明,鳥獸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)囿(you),曷(he)若辟雍海流,道德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)?游(you)俠逾侈,犯義侵禮,孰(shu)與(yu)同(tong)履法度,翼翼濟(ji)濟(ji)也(ye)?子徒(tu)習秦(qin)阿房(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)天,而不(bu)(bu)知京洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有制也(ye)。識函谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可關,而不(bu)(bu)知王(wang)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無外也(ye)。”
主人之(zhi)辭未終(zhong),西(xi)都賓矍(jue)然失容,逡巡降階(jie),揲(she)然意下,捧(peng)手(shou)欲辭。”主人曰:“復(fu)位,今將授予以五篇(pian)之(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)。”賓既卒業,乃稱(cheng)曰:“美哉乎(hu)斯詩(shi)(shi)!義(yi)正(zheng)乎(hu)揚雄,事實乎(hu)相如,匪唯(wei)主人之(zhi)好學(xue),蓋(gai)乃遭遇(yu)乎(hu)斯時也。小(xiao)子狂簡,不知所(suo)裁,既聞正(zheng)道(dao),請(qing)終(zhong)身而(er)誦之(zhi)。”
其詩曰:
于昭明堂,明堂孔陽。圣(sheng)皇宗祀(si),穆(mu)穆(mu)煌(huang)煌(huang)。上帝宴饗,五位時序。誰其(qi)配之?世(shi)祖(zu)、光(guang)武(wu)。普天率士,各以其(qi)職。猗歟緝熙,允懷多福。(明堂詩)
乃流辟雍(yong),辟雍(yong)湯(tang)湯(tang)。圣王蒞止,造(zao)舟為梁。皤(po)皤(po)國老,乃父乃兄。抑抑威(wei)儀,孝友光明(ming)。于(yu)赫太(tai)上,示(shi)我漢(han)行。洪化惟神(shen),永觀厥成(cheng)。(辟雍(yong)詩(shi))
乃經靈臺,靈臺既崇。帝(di)勤(qin)時(shi)登,爰(yuan)考休徵。三光宣精,五行(xing)布序。習習祥風,祁(qi)祁(qi)甘(gan)雨。百谷蓁(zhen)蓁(zhen),庶草蕃廡(wu)。屢惟豐年,于皇樂胥(xu)。(靈臺詩(shi))
岳修貢兮(xi)川效珍,吐金(jin)景兮(xi)歊浮(fu)云(yun)。寶鼎見兮(xi)色紛缊,煥其炳兮(xi)被龍文。登祖廟兮(xi)享(xiang)圣(sheng)神,昭靈德兮(xi)彌(mi)億年。(寶鼎詩(shi))
啟靈篇兮披瑞(rui)圖(tu),獲(huo)白雉(zhi)兮效(xiao)素(su)烏(wu),嘉祥阜兮集皇都。發皓羽兮奮翹英,容絜朗(lang)兮于(yu)純精。彰皇德兮侔周成,永(yong)延(yan)長兮膺天慶。(白雉(zhi)詩)
班(ban)固(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)32年—公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)92年),字孟堅,扶(fu)風安陵(ling)(今(jin)陜西(xi)咸陽(yang)東北)人,班(ban)彪長子。九(jiu)歲能文。建(jian)(jian)武二(er)十三年(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)47年)前后入洛(luo)陽(yang)太(tai)(tai)學(xue),博覽群書(shu),窮究(jiu)九(jiu)流百(bai)家之言。建(jian)(jian)武三十年(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)54年),其父(fu)班(ban)彪卒,自太(tai)(tai)學(xue)返回(hui)鄉(xiang)里(li)。為父(fu)守(shou)喪時期,在班(ban)彪續補《史(shi)記(ji)》之作《史(shi)記(ji)后傳》的(de)基(ji)礎上開始編寫(xie)《漢書(shu)》,至建(jian)(jian)初(chu)年間(jian)基(ji)本完成(cheng)(cheng)。漢明帝(di)(di)時,曾任蘭臺令史(shi),與陳(chen)宗、尹敏、孟異共同撰成(cheng)(cheng)《世祖本紀》,升遷為郎,負(fu)責校定秘書(shu)。章帝(di)(di)時,以史(shi)官兼任記(ji)錄(lu),奉命把討論結果整理(li)成(cheng)(cheng)《白虎(hu)通(tong)義》,又(you)稱《白虎(hu)通(tong)德論》。永元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)89年),大將軍竇(dou)憲(xian)奉旨遠(yuan)征匈奴,他參與謀議,竇(dou)憲(xian)在政爭中失敗自殺,洛(luo)陽(yang)令借機(ji)捕他入獄,后于(yu)(yu)永元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)四(si)年(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)92年)死于(yu)(yu)獄中。他擅長作賦,撰有《兩都賦》、《幽(you)通(tong)賦》等。
《兩(liang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賦》在(zai)結(jie)體(ti)(ti)與手法上學(xue)習了司馬相(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)《子(zi)虛(xu)賦》《上林(lin)賦》的結(jie)構方(fang)式,分(fen)《西都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)》、《東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)》;《子(zi)虛(xu)賦》虛(xu)擬亡是(shi)公針對(dui)(dui)(dui)楚(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)虛(xu)、齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烏有先生互相(xiang)(xiang)炫耀,而明天(tian)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義 ,《兩(liang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賦》由虛(xu)擬東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)主(zhu)人針對(dui)(dui)(dui)西都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賓贊揚長(chang)安, 望(wang)朝廷西顧(gu) ,而盛稱洛邑制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),以(yi)折西賓淫(yin)侈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論。上篇只寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)西都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou),下篇只寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou),內(nei)容劃分(fen)清楚(chu),結(jie)構較為(wei)合理(li)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)主(zhu)導思想上說,他不(bu)在(zai)規模和繁(fan)華(hua)的程度(du)上貶西都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)而褒東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou),而從(cong)(cong)(cong)禮(li)法的角度(du),從(cong)(cong)(cong)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)上衡量(liang)此前贊美西都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)者(zhe)所述(shu)西都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)的壯(zhuang)麗繁(fan)華(hua)實為(wei)奢(she)(she)(she)淫(yin)過(guo)度(du),無益于天(tian)下。《西都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賦》寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)長(chang)安都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)城的壯(zhuang)麗宏大(da)(da),宮殿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奇偉華(hua)美,后宮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奢(she)(she)(she)侈淫(yin)靡,也(ye)(ye)極盡(jin)鋪排(pai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能事,使作者(zhe)著(zhu)實表現(xian)出(chu)了寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)騁辭(ci)大(da)(da)賦的才(cai)能。但(dan)結(jie)果卻不(bu)是(shi)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)得越奢(she)(she)(she)華(hua)便越體(ti)(ti)現(xian)著(zhu)作者(zhe)對(dui)(dui)(dui)它的贊揚,而是(shi)折之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)法度(du),衡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)王(wang)(wang)制(zhi)(zhi)。《東(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賦》寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)洛陽(yang),雖也(ye)(ye)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)宮室(shi)、田獵(lie)的內(nei)容,但(dan)比較概括(kuo),而從(cong)(cong)(cong)禮(li)法制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)出(chu)發(fa),宣揚“宮室(shi)光明,闕庭神麗,奢(she)(she)(she)不(bu)可逾,儉不(bu)能侈”,“順時節而蒐狩,簡(jian)車(che)徒以(yi)講武,則必(bi)臨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《王(wang)(wang)制(zhi)(zhi)》,考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《風(feng)》《雅(ya)》”。
杜篤(du)的《論都(dou)(dou)賦》建(jian)議(yi)遷都(dou)(dou)長安,寫(xie)得很(hen)策略;班固維護(hu)建(jian)都(dou)(dou)洛(luo)陽,在處理(li)對(dui)前漢西都(dou)(dou)評價上,也(ye)極為(wei)謹慎小心。《東(dong)都(dou)(dou)賦》開(kai)頭云(yun):“東(dong)都(dou)(dou)主(zhu)人(ren)喟然(ran)而嘆曰:‘痛乎(hu)風俗(su)之(zhi)移人(ren)也(ye)。子實(shi)秦人(ren),矜夸館室,保界河(he)山,信識昭襄而知(zhi)始(shi)皇矣,烏睹大漢之(zhi)云(yun)為(wei)乎(hu)?’”
批(pi)評的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛頭(tou)對準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)秦皇(huang)而(er)非漢(han)(han)帝。下(xia)面(mian)接著(zhu)一(yi)小段寫“大漢(han)(han)之開元”,十分(fen)概(gai)括。因為后漢(han)(han)以(yi)承(cheng)前漢(han)(han)之皇(huang)統(tong)自居(ju),對前漢(han)(han)不能(neng)不加肯(ken)定(ding)(ding);但從前、后漢(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比較來說(shuo),當時統(tong)治者需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)對后漢(han)(han)功業(ye)和東都(dou)洛(luo)陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贊揚、歌頌,故對前漢(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功業(ye)不能(neng)作(zuo)太具(ju)體(ti)、詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)述。下(xia)面(mian)說(shuo):“今(jin)將語子以(yi)建武之治,永平(ping)之事,監于太清,以(yi)變(bian)子之惑志”,開始對后漢(han)(han)王朝功業(ye)、禮制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪敘。又(you)說(shuo):“遷(qian)都(dou)改(gai)邑,有(you)殷宗中(zhong)興之則焉(yan);即土之中(zhong),有(you)周成隆平(ping)之制(zhi)焉(yan)。”又(you)從歷史(shi)方面(mian)來論證(zheng)定(ding)(ding)都(dou)洛(luo)邑,前有(you)先例,且居(ju)天下(xia)之中(zhong),得地利之便。由賦中(zhong)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安排和措詞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上下(xia)照應情況,可以(yi)看出(chu)當時最高統(tong)治者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心態(tai)和班固對此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把握(wo)。
《東(dong)都(dou)賦》以(yi)(yi)封(feng)建(jian)禮(li)(li)法為(wei)準則,贊揚了建(jian)武、永平的(de)盛(sheng)世,以(yi)(yi)“盛(sheng)乎斯世”一語作(zuo)為(wei)大段(duan)描述的(de)結(jie)尾,對西都(dou)賓(bin)先予稱(cheng)贊,再予批評,行文(wen)搖(yao)曳(ye)多姿,善(shan)于達意。下面(mian)又(you)將西都(dou)同東(dong)都(dou)的(de)形(xing)勢及風俗(su)直接加以(yi)(yi)比較:“且(qie)夫(fu)僻界西戎,險(xian)阻四塞,修其防(fang)御,孰(shu)與處乎土中,平夷(yi)洞達,萬方輻湊?秦嶺、九嵕,涇、渭之川,曷若四瀆(du)、五岳,帶河溯洛,圖(tu)書之淵?建(jian)章(zhang)、甘泉,館(guan)御列仙,孰(shu)與靈臺、明(ming)堂,統(tong)和天人?太液、昆明(ming),鳥獸之囿,曷若辟雍(yong)海流,道德之富?游(you)俠(xia)逾侈,犯義侵(qin)禮(li)(li),孰(shu)與同履(lv)法度(du),翼翼濟濟也?”
態度(du)鮮明地稱贊東都(dou)(dou)(dou)洛陽地利、形勢及(ji)禮俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淳厚,建筑、設置(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合于(yu)王道。“統和(he)天(tian)人”、“同履法度(du)”,點出了《東都(dou)(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》的主題;“圖(tu)書之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淵”、“道德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富”,是(shi)《東都(dou)(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》著力鋪敘、宣揚(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所在。下面照應本篇開(kai)頭(tou)部分(fen):“子徒習(xi)秦(qin)阿房之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)天(tian),而(er)不(bu)知京洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有制也;識函谷(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)關,而(er)不(bu)知王者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無外也”。完(wan)全(quan)以一(yi)(yi)個新的尺度(du)來衡量秦(qin)(實際上(shang)是(shi)代(dai)指西漢)和(he)東漢王朝政(zheng)教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得(de)失。接著以西都(dou)(dou)(dou)賓的折(zhe)服為(wei)賦(fu)正文部分(fen)的收束(shu)。這同《上(shang)林賦(fu)》的結(jie)尾完(wan)全(quan)一(yi)(yi)樣。但整個說來,班固的《兩(liang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》開(kai)頭(tou)、結(jie)尾、過渡等章法更為(wei)嚴謹、自(zi)然,且(qie)富于(yu)情態,長于(yu)韻味(wei)。
班固《兩都(dou)賦》由于創作的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在于表(biao)述一(yi)個(ge)政治(zhi)問題上(shang)的(de)(de)個(ge)人見解(jie),甚至是(shi)為(wei)了(le)參(can)與(yu)一(yi)場爭論,故它(ta)不(bu)似(si)《子虛》《上(shang)林》的(de)(de)有(you)很多虛夸的(de)(de)部分(fen),以氣(qi)爭勝,而更(geng)多實證。它(ta)主要不(bu)是(shi)抒發一(yi)種(zhong)情(qing)感(gan),表(biao)現(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)精(jing)神,而是(shi)要表(biao)現(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)思想,體現(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)觀念。這(zhe)也可(ke)以說是(shi)同(tong)時代風(feng)氣(qi)有(you)關,是(shi)當時文風(feng)和(he)(he)社會風(feng)氣(qi)的(de)(de)體現(xian)。另外,同(tong)該賦中強(qiang)調禮(li)制、強(qiang)調崇儒(ru)思想相(xiang)一(yi)致,賦的(de)(de)語(yu)言典雅和(he)(he)麗(li)(馬積高先生《賦史(shi)》即已指出這(zhe)一(yi)點),節(jie)奏步武從容,和(he)(he)鑾(luan)相(xiang)鳴,可(ke)謂金聲玉振,有(you)廟堂朝儀的(de)(de)風(feng)度。
在結(jie)構上(shang),《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》對《子(zi)虛》《上(shang)林》也有(you)(you)突(tu)破,上(shang)文已言(yan)(yan)及。下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)再看看其結(jie)尾(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)的(de)創意。作(zuo)為(wei)全(quan)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)結(jie)束(shu),《東都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》末(mo)尾(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)是在西(xi)都(dou)(dou)賓(bin)“矍然失(shi)容,逡巡(xun)降(jiang)階,惵然意下(xia)(xia),捧手欲辭(ci)”之(zhi)(zhi)后即(ji)結(jie)束(shu),下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)接上(shang)說:“主人曰(yue):復位(wei),今將授予以五篇(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)詩(shi)。”大約是考慮到下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)即(ji)錄附詩(shi),會使結(jie)尾(wei)(wei)(wei)割裂而失(shi)去風韻,故將詩(shi)附于篇(pian)末(mo),而以西(xi)都(dou)(dou)賓(bin)的(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)贊(zan)為(wei)結(jie)尾(wei)(wei)(wei):賓(bin)既(ji)卒業,乃稱(cheng)(cheng)曰(yue):“美哉(zai)乎(hu)(hu)斯詩(shi)!義(yi)正(zheng)乎(hu)(hu)揚(yang)(yang)雄(xiong),事實(shi)乎(hu)(hu)相如(ru)(ru),匪(fei)唯主人之(zhi)(zhi)好學,蓋乃遭遇乎(hu)(hu)斯時也。小子(zi)狂簡(jian),不(bu)知所裁(cai),既(ji)聞(wen)正(zheng)遭,請(qing)終(zhong)身而誦(song)之(zhi)(zhi)。”顯得輕松而詼諧,多少帶有(you)(you)一點寓(yu)言(yan)(yan)的(de)味道(dao),使這篇(pian)騁辭(ci)大賦(fu)(fu)(fu)在莊嚴之(zhi)(zhi)中,帶有(you)(you)活潑(po)之(zhi)(zhi)氣。其中“義(yi)正(zheng)乎(hu)(hu)揚(yang)(yang)雄(xiong),事實(shi)乎(hu)(hu)相如(ru)(ru)”,也可以看作(zuo)是班固自己對《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》特色的(de)概括。
《兩都(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》所描述的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)內(nei)(nei)容,已不再像司(si)馬相如(ru)那樣重在(zai)帝王宮苑(yuan)、游獵,而(er)是借鑒揚雄(xiong)《蜀都(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》,創(chuang)造性地(di)發展為(wei)京都(dou)山河形(xing)勢、表里布局(ju)和雄(xiong)偉氣象(xiang),雖然(ran)不能全免大賦(fu)(fu)(fu)夸張渲(xuan)染失實(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing),但由于采用了(le)不少實(shi)際的(de)(de)歷史地(di)理資(zi)料(liao),而(er)不顯過分(fen)虛浮,有真切的(de)(de)現實(shi)感。《兩都(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》同《子虛》《上林》的(de)(de)僅寫田獵者(zhe)相比,內(nei)(nei)容要更(geng)為(wei)豐富、開(kai)闊,也更(geng)能集中(zhong)地(di)、多(duo)角(jiao)度、多(duo)方面地(di)展現一個時代(dai)政治、經濟(ji)、文(wen)化的(de)(de)發展狀況(kuang)。《兩都(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》中(zhong)無論是都(dou)城形(xing)勝、街市(shi)繁華,還是郊(jiao)野氣象(xiang)、農(nong)桑豐碩,都(dou)有具(ju)體(ti)而(er)生動(dong)的(de)(de)藝術(shu)表現,做到了(le)文(wen)贍而(er)事(shi)詳 ,引(yin)人遐想。另外,在(zai)語言的(de)(de)運用上,排偶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),音調(diao)和諧,極少奇僻的(de)(de)異(yi)體(ti)字,明(ming)暢(chang)順達,無漢賦(fu)(fu)(fu)常見的(de)(de)臃腫澀滯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,又確實(shi)使讀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)娓娓而(er)不厭。
《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》被蕭統《文選(xuan)》列為(wei)第(di)一篇,劉勰(xie)也稱其“明絢以(yi)雅(ya)贍(shan)”。后世(shi)時(shi)有人對《兩都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》加以(yi)摹擬,形成“京都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)”的(de)類(lei)型。《文選(xuan)》分賦(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)十(shi)五類(lei),“京都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)”列在第(di)一。《文苑(yuan)英華》《歷代賦(fu)(fu)(fu)匯》等也有“京都(dou)(dou)”或(huo)“都(dou)(dou)邑(yi)”一類(lei)。
盡管在班固之前(qian)已有(you)京都賦(fu)之作,但能使(shi)這類題材(cai)以及表現方(fang)式、結構方(fang)式結合而形成大賦(fu)的一種門(men)類,乃有(you)賴于《兩都賦(fu)》取得的成就。歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)很多優(you)秀的作品,尤其具有(you)某方(fang)面(mian)劃(hua)時代意(yi)義的作品,往往成為后(hou)來作家學習、甚至摹(mo)擬(ni)的范本。班固之前(qian)的京都之作,揚雄的《蜀都賦(fu)》已有(you)殘(can)缺,崔骃、傅毅(yi)的《反(fan)都賦(fu)》只余殘(can)章剩句,傅毅(yi)《洛都賦(fu)》也有(you)殘(can)缺,便說明了它們(men)的歷(li)史(shi)地(di)位。
盡管(guan)《兩都(dou)賦(fu)》在藝術(shu)上取得了相(xiang)當的(de)成就(jiu),歷來為(wei)士大(da)夫所(suo)重,但是總體來看,沒(mei)有也(ye)不(bu)可能從根(gen)本上革除早已被揚雄針砭的(de)散體大(da)賦(fu)自身具有的(de)通弊(bi),從而(er)(er)扭轉其衰(shuai)竭之(zhi)勢。就(jiu)賦(fu)體文學(xue)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)趨勢而(er)(er)言,當大(da)賦(fu)已經定(ding)型為(wei)以(yi)窮泰(tai)極侈的(de)筆墨達頌圣之(zhi)旨,即便有諷(feng)諭,也(ye)不(bu)過“勸百(bai)諷(feng)一” ,而(er)(er)以(yi)騷(sao)體為(wei)代表的(de)抒發(fa)(fa)內心情懷(huai)之(zhi)賦(fu),正越(yue)來越(yue)成熟(shu),在顯示(shi)出強(qiang)勁(jing)的(de)藝術(shu)生命力之(zhi)時,仍要恪(ke)守老路,企圖重新振興,畢竟是違反客觀(guan)規律,逆歷史潮流而(er)(er)動,斷(duan)不(bu)會(hui)成功。