無線傳輸(shu)分為:模擬微波傳輸(shu)和數字微波傳輸(shu)。
一、模(mo)擬微波傳輸
模擬微(wei)波(bo)傳輸(shu)就(jiu)是(shi)把視頻信號直接(jie)調(diao)制在微(wei)波(bo)的信道上(微(wei)波(bo)發(fa)射(she)(she)機,HD-630),通(tong)過(guo)天線(HD-1300LXB)發(fa)射(she)(she)出(chu)去(qu),監(jian)控(kong)(kong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)通(tong)過(guo)天線接(jie)收微(wei)波(bo)信號,然后再通(tong)過(guo)微(wei)波(bo)接(jie)收機(Microsat 600AM)解(jie)調(diao)出(chu)原來的視頻信號。如果需要控(kong)(kong)制云臺鏡頭,就(jiu)在監(jian)控(kong)(kong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)加相應(ying)(ying)的指令(ling)控(kong)(kong)制發(fa)射(she)(she)機(HD-2050),監(jian)控(kong)(kong)前端配置相應(ying)(ying)的指令(ling)接(jie)收機(HD-2060),這種監(jian)控(kong)(kong)方式圖像(xiang)非常清晰,沒(mei)有延時,沒(mei)有壓縮損耗,造(zao)價便宜(yi),施工安(an)裝調(diao)試簡單(dan),適合一(yi)般監(jian)控(kong)(kong)點不是(shi)很多,需要中(zhong)繼也(ye)不多的情況下(xia)使用(yong)。其弱點是(shi):抗(kang)干擾能力較(jiao)差,易受(shou)天氣、周圍(wei)環境的影響,傳輸(shu)距(ju)離(li)有限,已逐步被(bei)數字(zi)微(wei)波(bo)、COFDM、3G、CDMA等取代。
二、數字微波傳輸
數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)微(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)傳(chuan)輸就是先把視頻(pin)(pin)(pin)編(bian)碼(ma)壓縮(HD-6001D),然(ran)后(hou)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)微(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(HD-9500)信道調制(zhi),再通(tong)(tong)過(guo)天線(xian)發射(she)出去,接收(shou)端則相(xiang)反,天線(xian)接收(shou)信號,微(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)解(jie)擴(kuo),視頻(pin)(pin)(pin)解(jie)壓縮,最后(hou)還原(yuan)模擬(ni)的視頻(pin)(pin)(pin)信號,也(ye)可微(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)解(jie)擴(kuo)后(hou)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)電腦(nao)安裝(zhuang)相(xiang)應的解(jie)碼(ma)軟(ruan)(ruan)件,用(yong)電腦(nao)軟(ruan)(ruan)解(jie)壓視頻(pin)(pin)(pin),而(er)且電腦(nao)還支(zhi)持錄像,回(hui)放,管(guan)理,云鏡控(kong)制(zhi),報警控(kong)制(zhi)等功能(neng);存(cun)儲(chu)服務器,配合(he)磁盤陣列(lie)存(cun)儲(chu);這種監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)方式圖像有(you)720*576、352*288或(huo)更高的的分辨率選擇,通(tong)(tong)過(guo)解(jie)碼(ma)的存(cun)儲(chu)方式,視頻(pin)(pin)(pin)有(you)0.2-0.8秒左右的延時。數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)視頻(pin)(pin)(pin)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)價根(gen)據實際(ji)情(qing)況差別很大,但也(ye)有(you)一些模擬(ni)微(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)不可比的優點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),如監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比較多,環境比較復(fu)雜,需要(yao)(yao)加(jia)中(zhong)繼的情(qing)況多,監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比較集(ji)中(zhong)它可集(ji)中(zhong)傳(chuan)輸多路視頻(pin)(pin)(pin),抗(kang)干(gan)擾能(neng)力比模擬(ni)的要(yao)(yao)好(hao)一點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),等等優點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),適(shi)合(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比較多,需要(yao)(yao)中(zhong)繼也(ye)多的情(qing)況下(xia)使用(yong),客觀地講,前期投資較高。
總結,模擬微波傳輸和數字(zi)微波傳輸,各有(you)千秋,主(zhu)要(yao)看(kan)你的實(shi)際工程(cheng)需要(yao)!
無線圖像(xiang)傳(chuan)輸系統從應用(yong)層面(mian)來說分(fen)為兩(liang)大類,一是固(gu)定點的圖像(xiang)監控傳(chuan)輸系統,二是移(yi)動(dong)視頻圖像(xiang)傳(chuan)輸系統。
1.固(gu)定點的圖(tu)像監控傳輸系統
固定點的(de)無線圖像監(jian)控(kong)傳(chuan)輸(shu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),主要應用在有線閉路監(jian)控(kong)不便實現的(de)場合(he),比如(ru)港口碼頭的(de)監(jian)控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、河流水利的(de)視頻(pin)和數據監(jian)控(kong)、森(sen)林(lin)防火(huo)監(jian)控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、城市安全監(jian)控(kong)、建筑工地等。下面按頻(pin)段由低到高對不同的(de)圖像傳(chuan)輸(shu)技術進行介(jie)紹(shao)。
1.1--2.4GHzISM頻段的多種圖像傳(chuan)輸技(ji)術
2.4GHz的圖像傳(chuan)輸設備采用擴頻技術,有跳(tiao)頻和直擴兩種工作方式。跳(tiao)頻方式速(su)率較(jiao)低,吞(tun)吐(tu)速(su)率在2Mbit/s左右,抗(kang)干擾(rao)(rao)能(neng)力(li)較(jiao)強,還可采用不同的跳(tiao)頻序列(lie)實現(xian)同址復用來增加容量。直擴方式有較(jiao)高的吞(tun)吐(tu)速(su)率,但抗(kang)干擾(rao)(rao)性能(neng)較(jiao)差,且多(duo)套系統同址使用受(shou)限制。
2.4GHz圖像傳輸(shu)可基(ji)于IEEE802.11b協議,傳輸(shu)速率為11Mbit/s,去掉傳輸(shu)過程中的(de)開銷,實際(ji)有(you)效(xiao)速率為5.5-6Mbit/s左右。后(hou)來制訂的(de)IEEE802.11g標(biao)準(zhun),速率上(shang)限達到54Mbit/s,在特殊(shu)模式下可達108Mbps,該(gai)標(biao)準(zhun)互通性高,點對點可傳輸(shu)幾路MPEG-4的(de)壓縮圖像。
應用在2.4GHz頻段(duan)的還有藍牙技(ji)術(shu)、HomeRF技(ji)術(shu)、MESH、微(wei)蜂(feng)窩(wo)技(ji)術(shu)等(deng)。隨(sui)著應用范圍的逐漸擴大,2.4GHZ這(zhe)個頻段(duan)處于滿(man)負荷工作狀態,其速率問(wen)題、安全問(wen)題、干擾問(wen)題值(zhi)得進一步研究。
1.2--3.5GHz頻(pin)段的無線接入(ru)系(xi)統
3.5GHz的(de)(de)無線接(jie)(jie)入(ru)系統是一種點對(dui)多點微波通信技術,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)FDD雙工方(fang)式(shi),用(yong)(yong)(yong)16QAM、64QAM調制方(fang)式(shi),基于(yu)DOCSOS協議。其工作頻(pin)段相(xiang)對(dui)較低(di),電波自由(you)空(kong)間(jian)損耗小,傳播(bo)雨衰性能(neng)好(hao),接(jie)(jie)入(ru)速(su)率足夠高(gao),且(qie)設備(bei)成本(ben)相(xiang)對(dui)較低(di)。該系統具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)對(dui)良好(hao)的(de)(de)覆蓋(gai)能(neng)力,通常達到5km~10km,適合地縣市級單位(wei)低(di)價位(wei)、較大(da)面積(ji)覆蓋(gai)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)場合;還可與WLAN、LMDS互為補充,形成覆蓋(gai)面積(ji)大(da)小配合、用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶密(mi)度稀密(mi)配合的(de)(de)多層運行的(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)互補模(mo)式(shi)。存在的(de)(de)問題是帶寬不足,只有(you)上下行各30 MHz,難以(yi)大(da)規模(mo)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
1.3--5.8GHzWLAN產(chan)品
5.8GHz的(de)(de)(de)WLAN產品(pin)采用(yong)OFDM正交頻(pin)分復(fu)用(yong)技(ji)術,在(zai)此頻(pin)段的(de)(de)(de)WLAN產品(pin)基于(yu)IEEE802.11a協議,傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)速率(lv)可以達(da)到54 Mbit/s,在(zai)特殊模式(shi)下(xia)可達(da)108Mbps。根據WLAN的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)協議,在(zai)點(dian)對點(dian)應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)時候,有(you)效速率(lv)為20Mbit/s;點(dian)對六點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia),每一(yi)路圖(tu)(tu)像的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)速率(lv)為500kbit/s左右,也就(jiu)是說(shuo)總的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)數據量為3Mbit/s左右。對于(yu)無(wu)線(xian)(xian)圖(tu)(tu)像的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)而言,基本上解決了“高(gao)清晰度數字(zi)圖(tu)(tu)像在(zai)無(wu)線(xian)(xian)網絡中的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)”問題,使得大(da)范圍采用(yong)5.8GHz頻(pin)段傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)數字(zi)化圖(tu)(tu)像成為現實(shi),尤其適用(yong)于(yu)城(cheng)市安全監控系統。
ZWD-2422無(wu)線高(gao)清傳輸(shu)器的(de)工作頻率4.9GHz-5.9GHz,當(dang)它(ta)收到(dao)其(qi)它(ta)RF設備(bei)或訊號干(gan)擾時能自動調(diao)整至適當(dang)的(de)頻率,所以(yi)一(yi)般不在5G左(zuo)右頻段的(de)2.4G,3G不會干(gan)擾到(dao)ZWD-2422的(de)無(wu)線高(gao)清傳輸(shu)。
WLAN傳輸(shu)監控(kong)圖像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),比較成熟的(de)是采(cai)用(yong)(yong)MPEG-4圖像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)壓(ya)縮(suo)技術(shu)。這種壓(ya)縮(suo)技術(shu)在500kbit/s速(su)率(lv)時(shi),壓(ya)縮(suo)后的(de)圖像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)清(qing)晰(xi)度可以達到1CIF(352×288像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)素)~2CIF。在2Mbit/s的(de)速(su)率(lv)情況下,該技術(shu)可以傳輸(shu)4CIF(702×576像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)素,DVD清(qing)晰(xi)度)清(qing)晰(xi)度的(de)圖像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)MPEG-4壓(ya)縮(suo)以后的(de)數字(zi)化(hua)圖像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),經過無線信道傳輸(shu),配合相應的(de)軟件(jian),很容(rong)易實現網絡(luo)化(hua)、智能化(hua)的(de)數字(zi)化(hua)城市安全監控(kong)系統。
2.4/5.8GHz基于(yu)802.11n的產品,11n產品分(fen)為(wei)(wei)AN和GN分(fen)別(bie)工作于(yu)5.8GHz和2.4GHz,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)速率可達150、300、600Mbps,有效(xiao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)速率分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)60、160、300Mbps.隨著高(gao)清攝(she)(she)像(xiang)機的發展,這(zhe)種高(gao)帶寬(kuan)的11N模式非常適合高(gao)清攝(she)(she)像(xiang)機的傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)。高(gao)清攝(she)(she)像(xiang)機和高(gao)帶寬(kuan)無線(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)設備的配(pei)合會(hui)逐漸(jian)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)無線(xian)視頻監控的趨勢。
1.4--26GHz頻段的(de)寬帶固定(ding)無線接入系統(tong)
LMDS系(xi)統是典型(xing)的(de)(de)26GHz無線(xian)接入系(xi)統,采用64QAM、16QAM和QPSK三種調制方式。LMDS具有更大的(de)(de)帶寬以(yi)及(ji)雙向數(shu)據傳輸能力,可(ke)提(ti)供多種寬帶交互式數(shu)據以(yi)及(ji)多媒體業務,解決(jue)了(le)傳統本(ben)(ben)地環(huan)路的(de)(de)瓶頸問題,能夠滿足(zu)高(gao)速寬帶數(shu)據、圖像通(tong)信以(yi)及(ji)寬帶internet業務的(de)(de)需求(qiu)。LMDS系(xi)統覆蓋范圍3公(gong)里~5公(gong)里,適用于(yu)城(cheng)域網。由于(yu)世界各國(guo)對LMDS的(de)(de)工作(zuo)頻段規劃不同,所以(yi)其兼容性較差、雨衰性能差,成本(ben)(ben)也較高(gao)。
2.移動視頻圖像傳輸系統
除(chu)了對固(gu)定點(dian)的(de)圖像監控的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)外,移動(dong)(dong)圖像傳輸的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)也相(xiang)(xiang)當旺盛。移動(dong)(dong)視(shi)頻(pin)圖像傳輸,廣泛用(yong)(yong)于公安指(zhi)揮車、交通(tong)事故勘(kan)探車、消防武警現(xian)場指(zhi)揮車和海(hai)關(guan)、油田、礦山、水利、電力、金(jin)融(rong)、海(hai)事,以及其它的(de)緊急、應(ying)急指(zhi)揮系統,主要作用(yong)(yong)是將(jiang)現(xian)場的(de)實時(shi)圖像傳輸回指(zhi)揮中(zhong)心,使指(zhi)揮中(zhong)心的(de)指(zhi)揮決(jue)策(ce)(ce)人員如(ru)身(shen)臨其境,提高決(jue)策(ce)(ce)的(de)準確(que)性和及時(shi)性,提高工作效率(lv)。富士(shi)達就移動(dong)(dong)視(shi)頻(pin)圖像傳輸采(cai)用(yong)(yong)公網和專用(yong)(yong)技術(shu)兩種情況作相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)介紹。
2.1 利(li)用(yong)CDMA、GPRS、3G公眾(zhong)移動網絡傳輸圖像
CDMA無線(xian)網絡(luo)的(de)移動傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)技(ji)術具(ju)有(you)很多(duo)優(you)點:保(bao)密性好、抗干(gan)擾(rao)能力(li)強、抗多(duo)徑衰落、系統容量的(de)配置靈活(huo)、建網成本低等。CDMA采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)MPEG-4壓(ya)(ya)縮方(fang)式(shi),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)MPEG-4的(de)CIF格式(shi)壓(ya)(ya)縮圖(tu)像(xiang),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)達到(dao)每秒(miao)2幀(zhen)(zhen)左右的(de)速(su)(su)率;如果(guo)將圖(tu)像(xiang)調(diao)整到(dao)QCIF格式(shi),則可(ke)(ke)以(yi)達到(dao)每秒(miao)10幀(zhen)(zhen)以(yi)上(shang)。但是,對(dui)于(yu)安全(quan)防范系統來說,一(yi)(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)低傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)幀(zhen)(zhen)率而(er)保(bao)證(zheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)清晰(xi)度,因(yin)為只有(you)CIF以(yi)上(shang)的(de)圖(tu)像(xiang)清晰(xi)度才可(ke)(ke)以(yi)滿足(zu)調(diao)查(cha)取證(zheng)的(de)需要。如果(guo)希望進一(yi)(yi)步提高(gao)現場圖(tu)像(xiang)的(de)實時傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)速(su)(su)率,一(yi)(yi)個簡單(dan)的(de)方(fang)案(an)是采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)多(duo)個CDMA網卡(ka)捆綁使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)方(fang)式(shi),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來提高(gao)無線(xian)信道的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)速(su)(su)率。市場上(shang)有(you)2~3個網卡(ka)捆綁方(fang)式(shi)的(de)路由器,增加(jia)網卡(ka)的(de)代價是增加(jia)設備成本和(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)成本。隨(sui)著視頻壓(ya)(ya)縮技(ji)術的(de)不斷發(fa)展,單(dan)個網卡(ka)上(shang)3~4幀(zhen)(zhen)/秒(miao)圖(tu)像(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)速(su)(su)率是可(ke)(ke)以(yi)實現的(de),如果(guo)每秒(miao)鐘可(ke)(ke)以(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)3~4幀(zhen)(zhen)CIF格式(shi)的(de)圖(tu)像(xiang),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)滿足(zu)一(yi)(yi)般移動公(gong)共交通設施的(de)安全(quan)監控(kong)的(de)要求。
GPRS是一種基于GSM系統的(de)無(wu)線(xian)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)交換技術,支持特定的(de)點(dian)對點(dian)和點(dian)對多點(dian)服(fu)務,以“分(fen)(fen)組(zu)”的(de)形式(shi)傳送數(shu)據。GPRS峰值(zhi)速率(lv)超過100kbit/s,網(wang)絡容量只在(zai)所(suo)需時(shi)分(fen)(fen)配,這種發(fa)送方式(shi)稱為統計復(fu)用。GPRS最主要(yao)的(de)優勢在(zai)于永(yong)遠在(zai)線(xian)和按流量計費,不用撥號即可隨時(shi)接(jie)入(ru)互聯網(wang),隨時(shi)與網(wang)絡保持聯系,資源利(li)用率(lv)高。
3G技術已經取(qu)代GPRS和CDMA逐漸,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)實現的(de)有效速(su)率(lv)達384kbit/s,在網絡部署的(de)城區(qu),可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)實時傳輸一(yi)路CIF圖像(xiang),每秒可(ke)(ke)(ke)達到20幀。但(dan)需要注意的(de)是,即使速(su)率(lv)提(ti)高了很多,也不要認為(wei)所有的(de)移動交(jiao)通設施可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)同(tong)時將圖像(xiang)傳輸回監控中心(xin),因為(wei)同(tong)時概念對于公網圖像(xiang)傳輸來說(shuo)幾乎是不可(ke)(ke)(ke)能的(de)。
2.2用于應(ying)急突發事件的專用圖像傳(chuan)輸技術
對于一(yi)些應急(ji)指(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)圖(tu)像(xiang)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)系(xi)統(tong),往往要求將(jiang)突發(fa)事件(jian)現場的(de)圖(tu)像(xiang)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)回指(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)中(zhong)心(xin)。例如(ru)遇到重大自然災(zai)害,水災(zai)、火災(zai)現場,群眾的(de)大型集會和重要安全保衛任務(wu)現場等。這(zhe)類應急(ji)圖(tu)像(xiang)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)系(xi)統(tong)不宜(yi)使用(yong)公(gong)眾網絡傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu),最好采用(yong)專業(ye)的(de)移(yi)動圖(tu)像(xiang)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)設備(bei)。但我國(guo)對此尚未(wei)專門規劃頻(pin)率。可(ke)用(yong)于移(yi)動視(shi)頻(pin)圖(tu)像(xiang)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)技術有以下幾(ji)種。
2.2.1WiMAX
WiMAX是點(dian)對多點(dian)的(de)(de)寬帶無(wu)線(xian)接入技(ji)術,WiMAX采取了動態(tai)自適(shi)應調制(zhi)、靈活的(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)資源參數及多載波調制(zhi)等(deng)一系(xi)列新技(ji)術,并兼具(ju)較(jiao)高(gao)速率傳輸能(neng)力(可(ke)達70Mbit/s~100Mbit/s)及較(jiao)好的(de)(de)QoS與安全控制(zhi)。WiMAX802.16e覆蓋范(fan)圍可(ke)以(yi)達到1~3英里,主要定(ding)位在(zai)移動無(wu)線(xian)城(cheng)域(yu)網環境。然(ran)而802.16e獲得足夠的(de)(de)全球統(tong)一頻(pin)率存在(zai)一定(ding)難度(du),且(qie)建設成本和設備價格較(jiao)高(gao)。
2.2.2無線網(wang)格(MESH)技術(shu)
無(wu)線“網格(MESH)”技術,可以實(shi)現較近范圍內的高速數據(ju)通(tong)信。利(li)用(yong)2.4GHz頻(pin)段,有(you)效(xiao)帶寬可以達到6Mbit/s,這種(zhong)技術鏈(lian)路設計簡(jian)單、組網靈活、維護方便。支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)MeshController集(ji)(ji)中方式管理,終(zhong)端數據(ju)無(wu)需配置,自動(dong)生(sheng)成(cheng)解決(jue)方案。支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)MeshController熱備份鏈(lian)路、自動(dong)漫游(you)切換等(deng)功能(neng)。支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)MeshController用(yong)戶終(zhong)端集(ji)(ji)中管理、多種(zhong)驗證方式使系統(tong)更安全。支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)MeshController用(yong)戶流(liu)(liu)量(liang)控制(zhi)功能(neng),可根據(ju)用(yong)戶類型自由分配流(liu)(liu)量(liang),支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)限(xian)(xian)速,限(xian)(xian)流(liu)(liu)量(liang),限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)上網時間等(deng)功能(neng)。
對于固定(ding)無(wu)(wu)線圖(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)傳輸(shu)可(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)成本較(jiao)低(di)的WLAN技(ji)術(shu)產品;對于移動(dong)視頻(pin)圖(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)傳輸(shu)可(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)公(gong)眾(zhong)移動(dong)網絡或專用(yong)無(wu)(wu)線圖(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)傳輸(shu)技(ji)術(shu)。希望有更多的同行能再(zai)進(jin)一步關注無(wu)(wu)線圖(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)傳輸(shu)問(wen)題,以(yi)促進(jin)該行業的發展。
是(shi)最(zui)為傳統的電(dian)視(shi)監控傳輸(shu)方式(shi),對(dui)0~6MHz視(shi)頻基帶信號不作任何處理,通過(guo)同軸電(dian)纜(非平衡)直接(jie)傳輸(shu)模擬信號。其優點是(shi):短(duan)距離(li)傳輸(shu)圖像信號損失(shi)小,造價低廉,系(xi)統穩定。缺點:傳輸(shu)距離(li)短(duan),300米(mi)以(yi)上高頻分量衰(shuai)減較大,無法保證圖像質量;一(yi)路(lu)視(shi)頻信號需(xu)(xu)布(bu)(bu)一(yi)根電(dian)纜,傳輸(shu)控制信號需(xu)(xu)另布(bu)(bu)電(dian)纜;其結構為星(xing)形(xing)結構,布(bu)(bu)線量大、維護困難、可擴展性差(cha),適合小系(xi)統。
常見(jian)的有模擬光(guang)端(duan)機和數字光(guang)端(duan)機,是解決(jue)幾(ji)十甚至幾(ji)百(bai)公里電視(shi)監控傳(chuan)輸的最佳(jia)解決(jue)方式,通(tong)過把視(shi)頻及控制(zhi)信號(hao)轉換為激光(guang)信號(hao)在(zai)光(guang)纖中傳(chuan)輸。其優(you)點是:傳(chuan)輸距(ju)離遠、衰減小,抗(kang)干擾性能好(hao),適合遠距(ju)離傳(chuan)輸。其缺(que)點是:對于幾(ji)公里內監控信號(hao)傳(chuan)輸不(bu)夠(gou)經濟(ji);光(guang)熔接及維(wei)護需專業(ye)技術人員及設備操(cao)作處理,維(wei)護技術要求高(gao),不(bu)易升級(ji)擴容。
是(shi)解決(jue)城域間遠距離、點(dian)(dian)位(wei)極其分散的監(jian)(jian)控(kong)傳(chuan)輸方式,采(cai)用(yong)MPEG2/4、H.264音視頻壓(ya)縮格式傳(chuan)輸監(jian)(jian)控(kong)信(xin)號。其優點(dian)(dian)是(shi):采(cai)用(yong)網絡(luo)(luo)視頻服務器作為(wei)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)信(xin)號上傳(chuan)設(she)備,只要有Internet網絡(luo)(luo)的地方,安(an)裝上遠程監(jian)(jian)控(kong)軟(ruan)件就可監(jian)(jian)看(kan)和控(kong)制(zhi)。其缺點(dian)(dian)是(shi):受網絡(luo)(luo)帶寬和速度的限(xian)制(zhi),ADSL只能傳(chuan)輸小(xiao)畫(hua)面、低畫(hua)質的圖(tu)像;每秒(miao)只能傳(chuan)輸幾(ji)到十幾(ji)幀圖(tu)像,動畫(hua)效果(guo)十分明顯并有延時,無法做(zuo)到實時監(jian)(jian)控(kong)。
是(shi)解決(jue)幾(ji)公里(li)甚(shen)至幾(ji)十公里(li)不(bu)(bu)易布線場所監控傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)的解決(jue)方式之(zhi)一。采用(yong)(yong)調(diao)頻(pin)調(diao)制或調(diao)幅調(diao)制的辦法,將圖像搭載(zai)到(dao)高頻(pin)載(zai)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)上,轉換為(wei)高頻(pin)電(dian)磁(ci)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)在空中傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)。其(qi)優點(dian)是(shi):綜合(he)成本低(di),性能(neng)(neng)更穩定,省去布線及(ji)線纜維護(hu)費用(yong)(yong);可(ke)動態實(shi)時(shi)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)廣播級圖像,圖像傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)清晰(xi)度不(bu)(bu)錯,而且完全實(shi)時(shi);組網靈(ling)活,可(ke)擴(kuo)展性好,即(ji)插即(ji)用(yong)(yong);維護(hu)費用(yong)(yong)低(di)。其(qi)缺點(dian)是(shi):由(you)于采用(yong)(yong)微(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu),頻(pin)段在1GHz以上,常用(yong)(yong)的有(you)L波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)段(1.0~2.0GHz)、S波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)段(2.0~3.0GHz)、Ku波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)段(10~12GHz),傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)環境是(shi)開放的空間(jian),如(ru)果(guo)在大城市(shi)使用(yong)(yong),無線電(dian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)比較(jiao)復雜,相對(dui)容易受外(wai)界電(dian)磁(ci)干(gan)(gan)擾;微(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)信號為(wei)直(zhi)線傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu),中間(jian)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)有(you)山體、建筑物遮擋;如(ru)果(guo)有(you)障礙物,需要加中繼加以解決(jue),Ku波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)段受天(tian)氣影響較(jiao)為(wei)嚴重,尤其(qi)是(shi)雨(yu)雪天(tian)氣會有(you)比較(jiao)嚴重的雨(yu)衰現象。不(bu)(bu)過也有(you)數字(zi)微(wei)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)視頻(pin)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)產品,抗干(gan)(gan)擾能(neng)(neng)力和可(ke)擴(kuo)展性都提高不(bu)(bu)少。
(平衡(heng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)):也是(shi)視(shi)頻基帶傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)一(yi)種,將(jiang)75Ω的(de)非平衡(heng)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)轉換(huan)為平衡(heng)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)來傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)。是(shi)解決(jue)監控(kong)圖(tu)(tu)像1Km內(nei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu),電磁環境相(xiang)對復(fu)雜、場合比較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)解決(jue)方式(shi)(shi),將(jiang)監控(kong)圖(tu)(tu)像信號處(chu)理通過平衡(heng)對稱方式(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)。其優點(dian)是(shi):布(bu)線(xian)(xian)簡易、成(cheng)本低(di)廉、抗共模(mo)干憂性(xing)能強。其缺點(dian)是(shi):只能解決(jue)1Km以內(nei)監控(kong)圖(tu)(tu)像傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu),而且一(yi)根雙絞線(xian)(xian)只能傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)一(yi)路(lu)圖(tu)(tu)像,不適合應用在大中(zhong)型監控(kong)中(zhong);雙絞線(xian)(xian)質地脆弱抗老化能力差(cha),不適于(yu)野外傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu);雙絞線(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)高頻分量衰減較(jiao)大,圖(tu)(tu)像顏(yan)色會受到很大損(sun)失。
視頻(pin)采(cai)用調幅調制(zhi)、伴音調頻(pin)搭載(zai)、FSK數據信(xin)(xin)號(hao)調制(zhi)等(deng)技(ji)術(shu),將(jiang)數十路監(jian)控圖(tu)像(xiang)、伴音、控制(zhi)及報警(jing)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)集(ji)成到(dao)“一根”同(tong)軸電(dian)(dian)纜中雙(shuang)向傳輸。其優點是:充分(fen)利用了(le)同(tong)軸電(dian)(dian)纜的資源(yuan)空間,三十路音視頻(pin)及控制(zhi)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)在同(tong)一根電(dian)(dian)纜中雙(shuang)向傳輸、實(shi)現(xian)“一線(xian)(xian)通”;施(shi)(shi)工(gong)簡(jian)單、維護(hu)方(fang)(fang)便,大(da)量(liang)節省材(cai)料成本及施(shi)(shi)工(gong)費用;頻(pin)分(fen)復(fu)用技(ji)術(shu)解決遠距(ju)傳輸點位分(fen)散,布線(xian)(xian)困難(nan)監(jian)控傳輸問題;射頻(pin)傳輸方(fang)(fang)式(shi)只衰減(jian)載(zai)波(bo)信(xin)(xin)號(hao),圖(tu)像(xiang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)衰減(jian)比較小,亮度、色度傳輸同(tong)步嵌套,保(bao)證(zheng)圖(tu)像(xiang)質量(liang)達到(dao)4級(ji)左右;采(cai)用75Ω同(tong)軸非(fei)平衡(heng)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)傳輸使其具有很強抗干擾(rao)能力,電(dian)(dian)磁環境復(fu)雜場合仍能保(bao)證(zheng)圖(tu)像(xiang)質量(liang)。其缺點是:采(cai)用弱(ruo)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)傳輸,系(xi)統調試技(ji)術(shu)要求高,必須使用專業儀器,如(ru)果(guo)干線(xian)(xian)線(xian)(xian)路有一臺設備有問題,可(ke)能導致整個(ge)系(xi)統沒圖(tu)像(xiang),另外寬頻(pin)調制(zhi)端需外加AC220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(但大(da)多監(jian)控點都具備AC220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)這個(ge)條件(jian))。
SmartAir技術是通信(xin)業界(jie)獨(du)有的(de)單天線(xian)模式千兆級無線(xian)高(gao)速傳輸(shu)技術。其采用多頻帶OFDM空(kong)口技術,TDMA的(de)低延(yan)時調度技術,以及低密度奇偶校驗碼LDPC,自(zi)適應(ying)調制編碼AMC和混合自(zi)動重傳HARQ等高(gao)級無線(xian)通信(xin)技術,實(shi)現到達1Gbps的(de)傳輸(shu)速率。
1、綜合成(cheng)本(ben)低,性能(neng)更穩定。只需一次性投資,無須挖溝埋(mai)管,特(te)別(bie)適(shi)合室外距離較遠及已裝(zhuang)修(xiu)好的場(chang)合;在許多情況下,用(yong)戶(hu)往往由(you)于受(shou)到地理環境(jing)(jing)和工作內(nei)容的限制,例(li)如山地、港口和開闊(kuo)地等特(te)殊(shu)地理環境(jing)(jing),對有線(xian)(xian)網絡、有線(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)輸的布線(xian)(xian)工程帶來極大的不便,采用(yong)有線(xian)(xian)的施(shi)工周期將很長,甚至(zhi)根本(ben)無法實現(xian)。這時(shi),采用(yong)無線(xian)(xian)監控可以擺(bai)脫線(xian)(xian)纜的束縛(fu),有安(an)裝(zhuang)周期短、維護方(fang)便、擴容能(neng)力強(qiang),迅速收回成(cheng)本(ben)的優點。
2、組網(wang)(wang)靈活,可擴展性好,即插即用。管理人員可以(yi)迅速將新(xin)的無線監控(kong)點加(jia)入(ru)到現有網(wang)(wang)絡中,不需要為新(xin)建傳輸鋪設(she)網(wang)(wang)絡、增加(jia)設(she)備,輕(qing)而易舉地實現遠程無線監控(kong)。
3、維(wei)(wei)護(hu)費(fei)用低。無線監控維(wei)(wei)護(hu)由網絡(luo)提供商維(wei)(wei)護(hu),前端設備是(shi)即插(cha)即用、免維(wei)(wei)護(hu)系統。
4、無線監(jian)(jian)控系(xi)統是(shi)監(jian)(jian)控和無線傳(chuan)輸技術的結(jie)合,它可以將不同地點的現場信息實時通(tong)過無線通(tong)訊手段傳(chuan)送到無線監(jian)(jian)控中心(xin),并(bing)且自(zi)動形成(cheng)視(shi)頻數(shu)據(ju)庫便于日后的檢索。
5、在(zai)無線(xian)監(jian)控(kong)系統中,無線(xian)監(jian)控(kong)中心(xin)實時得到(dao)被(bei)監(jian)控(kong)點(dian)的(de)視頻(pin)(pin)信(xin)息,并(bing)且該(gai)視頻(pin)(pin)信(xin)息是連(lian)續、清晰的(de)。在(zai)無線(xian)監(jian)控(kong)點(dian),通常(chang)使用(yong)攝(she)像(xiang)頭對現場(chang)情況進行實時采集(ji),攝(she)像(xiang)頭通過無線(xian)視頻(pin)(pin)傳輸設備(bei)相連(lian),并(bing)通過由(you)無線(xian)電波(bo)將(jiang)數據信(xin)號發送到(dao)監(jian)控(kong)中心(xin)。
無線監(jian)(jian)控應用范圍(wei)廣、分布(bu)散(san)的安全監(jian)(jian)控、交(jiao)通監(jian)(jian)控、工(gong)業監(jian)(jian)控、家(jia)庭監(jian)(jian)控等(deng)眾多領域。如:
·取款(kuan)機、銀(yin)行柜員、超市、工廠等的無線監控
·看護所、幼兒園、學校提供遠程無(wu)線監控服(fu)務(wu)
·電力電站(zhan)、電信基站(zhan)的無(wu)人值(zhi)守(shou)系統
·石油、鉆(zhan)井、勘探(tan)等無(wu)線(xian)監控系統
·智(zhi)(zhi)能化(hua)大廈、智(zhi)(zhi)能小區無線監控系(xi)統
·流水線無(wu)線監控(kong)系統,倉庫無(wu)線監控(kong)系統
·森林、水源、河流(liu)資源的遠程(cheng)無線監控
·戶外設備無(wu)線監理
·橋(qiao)梁、隧道、路口(kou)交通(tong)狀況無線監控系統
·旅(lv)游景區、大型廠區、建筑工地無線視頻傳(chuan)輸系統
·森林防火無線視頻傳輸系(xi)統
·港口、碼頭、邊防檢查站無線視頻傳輸系統
遠(yuan)(yuan)距(ju)離無(wu)線(xian)(xian)傳輸技術(shu):偏遠(yuan)(yuan)地(di)區廣泛應用(yong)的(de)(de)無(wu)線(xian)(xian)通(tong)訊(xun)技術(shu)主要有GPRS/CDMA、數傳電(dian)臺(tai)、擴頻微波、無(wu)線(xian)(xian)網(wang)橋及衛星通(tong)信、短波通(tong)信技術(shu)等(deng)。它主要使用(yong)在較(jiao)為偏遠(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)(huo)不宜鋪設(she)線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)地(di)區,如:煤礦、海(hai)上、有污染或(huo)(huo)環境較(jiao)為惡(e)劣地(di)區等(deng)。
(1)GPRS/CDMA無線(xian)通信技術(shu):
GPRS(通用(yong)(yong)(yong)無線(xian)分組(zu)(zu)業務)是由中國移動開發(fa)運(yun)營的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種基(ji)于(yu)GSM通信系(xi)統的(de)(de)無線(xian)分組(zu)(zu)交換(huan)技(ji)術,是介于(yu)第二代(dai)和(he)第三代(dai)之間的(de)(de)技(ji)術,通常稱為2.5G,它是利用(yong)(yong)(yong)包(bao)交換(huan)概念(nian)發(fa)展的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種無線(xian)傳(chuan)輸方(fang)式。包(bao)交換(huan)就將數(shu)據(ju)(ju)封(feng)裝成許多獨立(li)的(de)(de)包(bao),再將這些包(bao)一(yi)(yi)個一(yi)(yi)個傳(chuan)送出去(qu),形式上有點類似寄包(bao)裹,其優勢在于(yu)有資(zi)(zi)料(liao)需(xu)要傳(chuan)送時(shi)才(cai)會占用(yong)(yong)(yong)頻(pin)寬,而且是以資(zi)(zi)料(liao)量計(ji)價,有效的(de)(de)提高(gao)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)。GPRS網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)同時(shi)支持電路型數(shu)據(ju)(ju)和(he)分組(zu)(zu)交換(huan)數(shu)據(ju)(ju),從而GPRS網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)能夠方(fang)便的(de)(de)和(he)因特網(wang)互相(xiang)連接(jie),相(xiang)比原來的(de)(de)GSM網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)電路交換(huan)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)傳(chuan)送方(fang)式,GRRS的(de)(de)分組(zu)(zu)交換(huan)技(ji)術具有實時(shi)在線(xian)”按(an)量計(ji)費“高(gao)速傳(chuan)輸等優點。
CDMA(是碼(ma)分多(duo)址(zhi)的英文縮寫)由中國(guo)電信運行的一種基(ji)于碼(ma)分技術和多(duo)址(zhi)技術的新的無線通信系統,其原理基(ji)于擴頻技術。
(2)數傳電臺通信(xin):
數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)傳電(dian)(dian)(dian)臺(tai)是數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)式(shi)無(wu)線(xian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)傳輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)臺(tai)的(de)簡稱(cheng)。它是采用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)信(xin)號(hao)處(chu)理、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)調(diao)制(zhi)解(jie)調(diao)、具有(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)向糾(jiu)錯(cuo)、均衡(heng)軟(ruan)判(pan)決等功(gong)能的(de)一種無(wu)線(xian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)傳輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)臺(tai)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)傳電(dian)(dian)(dian)臺(tai)的(de)工作頻率(lv)大多使用(yong)(yong)220--240MHz或400--470MHz頻段,具有(you)(you)(you)(you)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)話兼容、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)傳輸實時性好、專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)傳輸通道、一次投(tou)資、沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)運行(xing)(xing)使用(yong)(yong)費、適用(yong)(yong)于惡劣環(huan)境、穩(wen)定(ding)性好等優點。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)傳電(dian)(dian)(dian)臺(tai)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效覆(fu)蓋半徑(jing)約有(you)(you)(you)(you)幾(ji)十公里,可(ke)(ke)以覆(fu)蓋一個城(cheng)市或一定(ding)的(de)區域。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)傳電(dian)(dian)(dian)臺(tai)通常提供(gong)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)RS-232數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)接(jie)口,可(ke)(ke)直接(jie)與計算(suan)機、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)采集器(qi)、RTU、PLC、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)終端、GPS接(jie)收機、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)碼相機等連(lian)接(jie)。已(yi)經在(zai)(zai)各行(xing)(xing)業取(qu)得廣泛的(de)應用(yong)(yong),在(zai)(zai)航空航天、鐵(tie)路、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力、石油、氣象、地(di)震等各個行(xing)(xing)業均有(you)(you)(you)(you)應用(yong)(yong),在(zai)(zai)遙控、遙測、搖信(xin)、遙感等SCADA領域也取(qu)得了長足的(de)進步(bu)和發展。
(3)擴頻(pin)微(wei)波通信:
擴(kuo)頻通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),即擴(kuo)展(zhan)頻譜通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)術是(shi)指(zhi)其傳(chuan)輸(shu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)所用信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號的(de)帶(dai)寬(kuan)(kuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)大(da)于(yu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)本(ben)身(shen)帶(dai)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)一種通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)術。最早(zao)始(shi)用于(yu)軍事(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。它傳(chuan)輸(shu)的(de)基本(ben)原理是(shi)將所傳(chuan)輸(shu)的(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)用偽隨(sui)(sui)機碼(ma)序列(擴(kuo)頻碼(ma))進行調制,偽隨(sui)(sui)機碼(ma)的(de)速率遠(yuan)(yuan)大(da)于(yu)傳(chuan)送(song)(song)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)的(de)速率,這時發送(song)(song)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號所占據帶(dai)寬(kuan)(kuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)大(da)于(yu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)本(ben)身(shen)所需(xu)的(de)帶(dai)寬(kuan)(kuan)實現了頻譜擴(kuo)展(zhan),同(tong)(tong)時發射到(dao)空間的(de)無線(xian)電功率譜密度(du)(du)也有大(da)幅度(du)(du)的(de)降低(di)。在接收端則采用相同(tong)(tong)的(de)擴(kuo)頻碼(ma)進行相關解調并(bing)恢復信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)數據!其主要特點(dian)是(shi):抗噪聲能(neng)力(li)(li)較(jiao)強;抗干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)能(neng)力(li)(li)較(jiao)強;抗衰落能(neng)力(li)(li)強;抗多徑干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)能(neng)力(li)(li)強;易于(yu)多媒體通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)組網(wang);具(ju)有良好的(de)安全通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)(li);不干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)同(tong)(tong)類的(de)其他(ta)系統等,同(tong)(tong)時具(ju)有傳(chuan)輸(shu)距離(li)遠(yuan)(yuan)、覆蓋面廣(guang)等特點(dian),特別適合野外聯網(wang)應(ying)用。
(4)無線網橋:
無線(xian)(xian)(xian)網(wang)橋(qiao)(qiao)是無線(xian)(xian)(xian)射頻技術和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)有線(xian)(xian)(xian)網(wang)橋(qiao)(qiao)技術相結合的(de)產物。無線(xian)(xian)(xian)網(wang)橋(qiao)(qiao)是為(wei)使用無線(xian)(xian)(xian)(微(wei)(wei)波(bo))進(jin)行遠距離(li)數(shu)(shu)據傳(chuan)(chuan)輸的(de)點對點網(wang)間(jian)互聯(lian)而(er)設計。它是一種在鏈路層實現(xian)LAN互聯(lian)的(de)存儲轉發設備,可用于固定數(shu)(shu)字設備與其他固定數(shu)(shu)字設備之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)遠距離(li)(可達50Km)、高速(可達百兆bps)無線(xian)(xian)(xian)組網(wang)。擴頻微(wei)(wei)波(bo)和(he)無線(xian)(xian)(xian)網(wang)橋(qiao)(qiao)技術都可以用來傳(chuan)(chuan)輸對帶(dai)寬(kuan)要(yao)求相當高的(de)視頻監控等大數(shu)(shu)據量信號傳(chuan)(chuan)輸業務。
(5)衛(wei)星(xing)通信(xin):
衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)通(tong)信(xin)是指(zhi)利(li)用人造地(di)球衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)作為中繼站(zhan)(zhan)來轉(zhuan)發無(wu)線電信(xin)號,從而實現(xian)多個地(di)面站(zhan)(zhan)之間進行通(tong)信(xin)的(de)一(yi)種技術(shu),它是地(di)面微波(bo)通(tong)信(xin)的(de)繼承和發展。衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)通(tong)信(xin)系統(tong)通(tong)常由二部分(fen)組成,分(fen)別是衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)端(duan)、地(di)面端(duan)。衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)端(duan)在(zai)空中,主(zhu)要(yao)用于將地(di)面站(zhan)(zhan)發送(song)的(de)信(xin)號放(fang)大再轉(zhuan)發給其它地(di)面站(zhan)(zhan)。地(di)面站(zhan)(zhan)主(zhu)要(yao)用于對(dui)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)的(de)控制(zhi)、跟蹤以(yi)及實現(xian)地(di)面通(tong)信(xin)系統(tong)接入衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)通(tong)信(xin)系統(tong)。
衛(wei)星可分為同(tong)(tong)(tong)步衛(wei)星和非同(tong)(tong)(tong)步衛(wei)星,同(tong)(tong)(tong)步衛(wei)星在空中的運(yun)行(xing)方向和周(zhou)(zhou)期與地(di)球的自轉方向及周(zhou)(zhou)期相同(tong)(tong)(tong),從地(di)面(mian)的任何(he)位置看,該衛(wei)星都是靜止不動的;非同(tong)(tong)(tong)步衛(wei)星的運(yun)行(xing)周(zhou)(zhou)期大于或小于地(di)球的運(yun)行(xing)周(zhou)(zhou)期,其軌道高(gao)度(du)”傾角“形狀都可根(gen)據需要調(diao)整。
衛星通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)的(de)特點是(shi):覆蓋范圍廣,工作(zuo)頻帶寬,通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)質量好(hao),不(bu)受地理條件(jian)限制,成本與通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)距離無關等。其(qi)主要用在國際通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin),國內(nei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin),軍事通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin),移動通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)和廣播(bo)電(dian)視等領域,衛星通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)主要缺點是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)具有一定(ding)的(de)延遲,比如打(da)衛星電(dian)話時(shi),不(bu)能立即聽到(dao)對方(fang)回話,主要原因是(shi)衛星通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)傳輸距離較長,無線電(dian)波在空中傳輸是(shi)有一定(ding)延遲的(de)。
(6)短波通信(xin):
按照國際無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)咨詢委員會的(de)(de)劃分(fen),短(duan)(duan)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)是(shi)指(zhi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)長100m——10m,頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)3MHZ-30MHZ的(de)(de)電(dian)磁波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。短(duan)(duan)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)指(zhi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)短(duan)(duan)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),又稱(cheng)高頻(pin)(pin)(HF)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。短(duan)(duan)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)可分(fen)為(wei)地波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)和天(tian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)。地波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)衰(shuai)耗隨(sui)工(gong)作頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)升(sheng)高而遞增,在同樣的(de)(de)地面(mian)(mian)條件(jian)下,頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)越高,衰(shuai)耗越大(da)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)地波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)只適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于近距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),其(qi)(qi)工(gong)作頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)一般選(xuan)在5MHZ以下。地波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)受(shou)天(tian)氣影響小(xiao),比較穩(wen)定(ding),信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)道(dao)(dao)參(can)數基本不隨(sui)時(shi)間(jian)變(bian)化(hua)(hua),故信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)道(dao)(dao)可視為(wei)恒參(can)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)道(dao)(dao)。天(tian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)是(shi)無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)經電(dian)離(li)(li)(li)層(ceng)反(fan)射來進(jin)(jin)行遠(yuan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)方式(shi),傾斜(xie)投(tou)射的(de)(de)電(dian)磁波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)經電(dian)離(li)(li)(li)層(ceng)反(fan)射后(hou),可以傳(chuan)到幾千千米外(wai)的(de)(de)地面(mian)(mian)。天(tian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)損耗比地波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)小(xiao)得多(duo)(duo),經地面(mian)(mian)與電(dian)離(li)(li)(li)層(ceng)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)多(duo)(duo)次反(fan)射之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),可以達(da)到極遠(yuan)的(de)(de)地方,因此,利(li)用(yong)(yong)天(tian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)可以進(jin)(jin)行環(huan)球通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。天(tian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)因受(shou)電(dian)離(li)(li)(li)層(ceng)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)和多(duo)(duo)徑傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)嚴重影響極不穩(wen)定(ding),其(qi)(qi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)道(dao)(dao)參(can)數隨(sui)時(shi)間(jian)而急(ji)劇變(bian)化(hua)(hua),因此稱(cheng)為(wei)變(bian)參(can)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)道(dao)(dao)。短(duan)(duan)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)特點是(shi):建設維護(hu)費用(yong)(yong)低,周期短(duan)(duan),設備簡單,電(dian)路調度(du)容易,抗毀能力強(qiang),頻(pin)(pin)段窄,通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)容量小(xiao),天(tian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)道(dao)(dao)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)傳(chuan)輸穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)差等。