感應電動(dong)機又稱(cheng)“異步電動(dong)機（asynchronousmotor）”，即(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子置于(yu)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場中，在旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場的作(zuo)用下，獲得一(yi)個(ge)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)力矩，因而(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)。
轉(zhuan)子(zi)是(shi)可轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的導體，通常(chang)多呈(cheng)鼠籠狀(zhuang)。定子(zi)是(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)中不轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的部(bu)分，主要任務是(shi)產(chan)生一個(ge)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場。旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場并不是(shi)用機(ji)(ji)械方法(fa)來實現。而是(shi)以(yi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)通于(yu)數對電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)中，使(shi)其磁(ci)(ci)極性質循環改變，故相(xiang)當于(yu)一個(ge)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)的磁(ci)(ci)場。這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)并不像直流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)有(you)電(dian)刷或集電(dian)環，依據所用交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)的種(zhong)類有(you)單相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和三相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，單相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)用在如(ru)洗衣機(ji)(ji)，電(dian)風扇等；三相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)則(ze)作為(wei)工廠的動(dong)(dong)力設備(bei)。
尼古(gu)拉·特(te)斯拉（Nikola Tesla，1856年7月(yue)10日~1943年1月(yue)7日），塞(sai)爾維亞裔美籍發(fa)明家、機(ji)械(xie)工程師(shi)(shi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)工程師(shi)(shi)。他被認(ren)為是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)商業化的(de)重要(yao)推動者之一，并因主持設計了現代交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統而最為人知(zhi)。在邁克(ke)爾·法(fa)拉第(di)發(fa)現的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場理論的(de)基礎上，特(te)斯拉在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場領域有著多項革命性的(de)發(fa)明。1887年發(fa)明感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)，他的(de)多項相關專利以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁學的(de)理論研究工作是現代的(de)無線(xian)通信和無線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)基石。
通過定子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場（其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速為同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速n1）與(yu)(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組的(de)相(xiang)對運動(dong)(dong)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組切割磁感(gan)線產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢，從而(er)使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組中產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組中的(de)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)磁場作(zuo)用，產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。由于當(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速逐漸接近(jin)同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速時，感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減小(xiao)，所產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩也相(xiang)應(ying)減小(xiao)，當(dang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機工作(zuo)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機狀態時，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速小(xiao)于同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速。為了描述轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速n與(yu)(yu)(yu)同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速n1之間的(de)差別，引入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差率（slip）。
單相異步電機的基本結構
單(dan)相異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)就(jiu)是只需單(dan)相交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)由(you)定子(zi)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)、軸承(cheng)、機(ji)(ji)殼、端蓋等構成(cheng)(cheng)。定子(zi)由(you)機(ji)(ji)座和帶繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)鐵(tie)心(xin)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。鐵(tie)心(xin)由(you)硅(gui)鋼片沖槽疊壓而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)，槽內嵌裝(zhuang)兩套空間互隔90°電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)角度的(de)主(zhu)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)（也稱(cheng)運(yun)(yun)行繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)）和輔繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)（也稱(cheng)起動(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)副繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)）。主(zhu)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)接交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，輔繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)串(chuan)接離心(xin)開關(guan)S或(huo)起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)、運(yun)(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)等之后，再(zai)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。轉(zhuan)子(zi)為籠型鑄鋁轉(zhuan)子(zi)，它是將鐵(tie)心(xin)疊壓后用鋁鑄入鐵(tie)心(xin)的(de)槽中，并一起鑄出端環，使轉(zhuan)子(zi)導條短路成(cheng)(cheng)鼠籠型。
單(dan)相異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)又(you)分為(wei)單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻起(qi)動異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)，單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)起(qi)動異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)運轉異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)和單(dan)相雙值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。
三相異步電機的基本結構
三相(xiang)(xiang)異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)由(you)(you)(you)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，軸(zhou)承組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)由(you)(you)(you)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)，三相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)，端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)(gai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)一(yi)般(ban)由(you)(you)(you)0.35~0.5毫米厚表面具有(you)(you)絕(jue)緣層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)鋼片(pian)沖(chong)制、疊壓(ya)而成(cheng)，在鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)圓(yuan)(yuan)沖(chong)有(you)(you)均勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槽，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)嵌放定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。三相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)(you)(you)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)在空(kong)間互(hu)隔120°電(dian)角度、隊(dui)稱(cheng)排(pai)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構完全相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)連接而成(cheng)，這些繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈按一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)規律分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)嵌放在定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各槽內(nei)(nei)。其作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是通(tong)(tong)入三相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)，產生旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)。機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)為鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)件，大(da)型異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)一(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼板(ban)焊成(cheng)，微型電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄(zhu)鋁件，其作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)與(yu)前后端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)(gai)以(yi)支撐轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，并起(qi)防(fang)護(hu)、散熱等作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。封閉式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)外面有(you)(you)散熱筋以(yi)增加散熱面積，防(fang)護(hu)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)兩端(duan)(duan)端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)(gai)開有(you)(you)通(tong)(tong)風孔，使電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣可直接對流(liu)(liu)，以(yi)利于散熱。端(duan)(duan)蓋(gai)(gai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)起(qi)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，支撐和防(fang)護(hu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)由(you)(you)(you)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)和繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)材料與(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)樣，由(you)(you)(you)0.5毫米厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)鋼片(pian)沖(chong)制、疊壓(ya)而成(cheng)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)鋼片(pian)外圓(yuan)(yuan)沖(chong)有(you)(you)均勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)安(an)置轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。通(tong)(tong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)沖(chong)落后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)鋼片(pian)內(nei)(nei)圓(yuan)(yuan)來(lai)沖(chong)制轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)。一(yi)般(ban)小型異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)直接壓(ya)裝在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)，大(da)、中型異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直徑(jing)在300~400毫米以(yi)上(shang)(shang)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)則借助(zhu)與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支架壓(ya)在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為鼠(shu)籠(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。 （1）鼠(shu)籠(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)(you)(you)插入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)槽中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多根導條和兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)環行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)環組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。若去掉(diao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)，整個(ge)(ge)(ge)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外形像(xiang)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)鼠(shu)籠(long)，故稱(cheng)籠(long)型繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。小型籠(long)型電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄(zhu)鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，對于100KW以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)銅條和銅端(duan)(duan)環焊接而成(cheng)。鼠(shu)籠(long)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為：阻抗型轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、單鼠(shu)籠(long)型轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、雙鼠(shu)籠(long)型轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、深槽式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)幾種，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩等特性(xing)各有(you)(you)不同(tong)。 （2）繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si)，也是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)對稱(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，一(yi)般(ban)接成(cheng)星形，三個(ge)(ge)(ge)出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)頭接到轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)集流(liu)(liu)環上(shang)(shang)，再(zai)通(tong)(tong)過電(dian)刷與(yu)外電(dian)路聯接。
1 異步電動(dong)機起動(dong)方(fang)式
1.1 軟起動
隨(sui)著(zhu)微(wei)型計算機(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)迅(xun)猛發展，在相關的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)工程領(ling)域中先后(hou)(hou)研制(zhi)成功(gong)了一(yi)批(pi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)式軟起(qi)(qi)動控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)，廣(guang)泛(fan)應用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)動過程，降壓啟動器(qi)隨(sui)之被替代。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)式的(de)(de)(de)軟起(qi)(qi)動設施都使用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路構成如下所(suo)描述：晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管六只，兩(liang)兩(liang)反并(bing)聯后(hou)(hou)串聯至三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源上，待系統發送起(qi)(qi)動信號后(hou)(hou)，微(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)起(qi)(qi)動器(qi)系統立(li)即(ji)進行(xing)數(shu)據計算，令晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管輸送觸發信號，使晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管的(de)(de)(de)導通角(jiao)得到(dao)控(kong)制(zhi)，根據給定的(de)(de)(de)輸出，調(diao)節(jie)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。該起(qi)(qi)動方式適(shi)合(he)各(ge)種(zhong)功(gong)率值的(de)(de)(de)三相交流異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括六根和三根連接方式的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)動控(kong)制(zhi)。
1.2 直(zhi)接(jie)起動(dong)
此(ci)(ci)種起(qi)(qi)動(dong)方式(shi)是電(dian)機(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)方式(shi)中(zhong)最基礎最簡(jian)單(dan)的，首先借助用(yong)刀(dao)開關使電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)與電(dian)網(wang)進行連(lian)接，此(ci)(ci)時在額定(ding)電(dian)壓下(xia)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)并運(yun)行起(qi)(qi)來，該方式(shi)特點為：投資少，設備簡(jian)單(dan)、數量少，雖然起(qi)(qi)動(dong)時間短，但(dan)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)時的轉矩較小(xiao)(xiao)，電(dian)流(liu)較大，比較適合應(ying)用(yong)在容量小(xiao)(xiao)的電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)。
1.3 降壓起動(dong)
由(you)于(yu)直接(jie)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)存(cun)在(zai)較大的缺點，降(jiang)壓起(qi)(qi)動(dong)隨之產(chan)生。這種起(qi)(qi)動(dong)方式(shi)適(shi)用(yong)的起(qi)(qi)動(dong)環(huan)境為空載(zai)和輕載(zai)這兩種情況，由(you)于(yu)降(jiang)壓起(qi)(qi)動(dong)方式(shi)是在(zai)同時實現了限制起(qi)(qi)動(dong)轉矩(ju)和起(qi)(qi)動(dong)電流的，因(yin)此起(qi)(qi)動(dong)工作結束后需要使工作的電路(lu)恢(hui)復到額(e)定狀態。
三相感(gan)應電動機電氣制(zhi)(zhi)動方式有：能耗制(zhi)(zhi)動、反(fan)接(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)動、再(zai)生制(zhi)(zhi)動三種。
(1)能(neng)耗制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機的三相交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，將(jiang)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)送(song)入定子繞組(zu)。在切斷交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的瞬(shun)間，由(you)于慣性作用(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機仍按原來方向(xiang)轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，這種(zhong)方式的特點是制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)平穩(wen)，但需直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機，所需直(zhi)流(liu)設(she)備成(cheng)本(ben)大，低速時制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)小。
(2)反(fan)接(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)又分負載反(fan)接(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)和電源反(fan)接(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)兩種。
1)負載(zai)反(fan)接制動(dong)又稱負載(zai)倒拉(la)反(fan)接制動(dong)。此轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩使重(zhong)物以穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)速(su)度緩慢下降。這種(zhong)制動(dong)的(de)特點是：電(dian)源不用反(fan)接，不需(xu)要(yao)專用的(de)制動(dong)設備，而且還可(ke)以調節制動(dong)速(su)度，但只(zhi)適用于繞(rao)線(xian)型(xing)電(dian)動(dong)機，其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子電(dian)路需(xu)串入大電(dian)阻，使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)差率大于1。
2)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)反接制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機需制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時，只要任意對調兩相電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)線，使旋轉(zhuan)磁場相反就能(neng)很快(kuai)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機轉(zhuan)速等于(yu)零(ling)時，立即切斷電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。這(zhe)種制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)的特點是(shi)：停車快(kuai)，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力較強，無需制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)設備。但制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)流大，沖(chong)擊力也(ye)大，易使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機過熱，或損傷(shang)傳動(dong)(dong)部(bu)分的零(ling)部(bu)件。
(3)再生制動(dong)(dong)又稱回(hui)饋制動(dong)(dong)，在重物的作用(yong)下(當起重機電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機下放重物)，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)高(gao)于旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場的同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)。這時轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子導體產生感應電(dian)流，在旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場的作用(yong)下產生反旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方向轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，但電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)高(gao)，需用(yong)變(bian)速(su)裝置減(jian)速(su)。
1、一般來說，小型異步電機指的就是感應運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)型異步電機。這種電機不只(zhi)在啟(qi)動(dong)時(shi)，在運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)時(shi)也(ye)使(shi)用(yong)輔助線圈和電容(rong)器。雖然啟(qi)動(dong)轉(zhuan)矩不是很大，但其結構簡單，信賴度高，效率也(ye)高。
2、隨負荷的大小，電(dian)機的額定轉速也(ye)會改變。
3、可以連續(xu)運(yun)轉。
4、使(shi)用于不需要速度制動的應用場合。
5、用E種絕緣等級(ji)，而UL型電機則用A種。
6、有感(gan)應運轉型單相異步電機(ji)和三相異步電機(ji)兩種。
7、單(dan)相電機為感應(ying)運轉型異步電機，效率高，噪(zao)聲低(di)。
8、單相異步電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運轉時，產生(sheng)和旋(xuan)(xuan)轉方向(xiang)相反(fan)的轉矩，因此不可能(neng)在(zai)短時間內改變方向(xiang)。應在(zai)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)完全停止(zhi)以后，再轉換其旋(xuan)(xuan)轉方向(xiang)。
9、單相電(dian)機的電(dian)源(yuan)有A（110V 60Hz）、B（22V 60Hz）、C（100V 50/60Hz）、D（200V 50/60Hz）、E（115V 60Hz）、X（200-240V50Hz）等。
10、三相電(dian)機(ji)時(shi)使用U（200V 50/60Hz）、T（220V 50/60Hz）、S（380-440V 50/60Hz）電(dian)源的異步電(dian)機(ji)。
項目
事項
絕緣阻抗
在(zai)常溫(wen)金屬阻和電(dian)動(dong)機外(wai)殼之間的絕緣電(dian)阻超過100M?
絕緣內壓
在常(chang)溫金屬繞組和(he)電(dian)動機箱(xiang)之間(jian)的電(dian)壓
溫度上升
以(yi)1500V、50/60Hz輸入1min時沒有任何問(wen)題(ti)。
絕緣等級
E種（120℃）
過熱保護裝置
開(kai)放（120±5℃）；復歸(gui)（77±5℃）
使用溫度
-10~50℃（UL CE規格電動機使用(yong)溫度為-10~40℃）
（1）電動機投入電源后不(bu)轉的原因檢查(cha)及修理
電動(dong)機(ji)投入電源后不轉(zhuan)，一般有(you)下列原因：
1）控(kong)制設備的接線錯誤；
2）過電流繼電器調(diao)整的整定值偏(pian)小；
3）電源(yuan)未接通，如熔絲燒斷、開關有故障或觸頭接觸不良、引線斷路等；
4）電源至電動機(ji)之間的連(lian)接有故障；
5）電動機(ji)繞(rao)組有故障(zhang)，如相(xiang)間短路(lu)、接(jie)地、接(jie)錯線、斷路(lu)等(deng)；
6）繞線式轉子異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機起動(dong)(dong)誤(wu)操作或起動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)阻過小；
7）電動機(ji)軸承有故障，被卡住；
8）定、轉子鐵芯(xin)相擦(ca)（掃膛），等(deng)于增加過(guo)大的負載(zai)；
9）電動機負載過大或機械(xie)轉動部分被卡住等。
2）電動機(ji)過熱檢查及修理
發現正常運行的(de)電動(dong)機過熱，一(yi)般有下列原因：
1）電源電壓突然變高，并于電動機(ji)銘牌額定(ding)電壓不相符，或者三相電源電壓嚴重不平衡(heng)；
2）電(dian)動機(ji)所拖動的負載(zai)變動較大，電(dian)機(ji)暫時(shi)處于(yu)過載(zai)狀態；
3）由于軸承產(chan)生(sheng)故障或(huo)間隙磨損超限、轉軸發生(sheng)彎曲、鐵(tie)芯局部過(guo)熱變形、轉子軸向串動等原因，使定、轉子鐵(tie)芯掃膛；
4）環(huan)境粉(fen)塵進入電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)內部粘附在絕緣表面上和堵塞(sai)冷卻(que)風(feng)道、冷卻(que)風(feng)管等，使(shi)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)通風(feng)不良(liang)，冷卻(que)效果大(da)大(da)降低，造成(cheng)電(dian)機(ji)過熱；
5）電動機(ji)冷(leng)卻裝置(zhi)失效，調節風溫裝置(zhi)有故障(zhang)，造成電機(ji)過熱；
6）三相(xiang)電動機單相(xiang)運行；
7）繞(rao)組有故障，如短路、斷路、接地、接錯等；
8）氣(qi)隙(xi)不均勻(yun)。
經重繞后(hou)的電動機發生過熱，其原因是：
1）接線錯誤；
2）線圈匝數過(guo)多或(huo)過(guo)少；
3）線(xian)圈導線(xian)過細，線(xian)圈節距(ju)過小(xiao)或過大；
4）電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)裝配(pei)質量(liang)不(bu)好(hao)，鐵(tie)芯未對齊，定轉(zhuan)子鐵(tie)芯軸向(xiang)有差距引(yin)起(qi)軸向(xiang)磁拉力(li)，氣隙(xi)裝配(pei)和(he)調整不(bu)均勻。由(you)于電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)絕緣水平不(bu)斷提高(gao)，允許溫升(sheng)限度(du)也提高(gao)，所以電機(ji)(ji)外殼溫升(sheng)較(jiao)高(gao)可能屬(shu)正常。但要用酒精溫度(du)計測試部門的(de)外殼溫升(sheng)和(he)軸承溫升(sheng)，并和(he)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)絕緣等級所允許的(de)溫升(sheng)相對照(zhao)比較(jiao)后，確認電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)是過(guo)熱(re)，那么可按以下步(bu)驟進行檢查 [9] 。
1）首先檢(jian)查三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)源的電(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)否平(ping)衡(heng)，電(dian)(dian)壓波動的程度是(shi)否大(da)于(yu)制造場廠的保證值（±10[%]）。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓不平(ping)衡(heng)，產生三相(xiang)(xiang)不平(ping)衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)流，引起電(dian)(dian)機損(sun)耗增大(da)和(he)電(dian)(dian)機發熱，所(suo)以要及(ji)時糾正(zheng)。電(dian)(dian)源頻(pin)率變(bian)動對（±5[%]）電(dian)(dian)機發熱也有影響，但實際變(bian)化(hua)不大(da)，所(suo)以在分析時一般可不考慮。
2）檢(jian)查電機是(shi)否單相(xiang)運轉，三相(xiang)接(jie)觸器(qi)的(de)觸頭(tou)是(shi)否接(jie)觸好，開關(guan)的(de)熔(rong)絲(si)是(shi)否有一相(xiang)燒斷，接(jie)線有否（單相(xiang)）斷開。故障檢(jian)查出(chu)后進行處理。
3）檢查(cha)(cha)三相電流(liu)是否超過(guo)額定值(zhi)(zhi)。若超過(guo)額定值(zhi)(zhi)時，要(yao)檢查(cha)(cha)其原因(yin)。處理這(zhe)類故(gu)障(zhang)時，要(yao)查(cha)(cha)清(qing)造成掃膛(tang)的原因(yin)：①轉軸彎曲；②軸承故(gu)障(zhang)。輕(qing)微的鐵芯(xin)掃膛(tang)不影響(xiang)電機正常(chang)運行(xing)，掃膛(tang)嚴重(zhong)時，可(ke)用車(che)刀將(jiang)轉子表面輕(qing)輕(qing)切(qie)削(xue)一層（一般車(che)削(xue)直徑為(wei)0.2mm左右為(wei)宜）。
4）粉塵(chen)敷滿絕緣影響電(dian)機散熱，過濾網堵(du)塞(sai)，通風道和(he)通風管堵(du)塞(sai)等，都會引起電(dian)機過熱。因此可采取(qu)吹(chui)風清掃措施了消除粉塵(chen)，必要時電(dian)機要解體進(jin)行清洗處理。
5）如認為繞(rao)組有(you)故障時，可(ke)進行繞(rao)組短(duan)路(lu)和接地試(shi)驗檢查。根據進行經(jing)驗表明，電(dian)(dian)機繞(rao)組如有(you)匝間(jian)短(duan)路(lu)，電(dian)(dian)機則會(hui)振動(dong)，動(dong)轉時間(jian)不少就(jiu)會(hui)時間(jian)不長就(jiu)會(hui)冒煙(yan)。但(dan)是匝間(jian)短(duan)路(lu)引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)機發熱，并且持續長時期(qi)的機會(hui)，是很少的。
重繞大修后的電機溫升(sheng)超限，可能是(shi)絕緣處(chu)理工藝不(bu)(bu)好，線圈數據(ju)不(bu)(bu)對，接(jie)線錯(cuo)誤(wu)以及裝配質量等問題引起。這時電機應解體對照原始記錄(lu)檢查，以及查明繞組數據(ju)的正確性。
歲月(yue)靜好
】編輯(ji)上(shang)傳提(ti)供，詞條屬(shu)于開放詞條，當前頁面(mian)所展(zhan)示(shi)的詞條介紹涉及宣傳內容屬(shu)于注冊用戶個人編輯(ji)行(xing)為，與【感應電動機】的所屬(shu)企業/所有人/主體(ti)無(wu)關，網站(zhan)(zhan)不完全保(bao)證內容信(xin)息的準確性、真實(shi)性，也不代表(biao)本站(zhan)(zhan)立場，各項(xiang)數據信(xin)息存在(zai)(zai)更新(xin)不及時的情況(kuang)，僅(jin)供參考，請以官方發(fa)布為準。如果(guo)頁面(mian)內容與實(shi)際(ji)情況(kuang)不符，可點擊“反饋”在(zai)(zai)線向網站(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)出修改，網站(zhan)(zhan)將(jiang)核實(shi)后(hou)進行(xing)更正。
