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元(yuan)代青花(hua)釉(you)里紅(hong)開(kai)光(guang)貼花(hua)蓋(gai)罐1964年出(chu)土于(yu)河北保定永華南路元(yuan)代窖藏，通高41cm，口(kou)徑(jing)15.5cm，足徑(jing)18.5cm。該罐采用(yong)青花(hua)和(he)釉(you)里紅(hong)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，通體施青白釉(you)，釉(you)層凝厚，釉(you)面青亮，極為滋(zi)潤。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)豐富，層次(ci)清晰(xi)，主題突(tu)出(chu)，全(quan)器紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有10余(yu)層。該罐的(de)(de)(de)蹲獅鈕(niu)罐蓋(gai)的(de)(de)(de)蓋(gai)面采用(yong)變形蓮(lian)瓣紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)回(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。罐身的(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)肩部為纏枝(zhi)牡(mu)丹(dan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、忍冬紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，并有下垂(chui)的(de)(de)(de)如意云(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，云(yun)頭紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)內飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蓮(lian)池(chi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，云(yun)頭之(zhi)間飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)折枝(zhi)牡(mu)丹(dan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。腹部四面用(yong)連(lian)珠紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)作菱(ling)花(hua)形開(kai)光(guang)4個(ge)，開(kai)光(guang)內裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)牡(mu)丹(dan)、石榴(liu)、菊(ju)花(hua)、四季花(hua)卉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。枝(zhi)葉用(yong)青花(hua)渲(xuan)染，花(hua)朵和(he)山(shan)石用(yong)釉(you)里紅(hong)涂(tu)繪，紅(hong)、藍色交相輝映，具(ju)有極強的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效果。

類(lei)似的(de)元(yuan)代青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)開光(guang)貼花(hua)(hua)(hua)蓋罐器物(wu)在世(shi)界僅(jin)存4件(jian)(jian)，其中兩件(jian)(jian)流失到國外，一(yi)件(jian)(jian)存放(fang)在北(bei)京故宮博(bo)物(wu)院。此4件(jian)(jian)器物(wu)相比，河北(bei)省博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)這(zhe)件(jian)(jian)保存最為(wei)完整，是(shi)中國乃至全(quan)世(shi)界最完整的(de)青(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉(you)里(li)紅(hong)極品(pin)。

文物流傳

1964年5月的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)天，保(bao)定市(shi)建(jian)筑公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)人在永(yong)華路南(nan)小學一(yi)建(jian)筑工(gong)地施工(gong)時(shi)，發現地下有一(yi)個圓形(xing)窖穴，里(li)面排(pai)列著(zhu)一(yi)批器(qi)形(xing)高(gao)大，胎體厚重、花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋(wen)繁(fan)密、色彩濃(nong)艷的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓷(ci)和做工(gong)精細的(de)(de)(de)藍(lan)釉描金瓷(ci)器(qi)。其中就有青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)釉里(li)紅鏤雕開光蓋罐(guan)兩(liang)件，此(ci)外(wai)還有青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)海(hai)水(shui)龍紋(wen)帶蓋八(ba)(ba)棱(leng)梅瓶2件、青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)八(ba)(ba)棱(leng)玉壺(hu)(hu)春(chun)小瓶1件、青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)八(ba)(ba)棱(leng)執壺(hu)(hu)1件，共6件元青(qing)(qing)(qing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)，還有其他種類的(de)(de)(de)瓷(ci)器(qi)5件。

文物特征

元青花(hua)(hua)釉(you)(you)(you)里紅(hong)(hong)鏤雕(diao)蓋罐(guan)，通(tong)高41cm，口(kou)徑15.5cm，足徑18.5cm。罐(guan)直口(kou)，短頸，溜肩(jian)，鼓腹(fu)，圈足，砂(sha)底無釉(you)(you)(you)。胎體上(shang)薄下厚，胎質(zhi)細膩，青花(hua)(hua)色彩濃艷，釉(you)(you)(you)里紅(hong)(hong)略暗(an)。罐(guan)蓋頂(ding)堆塑(su)(su)坐獅鈕。通(tong)體青花(hua)(hua)釉(you)(you)(you)里紅(hong)(hong)紋(wen)(wen)飾。罐(guan)蓋繪(hui)(hui)青花(hua)(hua)蓮瓣(ban)(ban)紋(wen)(wen)、卷(juan)(juan)草紋(wen)(wen)、回紋(wen)(wen)各一(yi)周。罐(guan)身近口(kou)沿處繪(hui)(hui)青花(hua)(hua)纏枝(zhi)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)、卷(juan)(juan)草紋(wen)(wen)各一(yi)周。肩(jian)部(bu)繪(hui)(hui)下垂(chui)(chui)如意云(yun)(yun)(yun)頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)，云(yun)(yun)(yun)頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪(hui)(hui)青花(hua)(hua)水(shui)波紋(wen)(wen)托(tuo)白(bai)蓮，云(yun)(yun)(yun)頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)之間繪(hui)(hui)折枝(zhi)牡丹紋(wen)(wen)。腹(fu)部(bu)四面(mian)堆塑(su)(su)雙菱形串珠開(kai)(kai)光(guang)(guang)，開(kai)(kai)光(guang)(guang)內(nei)山(shan)石、牡丹、菊花(hua)(hua)等(deng)四季園景，以釉(you)(you)(you)里紅(hong)(hong)繪(hui)(hui)山(shan)石、花(hua)(hua)卉(hui)，青花(hua)(hua)繪(hui)(hui)花(hua)(hua)葉，紋(wen)(wen)飾有(you)浮雕(diao)效(xiao)果(guo)。腹(fu)下部(bu)飾青花(hua)(hua)折枝(zhi)蓮花(hua)(hua)，與(yu)肩(jian)部(bu)云(yun)(yun)(yun)頭(tou)紋(wen)(wen)相(xiang)對應。近底處繪(hui)(hui)卷(juan)(juan)草紋(wen)(wen)及變(bian)形蓮瓣(ban)(ban)紋(wen)(wen)，蓮瓣(ban)(ban)紋(wen)(wen)內(nei)繪(hui)(hui)倒垂(chui)(chui)寶(bao)相(xiang)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)。罐(guan)型豐滿渾(hun)厚，紋(wen)(wen)飾層(ceng)次鮮明，綜合繪(hui)(hui)、鏤、塑(su)(su)、貼等(deng)多種技(ji)法(fa)。青花(hua)(hua)、釉(you)(you)(you)里紅(hong)(hong)互為襯托(tuo)，紅(hong)(hong)、藍交相(xiang)輝(hui)(hui)映(ying)。造(zao)型豐滿渾(hun)厚，紋(wen)(wen)飾層(ceng)次鮮明，綜合了繪(hui)(hui)、鏤、塑(su)(su)、模(mo)印、貼等(deng)多種技(ji)法(fa)。青花(hua)(hua)、釉(you)(you)(you)里紅(hong)(hong)在作品(pin)中(zhong)互為襯托(tuo)，紅(hong)(hong)、藍交相(xiang)輝(hui)(hui)映(ying)，整體形成一(yi)種氣(qi)度雍容而又花(hua)(hua)團(tuan)錦(jin)簇(cu)的藝術效(xiao)果(guo)。

文物價值

元(yuan)青花(hua)釉里紅鏤雕(diao)蓋罐(guan)采用模印貼花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)工藝，造型厚重典雅，氣(qi)勢宏大；裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)技法多樣(yang)(yang)，紋樣(yang)(yang)繁縟精美(mei)，色彩(cai)藍艷含蓄，彩(cai)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)和胎(tai)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)技法得到完(wan)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)結合，青花(hua)和釉里紅集(ji)(ji)于一器(qi)，白地藍花(hua)與藍地白花(hua)相映成趣(qu)；罐(guan)腹部開光(guang)紋飾(shi)(shi)(shi)采用貼花(hua)技法，使器(qi)物的(de)(de)(de)平面裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)又增添了幾(ji)分鏤雕(diao)藝術的(de)(de)(de)立體效果，這種(zhong)集(ji)(ji)多種(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)手法于一器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)工藝特征(zheng)，在珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)代青花(hua)瓷中也(ye)極為(wei)少見，當(dang)為(wei)國之瑰寶。

青(qing)(qing)花的呈色(se)劑是(shi)氧(yang)化鈷，呈色(se)穩定(ding)；釉(you)里(li)紅的呈色(se)劑是(shi)氧(yang)化銅，極易揮(hui)發，因此對窯室的燒(shao)成(cheng)氣溫要(yao)求十分(fen)嚴格。由(you)于青(qing)(qing)花和釉(you)里(li)紅是(shi)性(xing)質不同(tong)、燒(shao)成(cheng)條件不同(tong)的兩種(zhong)釉(you)下彩，要(yao)使(shi)青(qing)(qing)花和釉(you)里(li)紅都呈色(se)鮮艷，燒(shao)制工(gong)藝難度很大。元(yuan)代瓷器是(shi)中國陶(tao)(tao)瓷發展(zhan)當中的重大轉折點(dian)，在陶(tao)(tao)瓷裝(zhuang)飾歷史上(shang)有著劃時代的意(yi)義。但因元(yuan)代青(qing)(qing)花瓷器燒(shao)制時間短等原(yuan)因使(shi)其存世(shi)量較少(shao)，元(yuan)代青(qing)(qing)花釉(you)里(li)紅作品更(geng)是(shi)少(shao)，存世(shi)也就更(geng)為罕見。

文物研究

青花(hua)瓷出現(xian)于唐代，釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)則(ze)是(shi)元(yuan)代的(de)(de)新品種(zhong)。以氧化鈷和氧化銅在白色瓷坯上繪彩(cai)，施高溫(wen)釉(you)(you)后在窯爐中以約1200℃的(de)(de)還原(yuan)焰燒造(zao)而成，表面呈(cheng)現(xian)藍(lan)、白、紅(hong)相間(jian)的(de)(de)花(hua)紋的(de)(de)瓷器，就是(shi)青花(hua)釉(you)(you)里紅(hong)瓷器。這一新的(de)(de)釉(you)(you)下彩(cai)品種(zhong)的(de)(de)出現(xian)，是(shi)元(yuan)代瓷器生(sheng)產技(ji)術進步的(de)(de)重要(yao)標(biao)志(zhi)。

開光(guang)內花卉形似鏤空(kong)，其實(shi)嚴格意義(yi)上應(ying)是貼(tie)塑(su)。已發現的(de)此類(lei)器物很少，元代青花釉里紅開光(guang)鏤雕大罐(guan)的(de)有幾個部分是模壓成型，然后(hou)組合粘貼(tie)完成，整個過程不(bu)存在鏤雕過程。