元代青花(hua)(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)開(kai)光貼花(hua)(hua)蓋罐1964年出土于(yu)河北保定永華南路元代窖藏,通高41cm,口徑15.5cm,足徑18.5cm。該罐采用青花(hua)(hua)和(he)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi),通體施青白釉(you),釉(you)層(ceng)(ceng)凝厚,釉(you)面(mian)青亮,極為(wei)滋潤。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)豐富,層(ceng)(ceng)次清晰,主題突出,全(quan)器(qi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)有10余層(ceng)(ceng)。該罐的(de)蹲(dun)獅(shi)鈕(niu)罐蓋的(de)蓋面(mian)采用變形蓮瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)回紋(wen)(wen)(wen)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)。罐身的(de)頸肩部為(wei)纏枝牡(mu)丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、忍(ren)冬紋(wen)(wen)(wen),并有下垂(chui)的(de)如意云(yun)(yun)頭(tou)(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),云(yun)(yun)頭(tou)(tou)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)飾(shi)(shi)蓮池紋(wen)(wen)(wen),云(yun)(yun)頭(tou)(tou)之間飾(shi)(shi)折枝牡(mu)丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹部四面(mian)用連(lian)珠紋(wen)(wen)(wen)作菱花(hua)(hua)形開(kai)光4個,開(kai)光內(nei)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)牡(mu)丹、石(shi)榴(liu)、菊(ju)花(hua)(hua)、四季花(hua)(hua)卉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。枝葉用青花(hua)(hua)渲染(ran),花(hua)(hua)朵和(he)山石(shi)用釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)涂繪,紅(hong)、藍色交相(xiang)輝映,具有極強的(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)效果(guo)。
類(lei)似的元(yuan)代(dai)青花釉里紅開(kai)光(guang)貼花蓋罐器物(wu)在(zai)世界(jie)僅存(cun)4件,其中(zhong)兩件流失(shi)到(dao)國(guo)(guo)外,一件存(cun)放(fang)在(zai)北京故宮博物(wu)院。此4件器物(wu)相比(bi),河北省博物(wu)館這件保存(cun)最為完整,是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)乃至全世界(jie)最完整的青花釉里紅極品。
1964年5月的(de)一天,保定市建(jian)筑公司的(de)工(gong)人在永華路南小(xiao)學一建(jian)筑工(gong)地施工(gong)時,發現地下有(you)一個圓形(xing)窖穴,里面排列著一批(pi)器(qi)形(xing)高大,胎體(ti)厚重、花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)繁密、色彩濃艷的(de)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓷和做工(gong)精細的(de)藍釉描金瓷器(qi)。其中就有(you)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉里紅鏤雕(diao)開光蓋(gai)罐兩件(jian)(jian),此外(wai)還(huan)有(you)青花(hua)(hua)(hua)海(hai)水龍(long)紋(wen)帶蓋(gai)八棱梅瓶(ping)2件(jian)(jian)、青花(hua)(hua)(hua)八棱玉壺春小(xiao)瓶(ping)1件(jian)(jian)、青花(hua)(hua)(hua)八棱執壺1件(jian)(jian),共6件(jian)(jian)元青花(hua)(hua)(hua),還(huan)有(you)其他種類的(de)瓷器(qi)5件(jian)(jian)。
元青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)鏤雕蓋(gai)(gai)罐(guan)(guan),通高(gao)41cm,口(kou)徑15.5cm,足徑18.5cm。罐(guan)(guan)直口(kou),短(duan)頸,溜肩(jian)(jian),鼓(gu)腹(fu),圈足,砂底無釉(you)。胎(tai)體(ti)上薄下厚,胎(tai)質細(xi)膩,青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)色彩(cai)濃(nong)艷,釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)略暗。罐(guan)(guan)蓋(gai)(gai)頂堆塑(su)坐獅(shi)鈕。通體(ti)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)。罐(guan)(guan)蓋(gai)(gai)繪青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)蓮(lian)瓣(ban)(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷草紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、回(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一周。罐(guan)(guan)身近(jin)(jin)口(kou)沿處繪青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)纏枝花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、卷草紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)各(ge)一周。肩(jian)(jian)部繪下垂如意云(yun)(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),云(yun)(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)水波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)托(tuo)白蓮(lian),云(yun)(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之間繪折枝牡(mu)(mu)丹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹(fu)部四(si)面堆塑(su)雙(shuang)菱形(xing)(xing)串珠開光,開光內(nei)山石(shi)、牡(mu)(mu)丹、菊花(hua)(hua)(hua)等四(si)季園(yuan)景,以(yi)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)繪山石(shi)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)卉,青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)繪花(hua)(hua)(hua)葉,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)有浮雕效果(guo)。腹(fu)下部飾(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)折枝蓮(lian)花(hua)(hua)(hua),與肩(jian)(jian)部云(yun)(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)相對應。近(jin)(jin)底處繪卷草紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)變形(xing)(xing)蓮(lian)瓣(ban)(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),蓮(lian)瓣(ban)(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪倒垂寶相花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。罐(guan)(guan)型豐滿渾厚,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)層次鮮明,綜合繪、鏤、塑(su)、貼等多(duo)種技法(fa)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)互(hu)為襯托(tuo),紅(hong)、藍(lan)交相輝映。造型豐滿渾厚,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)層次鮮明,綜合了繪、鏤、塑(su)、模印、貼等多(duo)種技法(fa)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)在作品中(zhong)互(hu)為襯托(tuo),紅(hong)、藍(lan)交相輝映,整體(ti)形(xing)(xing)成一種氣度雍容而(er)又花(hua)(hua)(hua)團錦簇(cu)的藝術效果(guo)。
元青花(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅鏤(lou)雕蓋罐采(cai)用模印貼花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜工藝,造(zao)型厚重典雅,氣(qi)勢宏大;裝飾(shi)技(ji)法(fa)多(duo)樣,紋(wen)樣繁縟精美(mei),色(se)彩(cai)藍艷(yan)含蓄,彩(cai)裝飾(shi)和胎裝飾(shi)技(ji)法(fa)得到完(wan)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結合,青花(hua)和釉(you)里(li)紅集于一(yi)器,白地藍花(hua)與藍地白花(hua)相映成趣;罐腹部開光紋(wen)飾(shi)采(cai)用貼花(hua)技(ji)法(fa),使器物的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)裝飾(shi)又增添了(le)幾分鏤(lou)雕藝術的(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)體效果,這(zhe)種(zhong)集多(duo)種(zhong)裝飾(shi)手(shou)法(fa)于一(yi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝特征,在珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)元代(dai)青花(hua)瓷中也極(ji)為(wei)少見,當為(wei)國之(zhi)瑰寶。
青(qing)(qing)花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)呈(cheng)色劑是氧化鈷,呈(cheng)色穩定;釉里紅(hong)的(de)(de)(de)呈(cheng)色劑是氧化銅(tong),極(ji)易揮發(fa),因此對窯室的(de)(de)(de)燒(shao)成氣溫(wen)要(yao)求十分(fen)嚴(yan)格(ge)。由于青(qing)(qing)花(hua)和釉里紅(hong)是性(xing)質不(bu)同、燒(shao)成條(tiao)件不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)兩種釉下彩,要(yao)使(shi)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)和釉里紅(hong)都呈(cheng)色鮮艷,燒(shao)制工藝(yi)難度很大。元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)瓷(ci)器是中國陶(tao)瓷(ci)發(fa)展當中的(de)(de)(de)重大轉折點,在(zai)陶(tao)瓷(ci)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)歷史上(shang)有著劃時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。但因元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)瓷(ci)器燒(shao)制時間短等原因使(shi)其(qi)存世(shi)量較少(shao),元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)青(qing)(qing)花(hua)釉里紅(hong)作品更是少(shao),存世(shi)也(ye)就更為罕見。
青花(hua)瓷出現(xian)(xian)于唐代(dai),釉里(li)紅則是元(yuan)代(dai)的新(xin)品種(zhong)。以(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)鈷和氧(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)在(zai)白(bai)(bai)色(se)瓷坯上繪(hui)彩,施高溫釉后(hou)在(zai)窯爐(lu)中以(yi)約1200℃的還原焰燒造而成,表面呈(cheng)現(xian)(xian)藍、白(bai)(bai)、紅相間的花(hua)紋的瓷器(qi)(qi),就是青花(hua)釉里(li)紅瓷器(qi)(qi)。這一新(xin)的釉下(xia)彩品種(zhong)的出現(xian)(xian),是元(yuan)代(dai)瓷器(qi)(qi)生產(chan)技術進步(bu)的重要標(biao)志。
開(kai)光(guang)(guang)內花(hua)卉形似(si)鏤空,其實(shi)嚴格意義上應是(shi)貼塑。已發(fa)現的此類器物很少,元代(dai)青花(hua)釉里紅開(kai)光(guang)(guang)鏤雕(diao)大罐的有幾個部分是(shi)模壓成型,然后組(zu)合粘貼完成,整(zheng)個過程(cheng)不存在(zai)鏤雕(diao)過程(cheng)。