五星(xing)出東方利中國(guo)(guo),漢(han)代織錦護臂,為國(guo)(guo)家一(yi)級文(wen)物,中國(guo)(guo)首批(pi)禁(jin)止出國(guo)(guo)(境)展覽文(wen)物。被譽(yu)為20世紀中國(guo)(guo)考(kao)古學(xue)(xue)最(zui)偉大的發(fa)現(xian)之(zhi)一(yi)。1995年10月,中日尼(ni)雅遺址學(xue)(xue)術考(kao)察隊成員在新(xin)疆(jiang)和田地區民(min)豐縣尼(ni)雅遺址一(yi)處古墓中發(fa)現(xian)該織錦。收藏于新(xin)疆(jiang)博物館(guan)。
該織(zhi)錦呈圓(yuan)角長方形,長18.5厘米,寬12.5厘米,用“五(wu)星出(chu)東方利中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)”織(zhi)錦為面料,邊上用白(bai)絹鑲(xiang)邊,兩個長邊上各縫(feng)綴有3條(tiao)長約21厘米、寬1.5厘米的白(bai)色絹帶,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)3條(tiao)殘(can)斷。織(zhi)有八個篆體漢字(zi):“五(wu)星出(chu)東方利中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)”。
通過“五星聚(ju)會”研(yan)究(jiu),科學家(jia)們推算(suan)出2040年9月9日將會出現(xian)罕見(jian)的(de)五星聚(ju)會天(tian)文奇觀。
1995年10月,中國—日本尼(ni)雅(ya)(ya)遺址學術考察隊成員(yuan)在新(xin)(xin)疆(jiang)和田地(di)區民豐縣尼(ni)雅(ya)(ya)遺址一處墓地(di)上(shang)進行例行考古(gu)挖掘,然(ran)而幾個月來,他們(men)在尼(ni)雅(ya)(ya)遺址上(shang)的挖掘一直沒有什么新(xin)(xin)的發現。
就在(zai)失望中(zhong),考古人員(yuan)挖(wa)開了一座古墓。這是一個兩人合(he)葬墓。合(he)葬的(de)(de)(de)兩人身上穿(chuan)著(zhu)(zhu)許多(duo)衣物,最(zui)顯眼的(de)(de)(de)是,其中(zhong)一具尸體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)右臂上綁著(zhu)(zhu)一個色(se)彩鮮艷的(de)(de)(de)織錦。織錦色(se)彩絢爛,文字(zi)激揚,紋樣(yang)詭秘,意蘊神奇,立刻(ke)吸引了所有人的(de)(de)(de)眼光。
沒有經(jing)過太多的辨認,考古人(ren)員就看出織(zhi)錦上織(zhi)的文字:五(wu)星出東方利中國。
五星(xing)出東方(fang)利中國除(chu)去文字之外,還(huan)有(you)用鮮艷的白(bai)、赤、黃、綠(lv)四色在青(qing)地(di)上織出的漢式典(dian)型(xing)的圖案:云氣(qi)紋、鳥獸、辟邪和代表(biao)日月的紅白(bai)圓(yuan)形紋,方(fang)寸不大內(nei)涵豐富。
此護膊面積(ji)不大,長18.5厘(li)米(mi),寬12.5厘(li)米(mi),經密為2200根/10厘(li)米(mi),緯密240根/10厘(li)米(mi),經向花(hua)紋循(xun)環(huan)7.4厘(li)米(mi)。
織錦的(de)(de)(de)右(you)(you)側(ce)(ce)保留著幅(fu)邊(bian)。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)樣從(cong)右(you)(you)側(ce)(ce)開始是(shi)一(yi)(yi)對(dui)牝牡珍禽,雄鳥站(zhan)在(zai)云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)低部,昂(ang)首(shou)挺立。它的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)頂(ding)是(shi)篆體“五”字(zi)(zi)(zi),胸部左(zuo)(zuo)云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)懸掛著一(yi)(yi)個茱(zhu)萸花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。雌鳥站(zhan)在(zai)云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)垂(chui)首(shou)面向雄鳥,其(qi)頸上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)白(bai)色圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)象(xiang)征(zheng)“太陰”,背上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個“星”字(zi)(zi)(zi),尾部下(xia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)有一(yi)(yi)個茱(zhu)萸紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。與“星”字(zi)(zi)(zi)間隔一(yi)(yi)個茱(zhu)萸花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“出”字(zi)(zi)(zi)。“東(dong)(dong)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)兩個云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)間隙之上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。“東(dong)(dong)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)(zuo)下(xia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)、一(yi)(yi)個云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)之上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)紅色圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)象(xiang)征(zheng)“太陽”。“太陽”左(zuo)(zuo)下(xia)側(ce)(ce)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)倒懸云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)凹進處,有一(yi)(yi)張口伸舌,昂(ang)首(shou)嗥(hao)叫(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)獨角(jiao)瑞(rui)獸,尾部下(xia)垂(chui),背上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)長有一(yi)(yi)翅膀,可能是(shi)“辟(pi)邪”。獸角(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)端是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個“方(fang)(fang)(fang)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)。“利”字(zi)(zi)(zi)隔著一(yi)(yi)個云(yun)端在(zai)“方(fang)(fang)(fang)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。“利”字(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)方(fang)(fang)(fang)云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)(zuo)側(ce)(ce)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個身著豎(shu)條斑(ban)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、豹眼圓(yuan)睜的(de)(de)(de)虎形(xing)(xing)動物,后(hou)右(you)(you)足(zu)踩在(zai)云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),舉步向右(you)(you)行,尾部高聳,剛勁有力。其(qi)尾部右(you)(you)側(ce)(ce)是(shi)“中”字(zi)(zi)(zi),左(zuo)(zuo)側(ce)(ce)是(shi)“國”字(zi)(zi)(zi)。
“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)出東(dong)方利(li)中(zhong)國(guo)”八字出自西漢史(shi)學家司馬遷的《史(shi)記(ji)·天官書》“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)分(fen)天之中(zhong),積于東(dong)方,中(zhong)國(guo)利(li);積于西方,外國(guo)用(兵)者利(li)。五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)皆(jie)從辰星(xing)(xing)而聚(ju)于一舍(she),其所(suo)舍(she)之國(guo)可以(yi)法致天下。”古代的“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)”指歲星(xing)(xing)、熒(ying)惑星(xing)(xing)、填星(xing)(xing)、太白星(xing)(xing)和辰星(xing)(xing)。天地回(hui)轉,日(ri)月(yue)流逝,五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)難(nan)以(yi)聚(ju)合。然而,漢元年十月(yue),五(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)聚(ju)于東(dong)井,這(zhe)在(zai)《天宮書》、《漢書》、《張(zhang)耳傳(chuan)》、《漢紀》均有記(ji)載(zai)。
此漢錦(jin)采用(yong)的青(qing)赤黃白(bai)綠(lv)五(wu)色(se)(se),皆(jie)為(wei)秦漢以來發展廣泛(fan)的植物染料(liao)所得。五(wu)色(se)(se)應為(wei)“青(qing)赤黃白(bai)黑(hei)”,而該錦(jin)用(yong)色(se)(se)為(wei)“青(qing)赤黃白(bai)綠(lv)”,其中綠(lv)應為(wei)黑(hei),這里用(yong)了(le)綠(lv)色(se)(se),可能黑(hei)色(se)(se)不夠亮(liang)麗而以綠(lv)色(se)(se)替(ti)而代之。五(wu)色(se)(se)的“青(qing)赤黃白(bai)黑(hei)”分別與五(wu)星(xing)(xing)的“歲星(xing)(xing)、熒惑星(xing)(xing)、填星(xing)(xing)、太白(bai)星(xing)(xing)和辰(chen)星(xing)(xing)”一(yi)一(yi)相對應。古人能在一(yi)塊方寸不大的織錦(jin)上把陰陽(yang)五(wu)行學說表現得如此淋漓酣暢,實(shi)屬罕見(jian)。該錦(jin)的織造工藝非常(chang)復雜,為(wei)漢式織錦(jin)最高技(ji)術(shu)的代表。
中國(guo)古代關注天(tian)象的(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)和中國(guo)文明(ming)(ming)本身的(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)悠久,由于在古代中國(guo)星(xing)占學和歷(li)(li)(li)法(fa)天(tian)文學是由皇(huang)家史(shi)官專門掌管,而且王朝對(dui)歷(li)(li)(li)法(fa)和天(tian)象擁有(you)著(zhu)絕對(dui)的(de)解釋權,私自論(lun)及秘密的(de)“天(tian)文歷(li)(li)(li)算”者是要(yao)處以極刑的(de),所以,能夠使用(yong)這些星(xing)占用(yong)辭,并(bing)且敢將(jiang)其作為織(zhi)錦上的(de)一(yi)(yi)句吉祥語,明(ming)(ming)示(shi)了這件(jian)織(zhi)錦是皇(huang)家官府(fu)(織(zhi)室)專門織(zhi)造的(de)。與“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)”織(zhi)錦制品同時還(huan)出土了一(yi)(yi)件(jian)“討南羌(qiang)”織(zhi)錦殘片(pian),是從與“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)”錦相同的(de)錦料上裁剪下(xia)來的(de)一(yi)(yi)部分,根據對(dui)具體史(shi)實的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)和圖案的(de)綴(zhui)合分析顯示(shi),織(zhi)文可以連續為“五(wu)(wu)星(xing)出東方(fang)利中國(guo)討南羌(qiang)……”。
這句織錦文(wen)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生,無(wu)疑(yi)是(shi)中(zhong)央王朝為了(le)祝祈政治(zhi)上軍(jun)事(shi)(shi)上順利(li)和(he)成功,而(er)將(jiang)天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)占辭與(yu)“討南羌(qiang)”結合起來,以(yi)圖祥瑞(rui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)見證(zheng)。在其他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)織錦上,還見有(you)類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容,如“琦瑋并(bing)出(chu)中(zhong)國(guo)大(da)(da)昌四夷服誅南羌(qiang)樂(le)安(an)定(ding)與(yu)天(tian)(tian)無(wu)疆”等(deng)。與(yu)這條吉祥語可能有(you)聯系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史事(shi)(shi),是(shi)《漢書·趙充國(guo)傳》記(ji)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)漢王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)次(ci)討伐西(xi)(xi)羌(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰爭(zheng),漢宣帝曾將(jiang)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)利(li)中(zhong)國(guo)”星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)占術(shu)語教(jiao)條地用(yong)在了(le)督促、鼓勵對羌(qiang)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作戰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詔書里(li),可見皇家(jia)對五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)占用(yong)辭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對話語權及(ji)當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)文(wen)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)占對漢帝國(guo)軍(jun)國(guo)大(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)決(jue)策(ce)所起到巨大(da)(da)作用(yong)。“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)利(li)中(zhong)國(guo)”,是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)占用(yong)辭,是(shi)古(gu)代(dai)先民(min)觀(guan)察(cha)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)運行(xing)(xing)變化而(er)歸納總結出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占辭術(shu)語。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)指(zhi)水(shui)(shui)、火、木、金、土五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);“東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)占術(shu)中(zhong)特定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)穹位置,“中(zhong)國(guo)”指(zhi)黃河中(zhong)下(xia)游的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)京畿地區及(ji)中(zhong)原,是(shi)一(yi)個地理概念。“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)”指(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在一(yi)時(shi)期內(nei)同(tong)時(shi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)天(tian)(tian)空,即“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)連珠(zhu)”或(huo)(huo)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚會(hui)”現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang);“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)利(li)中(zhong)國(guo)”,即出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)共見東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)象(xiang),則于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)軍(jun)國(guo)大(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)有(you)利(li)。由于(yu)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)周(zhou)期性圍(wei)繞太陽(yang)公轉時(shi)間不同(tong),從(cong)地球上觀(guan)察(cha)它們會(hui)合、會(hui)聚天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)小,所以(yi)它們各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質、亮度、形狀、大(da)(da)小、顏(yan)色等(deng)變化,以(yi)及(ji)經過或(huo)(huo)停留在廿八星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)宿(su)或(huo)(huo)其他星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)官(guan)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置和(he)聚合,就(jiu)被占星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)家(jia)們賦予(yu)了(le)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)占學意義(yi),而(er)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚合一(yi)處天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)甚少,就(jiu)自然地具有(you)了(le)非常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)占學意義(yi):將(jiang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)視為五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)精(jing),天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)佐,佐天(tian)(tian)行(xing)(xing)德;現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)實關懷(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)——戰爭(zheng)勝負、王位安(an)危、年成豐歉、水(shui)(shui)旱災(zai)害等(deng)政治(zhi)、軍(jun)國(guo)大(da)(da)事(shi)(shi),因此,《史記(ji)·天(tian)(tian)官(guan)書》“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),積(ji)于(yu)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),中(zhong)國(guo)利(li);積(ji)于(yu)西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),外(wai)國(guo)用(yong)兵者(zhe)利(li)”、《漢書·天(tian)(tian)文(wen)志(zhi)》“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)”。
經過現(xian)代天(tian)文(wen)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算和研(yan)究(jiu),“漢(han)(han)之興(xing),五(wu)星(xing)(xing)聚東(dong)方”盡管是(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)代儒(ru)生們(men)附會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo),但是(shi)(shi)實際天(tian)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian),證明古(gu)代星(xing)(xing)占記錄大部分是(shi)(shi)準確可信的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)今世(shi)界,國(guo)內外(wai)天(tian)文(wen)考古(gu)界運(yun)用科學(xue)方法對關(guan)于五(wu)星(xing)(xing)聚會(hui)(hui)及其與史(shi)事(shi)關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu),已取(qu)得了一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列成果(guo),例(li)如(ru)對武(wu)王(wang)克商年代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)、對古(gu)代中國(guo)人觀測到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)星(xing)(xing)聚會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想周(zhou)期為516.33年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(天(tian)文(wen)學(xue)家研(yan)究(jiu)得出(chu),木星(xing)(xing)、土星(xing)(xing)、火星(xing)(xing),這三顆運(yun)行(xing)(xing)最慢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing),平均會(hui)(hui)合(he)周(zhou)期是(shi)(shi)516.33年,如(ru)果(guo)條件(jian)有(you)利,運(yun)行(xing)(xing)更快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金星(xing)(xing)和水星(xing)(xing)會(hui)(hui)在短時(shi)間內與它們(men)會(hui)(hui)合(he)在一(yi)(yi)起)。
幾(ji)千年來,中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)對“五(wu)星聚合(he)”天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)觀測(ce),投入了特(te)殊的(de)感(gan)情(qing),期(qi)待這一天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)奇(qi)觀的(de)出(chu)現,期(qi)冀(ji)大(da)(da)吉(ji)、大(da)(da)利之(zhi)兆示;古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)封建帝王也(ye)藉(jie)此自詡得“天(tian)命”而使(shi)王朝合(he)法(fa)化(hua)。在劉邦(bang)攻入秦地咸陽(yang)的(de)第二年五(wu)月,確實出(chu)現過一次五(wu)大(da)(da)行星聚會天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang),這一現象(xiang)(xiang)受到了漢(han)王朝和(he)(he)儒生們的(de)高度重視(shi);將“漢(han)之(zhi)興”附會于(yu)“五(wu)星聚會”天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)出(chu)現;“漢(han)之(zhi)興,五(wu)星聚東(dong)井”也(ye)就成為具有濃厚迷信色(se)彩的(de)漢(han)朝人和(he)(he)漢(han)代(dai)(dai)社會的(de)重要(yao)思想觀念。將期(qi)圖大(da)(da)吉(ji)、大(da)(da)利思想和(he)(he)理念的(de)社會化(hua)、世俗化(hua)、藝術化(hua),“五(wu)星”織錦上“五(wu)星出(chu)東(dong)方利中(zhong)國(guo)”文(wen)字、星紋(wen)和(he)(he)象(xiang)(xiang)征祥(xiang)瑞的(de)云氣紋(wen)以(yi)及(ji)鴕鳥、仙鶴、獅虎紋(wen),辟邪紋(wen)等祥(xiang)瑞動物紋(wen)樣的(de)和(he)(he)諧聚匯,可以(yi)說是一個突出(chu)的(de)例子。