產內蒙古、黑(hei)龍江、吉林、遼寧、貴州,陜(shan)西(xi)、湖北、湖南、安徽、河(he)南、山東、江蘇、浙江、福建、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西(xi)。生于山坡草地、路邊、河(he)灘(tan)、灌叢(cong)中、林緣(yuan)及(ji)林下、草甸,海(hai)拔400-1700米。模式標本(ben)采(cai)自亞洲東部。在(zai)俄羅斯、朝鮮(xian)、日(ri)本(ben)也有分布。
多(duo)年生草本,高30-60厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。根(gen)莖(jing)平臥或(huo)(huo)直立,短縮或(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)達5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),具(ju)(ju)(ju)多(duo)數粗壯(zhuang)、略肉質(zhi)(zhi)的須根(gen)。花(hua)(hua)枝單生,直立,黃(huang)綠色(se)或(huo)(huo)紫(zi)(zi)紅色(se),中空,近(jin)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),具(ju)(ju)(ju)條(tiao)棱,棱上(shang)具(ju)(ju)(ju)乳突(tu)(tu),稀光(guang)滑(hua)(hua)。枝下部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)膜質(zhi)(zhi),淡紫(zi)(zi)紅色(se),鱗(lin)片形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)分離,中部(bu)以下連合成(cheng)筒(tong)狀(zhuang)抱(bao)莖(jing);中、上(shang)部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)近(jin)革質(zhi)(zhi),無(wu)柄,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至線(xian)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)2-3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),有(you)(you)時寬(kuan)(kuan)僅約(yue)0.4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),愈向(xiang)莖(jing)上(shang)部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)愈小(xiao),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)急(ji)尖,基部(bu)心形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣(yuan)(yuan)微外(wai)卷(juan),粗糙(cao),上(shang)面(mian)密生極(ji)細(xi)乳突(tu)(tu),下面(mian)光(guang)滑(hua)(hua),葉(xie)(xie)脈3-5條(tiao),在(zai)(zai)上(shang)面(mian)不明顯,在(zai)(zai)下面(mian)突(tu)(tu)起(qi),粗糙(cao)。花(hua)(hua)多(duo)數,簇生枝頂和(he)葉(xie)(xie)腋;無(wu)花(hua)(hua)梗;每朵花(hua)(hua)下具(ju)(ju)(ju)2個苞(bao)片,苞(bao)片披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)線(xian)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),與花(hua)(hua)萼近(jin)等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-2.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)萼筒(tong)倒(dao)錐(zhui)狀(zhuang)筒(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)寬(kuan)(kuan)筒(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)10-12毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),裂片常外(wai)反或(huo)(huo)開展,不整齊,線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)線(xian)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)8-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)急(ji)尖,邊緣(yuan)(yuan)粗糙(cao),中脈在(zai)(zai)背面(mian)突(tu)(tu)起(qi),彎(wan)缺截形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)藍紫(zi)(zi)色(se),有(you)(you)時喉部(bu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)多(duo)數黃(huang)綠色(se)斑(ban)點(dian),筒(tong)狀(zhuang)鐘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4-5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),裂片卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)7-9毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)有(you)(you)尾尖,全緣(yuan)(yuan),褶偏斜(xie),狹三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)急(ji)尖或(huo)(huo)2淺裂;雄蕊著生冠(guan)筒(tong)中部(bu),整齊,花(hua)(hua)絲鉆形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)9-12毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)藥狹矩(ju)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3.5-4.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。子(zi)房狹橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.2-1.4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)漸狹或(huo)(huo)基部(bu)鈍,柄粗,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.9-1.1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)柱短連柱頭(tou)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),柱頭(tou)2裂,裂片矩(ju)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。蒴果內(nei)藏,寬(kuan)(kuan)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-2.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)鈍,柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)至1.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);種子(zi)褐色(se),有(you)(you)光(guang)澤,線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)紡(fang)錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1.8-2.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),表面(mian)具(ju)(ju)(ju)增粗的網紋(wen),兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)具(ju)(ju)(ju)寬(kuan)(kuan)翅(chi)。花(hua)(hua)果期5-11月。
選擇輕黏土、腐(fu)質土為好,不易高(gao)燥(zao)和陽光直射強烈的地區栽培。地整好后,翻耕(geng),施農(nong)家肥。
龍膽幼苗生長緩慢,生長年限(xian)長。苗期應(ying)及時(shi)除草(cao),春季(ji)干旱時(shi)應(ying)灌水,雨季(ji)注意排水。花(hua)期追(zhui)肥,如不留種,8月(yue)花(hua)蕾(lei)形成時(shi)應(ying)摘蕾(lei),以增加根(gen)的產(chan)量。植株枯萎后(hou)清除殘(can)莖,再在畦面上蓋(gai)3~5厘米糞土,以保護(hu)越冬(dong)(dong)芽(ya)安全過冬(dong)(dong)。
褐斑病、斑枯病、花(hua)蕾(lei)蠅等可用常規方(fang)法防治。
(1)種子繁殖
龍膽種子(zi)細小,千粒重約(yue)24毫克,萌發(fa)要(yao)求較高(gao)的(de)溫(wen)濕(shi)環境和光照條件。25℃左右7天開始萌發(fa),幼(you)苗(miao)期生長(chang)緩慢,喜弱(ruo)光,忌強光。生產(chan)上種子(zi)繁殖保(bao)苗(miao)有一定的(de)難度。一定要(yao)精耕細作,加(jia)強苗(miao)期管理(li),保(bao)持苗(miao)床(chuang)濕(shi)潤,用葦簾遮光。
(2)分很繁殖法
秋季(ji)挖出地下(xia)根及(ji)根莖部分,注意不(bu)要損傷冬(dong)芽,將根莖切成(cheng)三(san)節以(yi)上段,連同須根埋(mai)入土(tu)里,覆(fu)土(tu),保持土(tu)壤濕(shi)潤(run),第(di)二年即可長成(cheng)新株。
(3)扦插繁殖
花芽分化前剪取成年(nian)植株枝條,每三節(jie)為插穗(sui),剪除(chu)下(xia)部葉片,插于事先(xian)準(zhun)備(bei)好(hao)的(de)扦(qian)插苗床(chuang)上,立即(ji)澆水(shui),土溫18~28℃約3周可生根,成活率(lv)和(he)達(da)80%左(zuo)右。
抗菌
藍玉簪龍膽(dan)提(ti)取(qu)物對耐甲氧西(xi)林金(jin)黃色葡萄球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)( MRSA) 和甲氧西(xi)林敏感(gan)金(jin)黃色葡萄球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)( MSSA) 均具有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的抗菌(jun)(jun)(jun)作用,對 MRSA 感(gan)染小鼠也有(you)一(yi)定(ding)治療作用。高山龍膽(dan)乙酸乙酯分離部位對大腸桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、金(jin)黃色葡萄球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、肺(fei)炎鏈球(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、綠膿(nong)桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、地衣芽孢桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)等 5 種(zhong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)較好地抑菌(jun)(jun)(jun)活性。
對呼吸系統的影響
藍(lan)玉簪(zan)龍膽提取物(wu)(wu)對治療(liao)慢性(xing)支氣(qi)管炎小鼠有一(yi)定作用,其活性(xing)成分在乙酸(suan)乙酯、正丁醇提取物(wu)(wu)中含量(liang)較高。侯(hou)穎等認為藍(lan)玉簪(zan)顆(ke)粒可(ke)對抗(kang)氧化(hua)損傷,增強機(ji)體抗(kang)氧化(hua)酶的活力(li),調節氧化(hua),抗(kang)氧化(hua)平衡,從而治療(liao)慢性(xing)支氣(qi)管炎。張(zhang)力(li)江等研究(jiu)發現,藍(lan)玉簪(zan)顆(ke)粒能抑制(zhi)(zhi)慢性(xing)哮(xiao)喘小鼠氣(qi)道炎癥及氣(qi)道重建,其機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)能與(yu)抑制(zhi)(zhi) TGF-β1的表達有關。
抗病毒
藍玉簪(zan)龍膽水煎液及(ji)正丁醇(chun)、乙(yi)(yi)酸乙(yi)(yi)酯、氯仿提取(qu)液在體內外均有抑制呼吸道合胞病毒( RSV) 的作用(yong)。
抗肝纖維化
藍(lan)玉簪龍膽具有預防 DMN 誘(you)導的(de)(de)肝(gan)纖維化的(de)(de)作用,這可能與它調節體(ti)內的(de)(de)脂質(zhi)過(guo)氧(yang)化,抑(yi)制肝(gan)星狀(zhuang)細(xi)胞( HSC) 活化作用有關。
抗腫瘤
高山龍膽中化(hua)合物3-雁齒烯、Arborinone、Boehmerol、胡(hu) 蘿 卜 苷(gan)、3β-乙 酰 氧(yang) 基-28-羥 基-12-烯-烏(wu)蘇烷和當藥黃(huang)素對人子(zi)宮(gong)頸(jing)癌(ai) HeLa 細胞均有(you)不同程度的(de)抗腫瘤活性。
龍(long)(long)膽花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)語和象征(zheng)代表意(yi)義:喜(xi)歡看憂傷(shang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)你(ni)。龍(long)(long)膽,因為(wei)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)像龍(long)(long)膽一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苦(ku),所以才有(you)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)字。不知道(dao)是不是因為(wei)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)味(wei)苦(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因才有(you)了這(zhe)種(zhong)花(hua)(hua)語呢(ni)?因為(wei)苦(ku)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)憂傷(shang)嘛。不苦(ku)何來憂傷(shang)呢(ni)?但是,現(xian)實中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)膽花(hua)(hua)卻是很漂(piao)亮(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在懸崖上(shang)(shang),數不清的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)膽你(ni)挨著我,我擠(ji)著你(ni),爬滿了山坡上(shang)(shang)、草叢間(jian)、石巖縫中…… 在發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)系(xi)上(shang)(shang)抽出(chu)(chu)嫩芽(ya),發(fa)出(chu)(chu)細莖,一(yi)對對葉子冒出(chu)(chu)展開,把山崖染(ran)(ran)得格外漂(piao)亮(liang)。龍(long)(long)膽花(hua)(hua)長在遠離(li)喧囂(xiao)市鎮(zhen),空氣清純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世界中,它本身(shen)似乎也顯得那(nei)么高潔,一(yi)塵不染(ran)(ran)。那(nei)獨有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍(lan)色,分明(ming)就(jiu)(jiu)是燃燒不熄(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人,給人們(men)帶來一(yi)股(gu)深深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暖意(yi);分明(ming)就(jiu)(jiu)是放蕩不羈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精靈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)召(zhao)喚,給人們(men)送(song)去一(yi)種(zhong)啟迪,一(yi)種(zhong)感(gan)悟(wu)。