或(huo)曰:“賦者(zhe),古詩(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流也。”昔(xi)成、康沒而(er)(er)(er)頌聲寢(qin),王澤竭而(er)(er)(er)詩(shi)(shi)不作。大(da)(da)漢(han)初定,日不暇給。至于(yu)武、宣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,乃崇禮官(guan),考(kao)文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)。內設金馬、石渠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署(shu),外(wai)興(xing)樂府(fu)、協律之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,以(yi)興(xing)廢繼絕,潤色鴻(hong)業。是以(yi)眾庶(shu)悅豫,福應尤(you)盛,白麟、赤雁、芝房、寶鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌(ge),薦于(yu)郊(jiao)廟。神雀(que)、五鳳(feng)、甘露、黃(huang)龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瑞(rui),以(yi)為年(nian)紀(ji)。故(gu)言語侍從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen),若司馬相如(ru)、虞(yu)丘壽(shou)王、東(dong)方朔、枚皋、王褒、劉向(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬,朝夕論思,日月獻納。而(er)(er)(er)公卿大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)御(yu)(yu)史大(da)(da)夫(fu)倪寬、太常孔臧、大(da)(da)中大(da)(da)夫(fu)董仲舒、宗正劉德(de)、太子(zi)太傅蕭(xiao)望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng),時時間作。或(huo)以(yi)抒下(xia)情而(er)(er)(er)通諷諭,或(huo)以(yi)宣上德(de)而(er)(er)(er)盡忠孝(xiao)(xiao),雍容揄揚,著于(yu)后嗣,抑亦《雅(ya)》《頌》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亞也,故(gu)孝(xiao)(xiao)成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,論而(er)(er)(er)錄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。蓋奏御(yu)(yu)者(zhe)千有(you)(you)余篇(pian),而(er)(er)(er)后大(da)(da)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)章(zhang),炳焉與三代同風(feng)。且(qie)夫(fu)道有(you)(you)夷隆,學有(you)(you)粗密,因時而(er)(er)(er)建德(de)者(zhe),不以(yi)遠近易則,故(gu)皋陶歌(ge)虞(yu),奚斯頌魯,同見采(cai)于(yu)孔氏,列于(yu)《詩(shi)(shi)》《書》,其(qi)義一也。稽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上古則如(ru)彼,考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)漢(han)室(shi)又如(ru)此。斯事雖細,然先臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊(jiu)式,國(guo)家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺美,不可闕(que)也。臣(chen)(chen)(chen)竊見海內清平,朝廷無事,京師修宮(gong)室(shi),浚(jun)城隍(huang),起苑囿,以(yi)備制(zhi)度。西土耆老,咸懷怨(yuan)思,冀上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眷顧,而(er)(er)(er)盛稱長安(an)舊(jiu)制(zhi),有(you)(you)陋(lou)雒邑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議。故(gu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)作《兩(liang)都(dou)賦》,以(yi)極(ji)眾人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)眩(xuan)曜,折(zhe)以(yi)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法度,其(qi)詞曰:
西都賦
有(you)西都(dou)(dou)賓問于東都(dou)(dou)主(zhu)人曰:“蓋(gai)聞(wen)皇漢之(zhi)初經(jing)營也(ye),嘗有(you)意(yi)乎(hu)都(dou)(dou)河(he)、洛矣。輟而(er)弗康(kang),實(shi)用西遷,作(zuo)我上都(dou)(dou)。主(zhu)人聞(wen)其故而(er)睹其制乎(hu)?”主(zhu)人曰:“未也(ye)。愿賓攄(shu)懷舊之(zhi)蓄念,發思古(gu)之(zhi)幽(you)情,博(bo)我以皇道,弘(hong)我以漢京。”賓曰:“唯(wei)唯(wei)。”
“漢之西(xi)(xi)都,在于雍(yong)州(zhou),實(shi)曰(yue)長安。左據(ju)函谷、二崤之阻(zu),表以太華(hua)、終南之山。右(you)界褒斜、隴首之險(xian),帶以洪河、涇、渭之川。眾流之隈(wei),汧(qian)涌其西(xi)(xi)。華(hua)實(shi)之毛,則九州(zhou)之上腴(yu)焉。防(fang)御之阻(zu),則天下之隩區(qu)焉。是故橫被(bei)六合,三成帝畿,周(zhou)以龍興,秦(qin)以虎視。及至大漢受(shou)命而(er)(er)都之也,仰(yang)寤東井(jing)之精,俯協《河圖》之靈(ling)。奉春建(jian)策,留(liu)侯演(yan)成。天人(ren)合應,以發皇(huang)明,乃眷西(xi)(xi)顧,實(shi)惟作京。于是睎秦(qin)嶺,睋北阜,挾酆灞,據(ju)龍首。圖皇(huang)基于億載,度宏規而(er)(er)大起。肇自高(gao)而(er)(er)終平(ping),世增飾以崇麗。歷(li)十(shi)二之延(yan)祚,故窮奢而(er)(er)極侈。建(jian)金城(cheng)其萬雉(zhi),呀周(zhou)池而(er)(er)成淵。披三條之廣(guang)路,立十(shi)二之通門。內則街衢洞達,閭(lv)閻且千,九市開場,貨(huo)別隧分。入不得顧,車不得旋(xuan),闐城(cheng)溢郭(guo),旁(pang)流百廛。紅塵四(si)合,煙(yan)云相連。于是既庶且富,娛樂無疆。都人(ren)士(shi)女,殊異乎(hu)五方。游士(shi)擬于公侯,列(lie)肆(si)侈于姬姜。鄉曲豪(hao)舉,游俠之雄,節慕(mu)原、嘗,名亞(ya)春、陵。連交合眾,騁騖乎(hu)其中。
“若乃觀(guan)其(qi)四郊,浮(fu)游近(jin)縣,則南望杜(du)、霸,北眺(tiao)五(wu)陵。名(ming)都對郭,邑居(ju)相承。英俊之(zhi)(zhi)域,紱冕所(suo)(suo)(suo)興。冠蓋如(ru)云,七相五(wu)公。與乎(hu)(hu)(hu)州郡之(zhi)(zhi)豪杰,五(wu)都之(zhi)(zhi)貨殖,三(san)(san)選七遷(qian),充奉陵邑。蓋以(yi)強(qiang)干(gan)弱枝,隆上都而(er)觀(guan)萬國也。封(feng)畿之(zhi)(zhi)內,厥土(tu)千里,逴躒諸夏,兼其(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有。其(qi)陽則崇山(shan)隱天,幽(you)林穹谷,陸海(hai)珍藏,藍田美玉。商、洛緣其(qi)隈(wei),鄠、杜(du)濱其(qi)足(zu),源泉灌注,陂(po)池(chi)交屬。竹林果園,芳草(cao)甘(gan)木,郊野之(zhi)(zhi)富,號為近(jin)蜀(shu)。其(qi)陰則冠以(yi)九嵕,陪(pei)以(yi)甘(gan)泉,乃有靈(ling)宮起乎(hu)(hu)(hu)其(qi)中(zhong)。秦漢之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)極(ji)觀(guan),淵云之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)頌嘆,于(yu)(yu)是乎(hu)(hu)(hu)存焉。下(xia)有鄭(zheng)、白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)沃,衣食之(zhi)(zhi)源。提封(feng)五(wu)萬,疆埸綺分,溝(gou)塍(cheng)刻縷,原(yuan)隰龍鱗,決渠降雨,荷插(cha)成云。五(wu)谷垂穎,桑麻鋪棻。東郊則有通(tong)溝(gou)大漕,潰渭洞(dong)河,泛舟山(shan)東,控引淮湖,與海(hai)通(tong)波。西(xi)郊則有上囿禁苑,林麓(lu)藪(sou)澤,陂(po)池(chi)連乎(hu)(hu)(hu)蜀(shu)漢,繚以(yi)周(zhou)墻,四百余里。離宮別(bie)館,三(san)(san)十六所(suo)(suo)(suo)。神池(chi)靈(ling)沼,往(wang)往(wang)而(er)在。其(qi)中(zhong)乃有九真之(zhi)(zhi)麟,大宛之(zhi)(zhi)馬(ma),黃支(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)犀(xi),條支(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)鳥。逾昆侖,越巨(ju)海(hai),殊(shu)方異類,至于(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)萬里。
“其(qi)宮室也,體象乎(hu)(hu)天地,經緯乎(hu)(hu)陰陽(yang)。據坤靈(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正位,放太紫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圓方。樹中之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華闕,豐冠(guan)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朱(zhu)堂。因瑰材而(er)(er)究奇,抗應龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虹梁。列棼橑以(yi)(yi)布翼,荷棟(dong)桴而(er)(er)高驤。雕玉(yu)瑱以(yi)(yi)居楹,裁金(jin)壁(bi)以(yi)(yi)飾珰。發五色之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渥彩(cai),光(guang)焰朗以(yi)(yi)景(jing)彰。于是(shi)(shi)左墄右平(ping),重軒三階。閨房周(zhou)通(tong),門(men)闥洞(dong)開。列鐘虡于中庭(ting)(ting),立金(jin)人(ren)于端(duan)闈。仍增(zeng)崖(ya)而(er)(er)衡(heng)閾,臨(lin)峻(jun)路而(er)(er)啟扉。徇以(yi)(yi)離(li)殿別寢(qin),承以(yi)(yi)崇臺閑館(guan),煥若列宿,紫宮是(shi)(shi)環(huan)。清涼、宣溫、神仙、長年、金(jin)華、玉(yu)堂、白虎、麒麟,區宇若茲,不(bu)可殫論。增(zeng)盤(pan)崔嵬,登降炤(zhao)爛,殊形(xing)詭(gui)制(zhi),每各(ge)異(yi)觀。乘(cheng)茵步輦,惟所息宴。后(hou)(hou)宮則有(you)(you)掖庭(ting)(ting)、椒(jiao)房,后(hou)(hou)妃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室。合歡、增(zeng)城、安處(chu)、常寧、茝若、椒(jiao)風、披香、發越、蘭林、蕙草(cao)、鴛(yuan)鸞(luan)、飛翔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)列,昭陽(yang)特盛,隆乎(hu)(hu)孝成。屋不(bu)呈(cheng)材,墻(qiang)不(bu)露形(xing)。裛(yi)以(yi)(yi)藻繡,絡以(yi)(yi)綸連。隨侯明月,錯(cuo)落其(qi)間。金(jin)釭銜璧,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)列錢。翡翠火齊,流耀含英。懸黎(li)垂棘,夜(ye)光(guang)在焉。于是(shi)(shi)玄墀筘砌,玉(yu)階彤庭(ting)(ting),碝磩彩(cai)致(zhi),琳珉(min)青熒,珊瑚(hu)碧樹,周(zhou)阿而(er)(er)生。紅羅颯纚,綺組繽紛。精(jing)曜華燭,俯仰如神。后(hou)(hou)宮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)號,十(shi)有(you)(you)四位。窈(yao)窕繁華,更盛迭貴。處(chu)乎(hu)(hu)斯(si)列者,蓋以(yi)(yi)百(bai)數。左右庭(ting)(ting)中,朝堂百(bai)寮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,蕭、曹、魏、邴,謀(mou)謨乎(hu)(hu)其(qi)上(shang)。佐命則垂統(tong),輔翼則成化。流大(da)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愷悌,蕩亡秦(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)毒螫。故(gu)令斯(si)人(ren)揚樂和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聲,作畫(hua)一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歌。功德著于祖宗(zong),膏澤(ze)洽(qia)于黎(li)庶。又(you)(you)有(you)(you)天祿、石(shi)渠,典(dian)(dian)籍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府。命夫(fu)諄誨故(gu)老,名儒(ru)師傅,講論乎(hu)(hu)六(liu)藝,稽合乎(hu)(hu)同異(yi)。又(you)(you)有(you)(you)承明、金(jin)馬、著作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭(ting)(ting)。大(da)雅(ya)宏(hong)達,于茲為(wei)群(qun)(qun)。元元本本,周(zhou)見洽(qia)聞。啟發篇(pian)章,校(xiao)理(li)秘文。周(zhou)以(yi)(yi)鉤陳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位,衛以(yi)(yi)嚴更之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)署(shu),總禮官之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甲科,群(qun)(qun)百(bai)郡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廉孝。虎賁(bi)贅衣,閹尹(yin)閽寺。陛戟百(bai)重,各(ge)有(you)(you)典(dian)(dian)司。
“周廬(lu)千列,徼道(dao)綺錯。輦路經(jing)(jing)營,修(xiu)除飛閣。自(zi)未央而(er)連桂宮,北彌(mi)明(ming)光而(er)亙(gen)長樂。凌隥道(dao)而(er)超西墉,掍建章而(er)連外屬(shu)。設璧門之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳳闕,上觚棱(leng)而(er)棲金爵。內則別風之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶕峣,眇麗巧而(er)聳擢(zhuo)(zhuo),張(zhang)千門而(er)立(li)萬戶,順陰陽(yang)以(yi)(yi)開闔。爾乃正(zheng)殿崔(cui)嵬,層構(gou)厥高,臨(lin)乎未央。經(jing)(jing)駘蕩而(er)出馺娑,洞枍詣以(yi)(yi)與(yu)天梁。上反宇以(yi)(yi)蓋戴,激日景而(er)納(na)光。神(shen)明(ming)郁其(qi)特起,遂偃蹇而(er)上躋。軼(yi)云雨于(yu)太半,虹霓回(hui)帶于(yu)棼楣。雖(sui)輕(qing)迅(xun)與(yu)僄(piao)狡,猶愕眙(yi)而(er)不能階(jie)。攀井(jing)干(gan)而(er)未半,目眴轉而(er)意迷,舍欞檻而(er)卻倚(yi),若顛墜(zhui)而(er)復稽,魂怳(huang)(huang)怳(huang)(huang)以(yi)(yi)失度(du),巡(xun)回(hui)途而(er)下低,既懲懼(ju)于(yu)登望,降(jiang)周流以(yi)(yi)彷徨。步(bu)甬(yong)道(dao)以(yi)(yi)縈(ying)紆,又杳窱而(er)不見陽(yang)。排飛闥而(er)上出,若游目于(yu)天表,似無(wu)依而(er)洋(yang)洋(yang)。前唐中而(er)后太液,攬滄海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)湯(tang)湯(tang)。揚波濤于(yu)碣石(shi),激神(shen)岳(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嶈嶈。濫瀛洲與(yu)方壺,蓬(peng)萊起乎中央。于(yu)是靈(ling)草(cao)冬(dong)榮,神(shen)木叢生。巖峻崷崪,金石(shi)崢嶸。抗仙(xian)掌以(yi)(yi)承(cheng)露(lu),擢(zhuo)(zhuo)雙(shuang)立(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)金莖,軼(yi)埃壒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)濁,鮮顥氣(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清英。騁文成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)丕(pi)誕,馳(chi)五利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所刑。庶(shu)松喬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群(qun)類(lei),時(shi)游從(cong)乎斯(si)庭。實(shi)列仙(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)攸館,非吾人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所寧。
“爾(er)乃(nai)盛娛(yu)游之壯(zhuang)觀,奮泰(tai)武乎上(shang)囿。因茲(zi)以威戎夸狄,耀威靈而(er)講武事。命荊州使起鳥、詔梁野(ye)而(er)驅獸(shou)(shou)。毛(mao)群內闐(tian),飛羽上(shang)覆,接翼側(ce)足(zu),集禁林而(er)屯聚。水衡(heng)虞人,修(xiu)其(qi)營表。種別群分,部(bu)曲有署。罘(fu)網連纮,籠山絡野(ye)。列卒(zu)周匝,星羅(luo)云(yun)布。于是乘鑾輿(yu),備法駕,帥群臣(chen),披飛廉,入苑門。遂繞酆鄗,歷上(shang)蘭。六師發逐(zhu),百獸(shou)(shou)駭(hai)殫,震(zhen)震(zhen)爚爚,雷(lei)奔電激,草木涂(tu)地,山淵反覆。蹂躪其(qi)十二三,乃(nai)拗怒而(er)少息(xi)。爾(er)乃(nai)期(qi)門佽飛,列刃鉆(zhan)鍭(hou),要趹追蹤。鳥驚觸絲,獸(shou)(shou)駭(hai)值鋒。機不(bu)虛掎,弦不(bu)再(zai)控。矢不(bu)單(dan)殺,中必疊雙。颮颮紛紛,矰繳相纏。風毛(mao)雨血,灑野(ye)蔽(bi)天。平原赤(chi),勇士(shi)厲(li)。猿狖失木,豺狼懾竄(cuan)。爾(er)乃(nai)移師趨險,并蹈潛(qian)穢。窮虎奔突,狂兕觸蹶(jue)。許少施巧,秦成力折。掎僄狡,扼猛噬。脫角挫脰,徒搏(bo)獨殺。挾師豹,拖(tuo)熊(xiong)螭。曳犀(xi)犛,頓象羆(pi)。超洞壑,越峻(jun)崖。蹶(jue)巉巖,巨(ju)石頹。松柏仆,叢林摧。草木無余,禽(qin)獸(shou)(shou)殄夷。
“于是天子乃登(deng)屬玉(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)館,歷(li)長揚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榭。覽山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)勢,觀三(san)軍(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殺(sha)獲。原野(ye)蕭條,目極(ji)四裔。禽相(xiang)鎮壓(ya),獸相(xiang)枕藉。然后(hou)(hou)收禽會眾,論功賜胙。陳(chen)輕騎以行炰,騰酒車以斟酌。割鮮野(ye)食,舉烽命釂。饗賜畢,勞逸齊,大輅鳴鑾,容(rong)與徘徊。集乎(hu)豫(yu)章(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宇,臨乎(hu)昆明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池(chi)。左牽牛而右織女,似(si)云漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無涯。茂樹蔭蔚(yu),芳草被堤。蘭茝發色,曄(ye)曄(ye)猗猗。若(ruo)摛錦布繡,燭燿(yao)乎(hu)其陂。鳥則玄鶴白鷺,黃鵠(hu)鵁鸛(guan),鸧鴰鴇鶂,鳧鷖鴻(hong)雁。朝發河海,夕宿江(jiang)漢(han)。沉浮(fu)往來(lai),云集霧散(san)。于是后(hou)(hou)宮乘輚輅,登(deng)龍舟。張鳳蓋,建華(hua)旗。祛黼帷(wei),鏡(jing)清流。靡微風,澹(dan)淡浮(fu)。棹女謳,鼓(gu)吹震,聲激(ji)越(yue),謍厲(li)天,鳥群翔,直(zhi)窺淵。招白鷴,下雙鵠(hu)。揄文竿,出比目。撫鴻(hong)罿,御矰繳,方舟并騖,俯(fu)仰極(ji)樂。遂乃風舉云搖,浮(fu)游溥覽。前乘秦嶺,后(hou)(hou)越(yue)九嵕(zong),東薄河華(hua),西涉岐雍。宮館所(suo)(suo)歷(li),百有余區(qu)。行所(suo)(suo)朝夕,儲不改供。禮上(shang)下而接(jie)山(shan)川,究休(xiu)佑(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)用。采游童(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)歡謠,第(di)從臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嘉頌。于斯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,都(dou)都(dou)相(xiang)望,邑邑相(xiang)屬。國籍(ji)十(shi)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基,家承(cheng)百年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業,士食舊德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)氏,農服先(xian)疇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畎畝,商循族世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)鬻,工用高(gao)曾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規矩。粲乎(hu)隱(yin)(yin)隱(yin)(yin),各得其所(suo)(suo)。
“若臣者徒觀跡于舊(jiu)墟,聞之乎故(gu)老,十分而未得其一端,故(gu)不能遍舉也(ye)。”
東都賦
東(dong)都主人喟(kui)然而(er)嘆曰:“痛乎(hu)風俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)移人也。子實秦人,矜夸館(guan)室,保(bao)界河(he)山,信識(shi)昭(zhao)、襄而(er)知(zhi)始皇矣(yi),烏睹(du)大(da)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云為乎(hu)?夫大(da)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開元也,奮布衣(yi)以登皇位(wei),由(you)數期而(er)創萬(wan)代(dai),蓋六籍所不能談(tan),前圣靡(mi)得言焉當此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,功有(you)橫而(er)當天,討有(you)逆而(er)順民。故婁敬(jing)度勢而(er)獻其說,蕭公權宜而(er)拓(tuo)其制。時豈泰而(er)安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哉,計不得以已也。吾子曾不是(shi)睹(du),顧(gu)曜后嗣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末造,不亦暗乎(hu)?今(jin)將語子以建武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治,永平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,監于太清,以變子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惑志(zhi)。
“往者王(wang)莽作逆(ni),漢祚中缺,天(tian)人致(zhi)誅,六(liu)合相(xiang)滅(mie)。于(yu)時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan),生人幾(ji)亡,鬼神泯絕,壑無完柩,郛罔遺室。原野(ye)厭人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肉(rou),川谷流人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血(xue),秦、項之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)災,猶不克(ke)半,書契(qi)以(yi)(yi)來(lai),未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)紀。故下人號(hao)(hao)而(er)上訴,上帝(di)(di)懷而(er)降監,乃(nai)致(zhi)命乎(hu)(hu)圣(sheng)(sheng)皇(huang)(huang)。于(yu)是圣(sheng)(sheng)皇(huang)(huang)乃(nai)握乾(qian)符,闡坤珍,披皇(huang)(huang)圖(tu),稽帝(di)(di)文(wen),赫然發憤,應若興云,霆擊昆陽(yang),憑(ping)怒雷震。遂超大河(he),跨北(bei)岳,立(li)號(hao)(hao)高(gao)邑(yi),建都(dou)河(he)、洛。紹百(bai)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荒屯,因造(zao)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蕩滌,體元立(li)制(zhi),繼天(tian)而(er)作。系(xi)唐統,接(jie)漢緒(xu),茂育群生,恢復(fu)疆宇,勛兼乎(hu)(hu)在昔(xi),事勤乎(hu)(hu)三五。豈特方軌并跡,紛紛后辟,治近古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所務,蹈(dao)一圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險(xian)易云爾哉。且夫(fu)建武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元,天(tian)地革(ge)命,四海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,更造(zao)夫(fu)婦,肇有(you)父子,君臣初建,人倫實始(shi),斯(si)乃(nai)伏犧(xi)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)基皇(huang)(huang)德也(ye)。分州土,立(li)市朝,作盤(pan)輿(yu),造(zao)器(qi)械,斯(si)乃(nai)軒轅(yuan)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)開帝(di)(di)功(gong)也(ye)。龔行天(tian)罰,應天(tian)順(shun)人,斯(si)乃(nai)湯(tang)、武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)昭王(wang)業也(ye)。遷都(dou)改邑(yi),有(you)殷宗(zong)中興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則焉。即土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,有(you)周成(cheng)隆平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)焉。不階尺土一人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柄(bing),同(tong)符乎(hu)(hu)高(gao)祖。克(ke)己復(fu)禮,以(yi)(yi)奉終始(shi),允恭乎(hu)(hu)孝文(wen)。憲章稽古(gu),封(feng)岱(dai)勒成(cheng),儀炳乎(hu)(hu)世宗(zong)。案《六(liu)經》而(er)校德,眇古(gu)昔(xi)而(er)論功(gong),仁圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事既該,而(er)帝(di)(di)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道備(bei)矣。
“至于(yu)永(yong)平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,重熙而(er)(er)累洽,盛三雍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)儀(yi),修袞龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法服,鋪鴻藻,信景(jing)鑠,揚(yang)世廟,正雅(ya)樂(le)(le)。人神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)允洽,群(qun)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)序既肅。乃動大(da)輅,遵(zun)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)衢,省方(fang)(fang)巡狩,窮覽萬國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有無(wu),考聲教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)被,散皇(huang)(huang)(huang)明(ming)(ming)以(yi)燭(zhu)幽(you)。然(ran)后(hou)增周舊,修洛邑(yi),扇巍巍,顯(xian)翼翼。光漢(han)京于(yu)諸夏,總(zong)八(ba)方(fang)(fang)而(er)(er)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極。是(shi)以(yi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,宮(gong)室光明(ming)(ming),闕庭神(shen)麗,奢不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逾(yu),儉(jian)不(bu)(bu)能侈。外則因原野以(yi)作苑,填流泉而(er)(er)為(wei)沼,發蘋藻以(yi)潛魚,豐圃草(cao)以(yi)毓獸,制(zhi)同(tong)乎(hu)(hu)梁鄒,誼合乎(hu)(hu)靈(ling)囿。若乃順(shun)時節而(er)(er)蒐狩,簡(jian)車(che)徒以(yi)講武(wu),則必臨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《王(wang)(wang)制(zhi)》,考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)《風》《雅(ya)》,歷《騶虞(yu)》,覽《駟鐵》,嘉(jia)《車(che)攻》,采《吉日》,禮官(guan)整儀(yi),乘輿乃出。于(yu)是(shi)發鯨魚,鏗華鐘(zhong)(zhong),登玉輅,乘時龍,鳳(feng)蓋(gai)棽麗,和(he)鑾玲瓏,天(tian)官(guan)景(jing)從,寢威盛容(rong)(rong)。山靈(ling)護野,屬御方(fang)(fang)神(shen),雨師泛灑,風伯清塵,千乘雷起,萬騎紛紜(yun),元戎竟野,戈鋌彗云,羽(yu)旄掃霓,旌(jing)旗拂天(tian)。焱焱炎(yan)炎(yan),揚(yang)光飛(fei)文,吐焰生(sheng)風,欱野噴山,日月為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奪明(ming)(ming),丘陵為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)搖震。遂集乎(hu)(hu)中(zhong)囿,陳師案(an)(an)屯,駢部曲,列校隊,勒三軍,誓將帥。然(ran)后(hou)舉烽伐鼓,申令三驅,輶車(che)霆(ting)激(ji),驍騎電騖,由基發射(she),范氏施御,弦不(bu)(bu)睼(ti)是(shi)禽,轡不(bu)(bu)詭遇,飛(fei)者未(wei)及翔,走者未(wei)及去。指(zhi)顧倏忽,獲車(che)已(yi)實,樂(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)極盤,殺不(bu)(bu)盡物(wu),馬踠余足,士怒未(wei)渫,先驅復路,屬車(che)案(an)(an)節。于(yu)是(shi)薦(jian)三犧(xi),效五牲,禮神(shen)祇,懷(huai)百(bai)(bai)(bai)靈(ling),覲明(ming)(ming)堂,臨辟雍,揚(yang)緝(ji)熙,宣皇(huang)(huang)(huang)風,登靈(ling)臺,考休徵。俯(fu)仰乎(hu)(hu)乾坤,參象(xiang)乎(hu)(hu)圣躬,目(mu)中(zhong)夏而(er)(er)布德,瞰四(si)裔而(er)(er)抗(kang)棱。西蕩河源,東澹海漘(chun),北(bei)動幽(you)崖,南(nan)趯朱垠。殊方(fang)(fang)別區,界絕而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)鄰。自孝(xiao)武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)征,孝(xiao)宣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)未(wei)臣,莫不(bu)(bu)陸詟水栗,奔走而(er)(er)來賓。遂綏哀牢(lao),開永(yong)昌,春王(wang)(wang)三朝,會(hui)同(tong)漢(han)京。是(shi)日也,天(tian)子受四(si)海之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖籍,膺(ying)萬國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貢珍,內撫諸夏,外綏百(bai)(bai)(bai)蠻(man)。爾乃盛禮興樂(le)(le),供帳(zhang)置乎(hu)(hu)云龍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)庭,陳百(bai)(bai)(bai)寮而(er)(er)贊群(qun)后(hou),究皇(huang)(huang)(huang)儀(yi)而(er)(er)展帝容(rong)(rong)。于(yu)是(shi)庭實千品,旨酒萬鐘(zhong)(zhong),列金罍(lei),班玉觴,嘉(jia)珍御,太牢(lao)饗。爾乃食舉《雍》徹(che),太師奏樂(le)(le),陳金石,布絲(si)竹(zhu),鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓鏗鍧,管弦燁煜。抗(kang)五聲,極六律,歌九功,舞八(ba)佾,《韶》《武(wu)》備,泰古(gu)華。四(si)夷間奏,德廣所(suo)及,僸佅(mai)兜離(li),罔不(bu)(bu)具(ju)集。萬樂(le)(le)備,百(bai)(bai)(bai)禮暨(ji),皇(huang)(huang)(huang)歡浹,群(qun)臣醉,降煙煴,調(diao)元氣,然(ran)后(hou)撞(zhuang)鐘(zhong)(zhong)告罷,百(bai)(bai)(bai)寮遂退(tui)。
“是(shi)圣上親萬方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)歡娛,又沐浴于膏(gao)澤,懼其侈心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)將萌,而(er)怠于東作也,乃申舊間(jian),下(xia)明詔,命有(you)司,班憲度,昭節儉,示太素。去(qu)后(hou)宮之(zhi)(zhi)麗飾,損乘輿之(zhi)(zhi)服(fu)御,抑工商之(zhi)(zhi)淫業,興農桑之(zhi)(zhi)盛務。遂令海內(nei)(nei)棄末(mo)而(er)反本,背偽而(er)歸(gui)真,女修(xiu)織,男務耕耘,器(qi)用陶匏(pao),服(fu)尚素玄,恥纖靡而(er)不服(fu),賤奇麗而(er)弗珍,捐金(jin)于山,沈珠于淵。于是(shi)百姓滌瑕蕩穢(hui),而(er)鏡至清,形神寂漠,耳(er)目(mu)弗營,嗜(shi)欲之(zhi)(zhi)源滅(mie),廉恥之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)生(sheng),莫不優游而(er)自得,玉潤(run)而(er)金(jin)聲。是(shi)以四海之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei),學(xue)校如林,庠序盈門,獻(xian)酬交錯,俎豆莘(xin)莘(xin),下(xia)舞(wu)上歌,蹈德(de)詠(yong)仁(ren)。登降(jiang)飪宴之(zhi)(zhi)禮既畢,因相與嗟嘆玄德(de),讜言(yan)弘說,咸含和而(er)吐(tu)氣,頌曰:盛哉乎斯世!
“今論者但知誦虞、夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《書》,詠殷(yin)、周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《詩》,講羲、文之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《易》,論孔氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春秋》,罕能精古今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清濁,究漢德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所由。唯(wei)子(zi)頗識舊典,又徒(tu)馳騁(cheng)乎末(mo)流。溫(wen)故知新已(yi)難,而知德(de)者鮮矣。且(qie)夫僻界西(xi)戎,險阻四塞,修(xiu)其防(fang)御,孰與處乎土中,平夷洞達,萬方輻湊(cou)?秦(qin)(qin)嶺(ling)、九嵕(zong),涇、渭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)川,曷若四瀆(du)、五岳,帶河溯洛,圖書之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淵?建(jian)章、甘泉,館御列仙(xian),孰與靈(ling)臺、明堂,統和(he)天(tian)人?太液、昆明,鳥獸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)囿,曷若辟雍海流,道德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富?游俠逾侈,犯義侵(qin)禮,孰與同履(lv)法度,翼(yi)翼(yi)濟(ji)濟(ji)也?子(zi)徒(tu)習秦(qin)(qin)阿房(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造天(tian),而不(bu)知京(jing)洛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有制也。識函谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可關,而不(bu)知王者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無外也。”
主(zhu)人之辭未終(zhong),西都賓矍然失(shi)容,逡巡降階,揲然意下,捧(peng)手欲辭。”主(zhu)人曰:“復位,今(jin)將授予(yu)以五篇之詩(shi)。”賓既卒業,乃稱曰:“美哉乎(hu)(hu)斯詩(shi)!義正乎(hu)(hu)揚雄,事實乎(hu)(hu)相(xiang)如,匪唯主(zhu)人之好學(xue),蓋乃遭遇乎(hu)(hu)斯時也。小子狂(kuang)簡(jian),不知所裁,既聞正道,請終(zhong)身而誦之。”
其詩曰:
于昭(zhao)明堂,明堂孔陽。圣皇宗祀,穆穆煌(huang)煌(huang)。上帝宴饗(xiang),五位(wei)時序。誰其配(pei)之?世祖、光武。普(pu)天率士,各(ge)以其職。猗(yi)歟緝熙,允懷多福。(明堂詩)
乃(nai)流辟(pi)雍(yong),辟(pi)雍(yong)湯湯。圣王蒞(li)止(zhi),造舟為梁。皤皤國老(lao),乃(nai)父乃(nai)兄(xiong)。抑(yi)抑(yi)威儀,孝友光(guang)明(ming)。于赫太(tai)上,示(shi)我漢(han)行(xing)。洪化惟神,永觀(guan)厥成(cheng)。(辟(pi)雍(yong)詩)
乃經靈(ling)臺,靈(ling)臺既(ji)崇。帝勤時登,爰考休徵。三光宣(xuan)精,五行布序。習(xi)習(xi)祥風(feng),祁(qi)祁(qi)甘(gan)雨(yu)。百(bai)谷蓁蓁,庶草蕃廡(wu)。屢(lv)惟(wei)豐年(nian),于皇樂胥。(靈(ling)臺詩)
岳修貢兮(xi)川效珍,吐金景兮(xi)歊浮云。寶鼎(ding)見兮(xi)色紛缊,煥其(qi)炳兮(xi)被龍文。登祖廟(miao)兮(xi)享圣神,昭靈德兮(xi)彌億(yi)年。(寶鼎(ding)詩(shi))
啟靈篇兮披瑞(rui)圖,獲白(bai)雉(zhi)兮效素烏(wu),嘉祥阜兮集皇都。發皓羽(yu)兮奮翹(qiao)英(ying),容絜朗兮于純精。彰皇德兮侔周成,永延長(chang)兮膺(ying)天慶。(白(bai)雉(zhi)詩)
班固(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)32年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),字(zi)孟堅,扶風安陵(今陜西咸陽東北)人,班彪長(chang)子。九歲能文。建武二十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)47年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))前后(hou)入洛陽太學,博覽群(qun)書,窮(qiong)究九流百家之言。建武三(san)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)54年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),其父(fu)(fu)班彪卒,自太學返回(hui)鄉里。為(wei)(wei)父(fu)(fu)守喪(sang)時期,在(zai)(zai)班彪續補《史(shi)記》之作(zuo)《史(shi)記后(hou)傳(chuan)》的基礎上開始編寫《漢(han)書》,至建初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間基本完成(cheng)。漢(han)明帝時,曾任(ren)蘭(lan)臺令(ling)史(shi),與(yu)陳(chen)宗、尹敏、孟異共同撰成(cheng)《世祖本紀》,升遷為(wei)(wei)郎,負責(ze)校定秘書。章帝時,以(yi)史(shi)官(guan)兼任(ren)記錄(lu),奉命把討論(lun)結果(guo)整理成(cheng)《白(bai)虎通義》,又稱《白(bai)虎通德論(lun)》。永元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)89年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),大將軍竇(dou)憲奉旨遠征匈(xiong)奴,他參與(yu)謀議(yi),竇(dou)憲在(zai)(zai)政爭(zheng)中失(shi)敗自殺(sha),洛陽令(ling)借機捕他入獄,后(hou)于(yu)永元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))死于(yu)獄中。他擅長(chang)作(zuo)賦,撰有(you)《兩(liang)都(dou)賦》、《幽通賦》等。
《兩都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》在結(jie)(jie)(jie)體(ti)與手法(fa)上(shang)學(xue)習了司馬相如《子虛(xu)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》《上(shang)林賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》的結(jie)(jie)(jie)構方式,分《西(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)》、《東(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)》;《子虛(xu)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》虛(xu)擬(ni)亡是(shi)公針(zhen)對楚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子虛(xu)、齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)烏有先(xian)生互相炫(xuan)耀,而明(ming)天子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義 ,《兩都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》由虛(xu)擬(ni)東(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)主人針(zhen)對西(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賓(bin)贊(zan)揚(yang)長安, 望(wang)朝(chao)廷(ting)西(xi)顧 ,而盛(sheng)稱(cheng)洛(luo)邑制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du),以折西(xi)賓(bin)淫侈(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論。上(shang)篇(pian)(pian)只(zhi)寫西(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou),下(xia)篇(pian)(pian)只(zhi)寫東(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou),內(nei)容劃分清楚,結(jie)(jie)(jie)構較為合理。從(cong)主導(dao)思想上(shang)說(shuo),他不(bu)在規(gui)模和繁華(hua)(hua)的程度(du)(du)上(shang)貶西(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)而褒東(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou),而從(cong)禮(li)法(fa)的角(jiao)度(du)(du),從(cong)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)上(shang)衡(heng)量此(ci)前贊(zan)美(mei)西(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)者所述西(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)的壯麗繁華(hua)(hua)實為奢(she)淫過度(du)(du),無(wu)益于天下(xia)。《西(xi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》寫長安都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)城的壯麗宏(hong)大(da)(da),宮殿(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奇偉華(hua)(hua)美(mei),后宮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奢(she)侈(chi)淫靡,也極盡鋪排之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能事(shi),使作(zuo)者著實表現出(chu)了寫騁辭大(da)(da)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)的才能。但結(jie)(jie)(jie)果卻不(bu)是(shi)寫得越(yue)奢(she)華(hua)(hua)便(bian)越(yue)體(ti)現著作(zuo)者對它(ta)的贊(zan)揚(yang),而是(shi)折之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以法(fa)度(du)(du),衡(heng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以王制(zhi)(zhi)。《東(dong)(dong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》寫洛(luo)陽,雖(sui)也寫宮室(shi)、田獵的內(nei)容,但比較概括,而從(cong)禮(li)法(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)出(chu)發,宣(xuan)揚(yang)“宮室(shi)光明(ming),闕(que)庭神麗,奢(she)不(bu)可逾,儉不(bu)能侈(chi)”,“順(shun)時節而蒐狩,簡車徒以講武,則必臨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以《王制(zhi)(zhi)》,考之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以《風》《雅(ya)》”。
杜篤的《論(lun)都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》建議遷都(dou)(dou)長(chang)安(an),寫得很策略(lve);班固維護(hu)建都(dou)(dou)洛陽,在處理對前漢(han)西都(dou)(dou)評價上,也極為謹慎小心。《東都(dou)(dou)賦(fu)》開(kai)頭云:“東都(dou)(dou)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)喟(kui)然而嘆曰:‘痛乎風俗(su)之移人(ren)(ren)(ren)也。子實(shi)秦人(ren)(ren)(ren),矜夸館(guan)室(shi),保界河山,信(xin)識昭襄而知始皇(huang)矣,烏睹大(da)漢(han)之云為乎?’”
批評的矛頭對(dui)(dui)準(zhun)的是秦皇而非漢(han)帝。下面接(jie)著一小段(duan)寫“大(da)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)元”,十分概括(kuo)。因為后漢(han)以(yi)(yi)承前(qian)(qian)漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皇統(tong)自居,對(dui)(dui)前(qian)(qian)漢(han)不能不加肯(ken)定(ding);但從前(qian)(qian)、后漢(han)的比(bi)較來(lai)說,當(dang)時統(tong)治者(zhe)需(xu)要的是對(dui)(dui)后漢(han)功(gong)業(ye)和東都(dou)洛陽的贊(zan)揚、歌(ge)頌(song),故對(dui)(dui)前(qian)(qian)漢(han)的功(gong)業(ye)不能作太具體、詳(xiang)細的表述。下面說:“今將(jiang)語子以(yi)(yi)建武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治,永平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,監于(yu)太清,以(yi)(yi)變子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惑(huo)志”,開(kai)始對(dui)(dui)后漢(han)王(wang)朝(chao)功(gong)業(ye)、禮制的鋪敘(xu)。又(you)說:“遷(qian)都(dou)改(gai)邑(yi)(yi),有殷宗(zong)中(zhong)(zhong)興之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)焉;即(ji)土之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),有周成(cheng)隆平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制焉。”又(you)從歷(li)史(shi)方面來(lai)論證定(ding)都(dou)洛邑(yi)(yi),前(qian)(qian)有先例,且居天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),得地利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便。由賦中(zhong)(zhong)內容的安排和措(cuo)詞的上下照應情況,可以(yi)(yi)看出當(dang)時最(zui)高統(tong)治者(zhe)的心(xin)態和班固對(dui)(dui)此的把握。
《東都賦》以封建(jian)禮法(fa)為準則,贊揚了建(jian)武、永平的(de)盛(sheng)世(shi),以“盛(sheng)乎(hu)斯世(shi)”一語作為大段(duan)描述(shu)的(de)結尾,對西(xi)都賓先予稱(cheng)贊,再予批評,行文搖曳多姿(zi),善于(yu)達意。下面又將西(xi)都同東都的(de)形(xing)勢(shi)及風俗直接加以比較(jiao):“且夫僻界西(xi)戎,險阻四塞,修(xiu)其防御(yu),孰與(yu)處乎(hu)土中,平夷洞達,萬方輻湊?秦(qin)嶺、九嵕,涇、渭之(zhi)(zhi)川,曷(he)若四瀆、五岳(yue),帶河溯(su)洛,圖書之(zhi)(zhi)淵?建(jian)章、甘泉(quan),館御(yu)列(lie)仙,孰與(yu)靈臺、明堂,統和(he)天人?太液、昆(kun)明,鳥獸(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)囿,曷(he)若辟雍海流,道德之(zhi)(zhi)富?游俠逾侈,犯義侵禮,孰與(yu)同履(lv)法(fa)度,翼翼濟(ji)濟(ji)也?”
態度鮮明(ming)地稱贊東(dong)(dong)都洛(luo)陽地利、形(xing)勢及禮俗之(zhi)淳(chun)厚,建筑、設置(zhi)之(zhi)合(he)于(yu)王(wang)道。“統和(he)天人”、“同履(lv)法(fa)度”,點出了《東(dong)(dong)都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》的主題;“圖書之(zhi)淵”、“道德之(zhi)富”,是《東(dong)(dong)都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》著力鋪敘、宣揚之(zhi)所在。下面照(zhao)應本篇開頭部分(fen):“子(zi)徒(tu)習秦(qin)阿房(fang)之(zhi)造天,而不知(zhi)京洛(luo)之(zhi)有制也(ye);識函谷之(zhi)可關,而不知(zhi)王(wang)者(zhe)之(zhi)無(wu)外也(ye)”。完(wan)全以一個(ge)新的尺(chi)度來衡量秦(qin)(實(shi)際上(shang)是代指西漢(han))和(he)東(dong)(dong)漢(han)王(wang)朝政(zheng)教(jiao)之(zhi)得失。接著以西都賓的折服為(wei)(wei)賦(fu)(fu)(fu)正(zheng)文部分(fen)的收束(shu)。這同《上(shang)林賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》的結(jie)尾完(wan)全一樣。但整個(ge)說來,班固(gu)的《兩都賦(fu)(fu)(fu)》開頭、結(jie)尾、過渡等(deng)章(zhang)法(fa)更為(wei)(wei)嚴謹、自(zi)然(ran),且(qie)富于(yu)情態,長于(yu)韻(yun)味。
班固(gu)《兩(liang)都賦》由于創作(zuo)的(de)目的(de)在于表(biao)述一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)政治問題上(shang)(shang)的(de)個(ge)人見解,甚(shen)至是為了(le)參與一(yi)(yi)(yi)場爭(zheng)論,故它不(bu)似《子虛(xu)》《上(shang)(shang)林》的(de)有(you)很多虛(xu)夸的(de)部分,以(yi)氣爭(zheng)勝,而更(geng)多實證。它主要(yao)(yao)不(bu)是抒(shu)發一(yi)(yi)(yi)種情(qing)感,表(biao)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種精神,而是要(yao)(yao)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種思想(xiang),體(ti)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種觀念。這也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)說是同時(shi)代風氣有(you)關,是當時(shi)文風和社會風氣的(de)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)。另外,同該(gai)賦中強調(diao)禮制(zhi)、強調(diao)崇(chong)儒思想(xiang)相一(yi)(yi)(yi)致,賦的(de)語(yu)言典雅和麗(馬(ma)積高(gao)先生《賦史》即已(yi)指出這一(yi)(yi)(yi)點),節奏步武從容,和鑾相鳴(ming),可(ke)謂(wei)金聲(sheng)玉振,有(you)廟堂朝儀的(de)風度。
在(zai)(zai)結(jie)構上(shang)(shang),《兩都(dou)(dou)賦》對(dui)《子虛》《上(shang)(shang)林》也有突(tu)破,上(shang)(shang)文已言及。下(xia)(xia)面再看(kan)看(kan)其(qi)結(jie)尾上(shang)(shang)的創意。作(zuo)(zuo)為全賦的結(jie)束,《東都(dou)(dou)賦》末(mo)尾不是在(zai)(zai)西都(dou)(dou)賓(bin)“矍(jue)然(ran)失容,逡巡(xun)降階,惵(die)然(ran)意下(xia)(xia),捧手欲辭(ci)”之后即結(jie)束,下(xia)(xia)面接(jie)上(shang)(shang)說:“主(zhu)人曰:復位,今將授予以(yi)五篇(pian)之詩。”大約是考(kao)慮到下(xia)(xia)面即錄附詩,會使(shi)結(jie)尾割裂而(er)(er)失去風韻,故將詩附于篇(pian)末(mo),而(er)(er)以(yi)西都(dou)(dou)賓(bin)的稱贊為結(jie)尾:賓(bin)既卒業,乃稱曰:“美哉乎(hu)斯詩!義(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)乎(hu)揚雄,事(shi)實乎(hu)相如,匪(fei)唯主(zhu)人之好(hao)學,蓋乃遭遇乎(hu)斯時也。小子狂簡,不知所裁,既聞正(zheng)(zheng)遭,請(qing)終身(shen)而(er)(er)誦之。”顯得輕松而(er)(er)詼諧,多少帶有一點寓(yu)言的味道,使(shi)這(zhe)篇(pian)騁辭(ci)大賦在(zai)(zai)莊嚴之中,帶有活(huo)潑之氣。其(qi)中“義(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)乎(hu)揚雄,事(shi)實乎(hu)相如”,也可以(yi)看(kan)作(zuo)(zuo)是班(ban)固(gu)自(zi)己對(dui)《兩都(dou)(dou)賦》特色的概(gai)括。
《兩(liang)都(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》所描述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)具體內(nei)容(rong),已不(bu)(bu)再像司馬相(xiang)如那樣重在帝王宮苑、游獵(lie)(lie),而(er)(er)是(shi)借鑒揚雄《蜀都(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》,創造性(xing)地(di)(di)發展為京(jing)都(dou)山河形(xing)勢、表(biao)里布局和雄偉氣(qi)象,雖然(ran)不(bu)(bu)能全免大賦(fu)(fu)夸張渲染失實之病,但由于采用了不(bu)(bu)少實際的(de)(de)(de)歷史地(di)(di)理資料,而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)顯過分(fen)虛浮,有真切的(de)(de)(de)現實感。《兩(liang)都(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》同《子虛》《上(shang)林》的(de)(de)(de)僅寫田獵(lie)(lie)者相(xiang)比,內(nei)容(rong)要更為豐富、開闊,也更能集中(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)、多(duo)(duo)角(jiao)度、多(duo)(duo)方面地(di)(di)展現一個時代政治(zhi)、經(jing)濟(ji)、文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)發展狀況(kuang)。《兩(liang)都(dou)賦(fu)(fu)》中(zhong)(zhong)無論(lun)是(shi)都(dou)城(cheng)形(xing)勝、街市繁華,還是(shi)郊野氣(qi)象、農桑豐碩,都(dou)有具體而(er)(er)生動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)藝術表(biao)現,做到了文(wen)贍而(er)(er)事詳 ,引人遐想。另外,在語(yu)言的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)用上(shang),排偶之中(zhong)(zhong),音調和諧,極(ji)少奇僻(pi)的(de)(de)(de)異體字,明暢(chang)順達(da),無漢(han)賦(fu)(fu)常見的(de)(de)(de)臃腫澀(se)滯(zhi)之弊,又確(que)實使讀(du)之者娓娓而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)厭(yan)。
《兩(liang)都賦(fu)(fu)》被(bei)蕭(xiao)統《文選(xuan)》列為第一篇,劉勰(xie)也稱(cheng)其(qi)“明(ming)絢(xuan)以(yi)雅贍”。后世時有人對《兩(liang)都賦(fu)(fu)》加以(yi)摹(mo)擬,形(xing)成“京都賦(fu)(fu)”的(de)類型。《文選(xuan)》分賦(fu)(fu)為十五類,“京都賦(fu)(fu)”列在第一。《文苑英(ying)華》《歷代賦(fu)(fu)匯》等也有“京都”或“都邑”一類。
盡(jin)管(guan)在班(ban)固之(zhi)前已有京都(dou)(dou)賦之(zhi)作(zuo),但(dan)能使這類(lei)題材(cai)以及表現方(fang)(fang)式、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)方(fang)(fang)式結(jie)(jie)合而(er)形成大賦的一種門類(lei),乃有賴(lai)于《兩(liang)都(dou)(dou)賦》取(qu)得的成就(jiu)。歷史上(shang)很多(duo)優秀的作(zuo)品(pin),尤其(qi)具有某(mou)方(fang)(fang)面劃(hua)時代意義的作(zuo)品(pin),往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)成為后來作(zuo)家學習(xi)、甚(shen)至摹擬的范本。班(ban)固之(zhi)前的京都(dou)(dou)之(zhi)作(zuo),揚雄的《蜀都(dou)(dou)賦》已有殘(can)(can)缺,崔(cui)骃、傅毅的《反都(dou)(dou)賦》只余殘(can)(can)章(zhang)剩句,傅毅《洛都(dou)(dou)賦》也有殘(can)(can)缺,便說明(ming)了它(ta)們(men)的歷史地位。
盡管《兩都賦(fu)》在(zai)藝(yi)術上取(qu)得(de)了相當的(de)(de)成就,歷來為(wei)士大(da)夫所重,但是總體來看(kan),沒有(you)也(ye)不(bu)可(ke)能從根本(ben)上革除早已(yi)被揚雄針(zhen)砭的(de)(de)散體大(da)賦(fu)自身具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)通弊,從而扭(niu)轉其衰竭之(zhi)勢(shi)(shi)。就賦(fu)體文學發展的(de)(de)趨勢(shi)(shi)而言,當大(da)賦(fu)已(yi)經(jing)定型(xing)為(wei)以窮泰(tai)極侈的(de)(de)筆墨達(da)頌(song)圣之(zhi)旨(zhi),即便有(you)諷(feng)諭,也(ye)不(bu)過“勸百諷(feng)一” ,而以騷體為(wei)代(dai)表的(de)(de)抒發內心(xin)情(qing)懷之(zhi)賦(fu),正越來越成熟,在(zai)顯示(shi)出強勁的(de)(de)藝(yi)術生命(ming)力之(zhi)時(shi),仍(reng)要恪守老路,企圖重新振興,畢竟是違反客觀規律,逆(ni)歷史潮流(liu)而動,斷不(bu)會(hui)成功。