探空火箭是用于將科學(xue)儀器以拋物線軌(gui)跡送(song)入(ru)地(di)球大氣層的上部區域(yu),使其(qi)進入(ru)近地(di)空間(jian)的一種火箭。
探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)基(ji)本結(jie)(jie)構火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭包(bao)括(kuo)箭體結(jie)(jie)構、動力裝置(zhi)、穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)尾翼等。大(da)多(duo)(duo)數探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭為單級(ji)(ji)或(huo)兩(liang)級(ji)(ji)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭,也(ye)有(you)為3級(ji)(ji)、4級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)。動力裝置(zhi)通(tong)常用(yong)固(gu)體火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭發(fa)(fa)(fa)動機(ji),可(ke)以(yi)簡化和(he)(he)(he)縮(suo)短發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)操作時間(jian)。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭對(dui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭姿態和(he)(he)(he)飛行彈(dan)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求不像(xiang)導(dao)彈(dan)和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭那(nei)樣嚴(yan)格(ge),一(yi)般不設(she)控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong),僅靠穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)尾翼或(huo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭繞縱軸(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)來保證飛行穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)。需要(yao)(yao)(yao)精確定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)向時才設(she)置(zhi)控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)。 除探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭基(ji)本結(jie)(jie)構外,探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭系(xi)統(tong)還包(bao)括(kuo)有(you)效載(zai)荷(he)(he)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)裝置(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站(zhan)等: (1) 有(you)效載(zai)荷(he)(he)大(da)多(duo)(duo)裝在箭頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器(qi)艙內。儀(yi)器(qi)艙的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)徑有(you)時可(ke)大(da)于(yu)箭體直(zhi)徑。有(you)效載(zai)荷(he)(he)采集到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)遙(yao)測(ce)(ce)裝置(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)送到(dao)(dao)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站(zhan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)處(chu)理,或(huo)者在火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭下降(jiang)過(guo)(guo)程中將有(you)效載(zai)荷(he)(he)從(cong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭內彈(dan)射(she)(she)(she)出(chu)來,利用(yong)降(jiang)落傘等氣(qi)動減(jian)(jian)速裝置(zhi)安全降(jiang)落到(dao)(dao)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)回收(shou)。有(you)效載(zai)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)量和(he)(he)(he)尺寸取決(jue)于(yu)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求,一(yi)般為幾(ji)公斤(jin)到(dao)(dao)幾(ji)百公斤(jin),最(zui)大(da)可(ke)達(da)幾(ji)噸。 (2) 發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)裝置(zhi)通(tong)常用(yong)導(dao)軌和(he)(he)(he)塔(ta)式(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)架(jia),使(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭獲得足夠大(da)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)架(jia)速度(du)(du)。無(wu)控制(zhi)(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭的(de)(de)(de)飛行彈(dan)道(dao)受風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)影響較大(da),為了保證達(da)到(dao)(dao)預定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)高度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)彈(dan)道(dao)散(san)布(bu),探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)時尚需根據發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)場的(de)(de)(de)高空(kong)(kong)風(feng)資料采用(yong)風(feng)補償技(ji)術來調整和(he)(he)(he)確定(ding)(ding)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)角(jiao)度(du)(du)。大(da)多(duo)(duo)數探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭從(cong)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)以(yi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)近垂(chui)直(zhi)狀態發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she),也(ye)有(you)從(cong)移(yi)動式(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)車發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de),根據需要(yao)(yao)(yao)還可(ke)從(cong)艦船或(huo)升在空(kong)(kong)中的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)球上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)。 (3) 地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)臺(tai)站(zhan)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)測(ce)(ce)量信息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)設(she)備(bei)、跟蹤火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)測(ce)(ce)速設(she)備(bei)(如雷達(da))和(he)(he)(he)電子計算機(ji)等。雷達(da)跟蹤方式(shi)有(you)反射(she)(she)(she)式(shi)和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)答(da)式(shi)兩(liang)種(zhong),應(ying)答(da)式(shi)比(bi)反射(she)(she)(she)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)跟蹤距離更大(da)。地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)設(she)備(bei)接(jie)(jie)(jie)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)遙(yao)測(ce)(ce)數據直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)輸(shu)入電子計算機(ji)處(chu)理,實時給出(chu)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)結(jie)(jie)果。
無論固體(ti)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)還是(shi)液體(ti)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),無論單(dan)級運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)還是(shi)多級運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其主要的(de)組(zu)成(cheng)部分均包括結構系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(又(you)稱箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)結構)、動力裝置(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(又(you)稱推進系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))和控制系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。這三大系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)稱為(wei)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)主系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),主系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)可靠與否,將直接(jie)影響(xiang)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)飛行(xing)的(de)成(cheng)敗。此外(wai),運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上還有(you)一些不直接(jie)影響(xiang)飛行(xing)成(cheng)敗并由箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上設備與地(di)面設備共同組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),例如遙(yao)測系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、外(wai)彈(dan)道測量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、安全系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和瞄(miao)準系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等。其中:
1)箭體(ti)(ti)結構是運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭的(de)基(ji)體(ti)(ti),它用來維持火(huo)箭的(de)外形,承受火(huo)箭在地面(mian)運(yun)輸、發射操作(zuo)和在飛行中作(zuo)用載(zai)火(huo)箭上的(de)各(ge)種載(zai)荷,安裝連接(jie)火(huo)箭各(ge)系(xi)統的(de)所(suo)有(you)儀器、設備,把(ba)箭上所(suo)有(you)系(xi)統、組件(jian)連接(jie)組合成一個整體(ti)(ti)。
2)動(dong)力(li)裝置系統(tong)是推(tui)動(dong)運載火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)飛行并(bing)獲得一定(ding)速度的(de)裝置。對(dui)液體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)來說,動(dong)力(li)裝置系統(tong)由推(tui)進劑輸送(song)、增壓系統(tong)和(he)液體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機兩(liang)大部(bu)分組成。固體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)動(dong)力(li)裝置系統(tong)較為簡單,它(ta)的(de)主(zhu)要部(bu)分就是固體(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機,推(tui)進劑直(zhi)接(jie)裝在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機的(de)燃燒(shao)室殼體(ti)內。
3)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)來控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)沿預定(ding)(ding)軌道(dao)(dao)正常、可靠飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行的(de)部分。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)由(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)導和(he)(he)導航(hang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、姿態(tai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、電源供配(pei)電和(he)(he)時序控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)三(san)大部分組成。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)導和(he)(he)導航(hang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)功用(yong)(yong)是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)按預定(ding)(ding)的(de)軌道(dao)(dao)運動(dong),把有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)(zai)荷送到預定(ding)(ding)的(de)空間位(wei)置(zhi)并使之(zhi)(zhi)準(zhun)確(que)進入軌道(dao)(dao)。姿態(tai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(又稱姿態(tai)穩定(ding)(ding)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong))的(de)功用(yong)(yong)是(shi)糾正運載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行中(zhong)的(de)俯仰(yang)、偏航(hang)、滾(gun)動(dong)誤差,使之(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)持正確(que)的(de)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行姿態(tai)。電源供配(pei)電和(he)(he)時序控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)則按預定(ding)(ding)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行時序實施(shi)供配(pei)電控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
4)遙測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的功用(yong)(yong)是(shi)把運載火(huo)(huo)箭飛(fei)行中各系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的工作參(can)(can)數及(ji)環境參(can)(can)數測(ce)(ce)量(liang)下來(lai),通過(guo)運載火(huo)(huo)箭上的無(wu)線電(dian)發(fa)射(she)機將這些(xie)參(can)(can)數送回(hui)地面,由地面接收(shou)機接收(shou);亦可將測(ce)(ce)量(liang)所得的參(can)(can)數記(ji)錄(lu)在運載火(huo)(huo)箭上的磁記(ji)錄(lu)器(qi)上,在地面回(hui)收(shou)磁記(ji)錄(lu)器(qi)。這些(xie)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)參(can)(can)數既(ji)可用(yong)(yong)來(lai)預(yu)報航天(tian)器(qi)入軌時的軌道參(can)(can)數,又可用(yong)(yong)來(lai)鑒定和(he)改進運載火(huo)(huo)箭的性能。一旦運載火(huo)(huo)箭在飛(fei)行中出現故障(zhang),這些(xie)參(can)(can)數就是(shi)故障(zhang)分析的依據。
5)外彈道測(ce)(ce)量系(xi)統(tong)的(de)功用(yong)是利用(yong)地面的(de)光(guang)學和無線電設備與裝在運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)上的(de)對(dui)應裝置一(yi)起對(dui)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)中的(de)運載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)進行(xing)(xing)跟蹤,并測(ce)(ce)量其(qi)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)參(can)數(shu),用(yong)來(lai)預(yu)報航天器入軌時的(de)軌道參(can)數(shu),也可用(yong)來(lai)作為鑒定制導系(xi)統(tong)的(de)精度和故障分析的(de)依(yi)據(ju)。
6)安全(quan)(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)功用(yong)是當運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)在飛(fei)行(xing)中(zhong)一旦出現故障不(bu)能繼續飛(fei)行(xing)時(shi),將其在空中(zhong)炸(zha)毀,避免運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)墜(zhui)落時(shi)給地面(mian)(mian)造成災(zai)難性的(de)(de)危害。安全(quan)(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)包括運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)自(zi)毀系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和地面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)無(wu)線(xian)電安全(quan)(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)兩部分(fen)。箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)自(zi)毀系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)由(you)測(ce)量裝置(zhi)(zhi)、計算(suan)機(ji)和爆(bao)炸(zha)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(炸(zha)藥筒(tong))組成。當運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛(fei)行(xing)姿態(tai)、飛(fei)行(xing)速度超出允許(xu)的(de)(de)范圍時(shi),計算(suan)機(ji)發出引(yin)爆(bao)爆(bao)炸(zha)裝置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)指令,使運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)在空中(zhong)自(zi)毀。無(wu)線(xian)電安全(quan)(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)則是由(you)地面(mian)(mian)雷(lei)達測(ce)量運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛(fei)行(xing)軌(gui)道(dao),當運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)飛(fei)行(xing)超出預先規(gui)定的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)范圍時(shi),從地面(mian)(mian)發出引(yin)爆(bao)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上爆(bao)炸(zha)裝置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)指令,由(you)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)接收(shou)機(ji)接收(shou)后將火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)在空中(zhong)炸(zha)毀。
7)瞄(miao)(miao)準(zhun)系統的(de)功用是給運載(zai)火(huo)箭在發射前進(jin)行(xing)初始方位定(ding)向(xiang)。瞄(miao)(miao)準(zhun)系統由地面(mian)瞄(miao)(miao)準(zhun)設(she)備和(he)運載(zai)火(huo)箭上(shang)的(de)瞄(miao)(miao)準(zhun)設(she)備共(gong)同組成。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代的(de)(de)重大(da)發(fa)(fa)明之一。公元969年(nian),中(zhong)(zhong)國已(yi)經發(fa)(fa)明了(le)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)(火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)唐朝發(fa)(fa)明的(de)(de))。北宋軍(jun)官(guan)岳義方、馮繼(ji)升造(zao)出了(le)世(shi)界(jie)上第(di)一個(ge)以(yi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)為動力(li)的(de)(de)飛行(xing)兵器(qi)——-火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)種火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)由箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身和(he)藥(yao)(yao)筒(tong)組成,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)筒(tong)用竹、厚(hou)紙制(zhi)成,內充火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao),前端封死,后(hou)(hou)端引(yin)出導(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)繩,點燃(ran)后(hou)(hou),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)燃(ran)燒產(chan)生的(de)(de)氣(qi)體向后(hou)(hou)噴出,以(yi)氣(qi)體的(de)(de)反作用力(li)把(ba)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)推向前,飛行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)殺傷敵兵。這(zhe)種最早的(de)(de)原始火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)工作原理(li)上與(yu)現代火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)沒有(you)什么(me)不(bu)同。公元12世(shi)紀中(zhong)(zhong)葉,原始的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)經過改進后(hou)(hou),廣泛地用于戰爭。如公元1161年(nian)宋軍(jun)與(yu)金兵的(de)(de)“采石之戰”中(zhong)(zhong)所使(shi)用的(de)(de)“霹(pi)靂炮”,其(qi)實就是(shi)一種火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)兵器(qi)。當(dang)時在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國民間(jian)廣為流行(xing)的(de)(de)能(neng)高(gao)飛的(de)(de)“火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)流星(xing)”(亦稱“起火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)”),實際就是(shi)世(shi)界(jie)上第(di)一種觀賞(shang)性火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。元、明之后(hou)(hou),即公元13世(shi)紀以(yi)后(hou)(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)兵器(qi)在(zai)(zai)戰爭中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)了(le)很大(da)發(fa)(fa)展,涌現了(le)許多與(yu)現代火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)類型相近的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形式。13世(shi)紀中(zhong)(zhong)葉,蒙古(gu)人入(ru)侵中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)、西(xi)亞(ya)和(he)歐洲(zhou),阿拉伯人侵略(lve)西(xi)班牙,他們把(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)技術(shu)傳入(ru)了(le)歐洲(zhou)及(ji)世(shi)界(jie)其(qi)它(ta)地區。到了(le)這(zhe)時,德意志的(de)(de)艾伯特斯·麥(mai)格諾才在(zai)(zai)歐洲(zhou)首(shou)次(ci)記述了(le)關于制(zhi)作火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)技術(shu)。歐洲(zhou)人最早使(shi)用火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)兵器(qi),是(shi)在(zai)(zai)1379年(nian)意大(da)利的(de)(de)帕(pa)多亞(ya)戰爭和(he)1380年(nian)的(de)(de)威尼斯之戰中(zhong)(zhong)。
至20世紀初,俄國著名科學家康斯坦丁·齊(qi)奧爾科夫斯基(ji)(ji)從理(li)論上證明了(le)多級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)可以(yi)克服地(di)球引力(li)而進(jin)入(ru)太空(kong)(kong),并建(jian)立(li)了(le)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)運動(dong)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本數(shu)學方(fang)(fang)程,奠定(ding)了(le)航天(tian)飛行動(dong)力(li)學的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎。此(ci)外,他肯(ken)定(ding)了(le)液體火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)發動(dong)機是航天(tian)器最適(shi)宜的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)裝置,為運載器的(de)(de)發展(zhan)指出了(le)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang),并提出為實現飛向(xiang)其他行星(xing)必(bi)須設置中間(jian)站,以(yi)及火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)在星(xing)際空(kong)(kong)間(jian)飛行的(de)(de)條(tiao)件和火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)地(di)面起飛條(tiao)件。
美(mei)國著名火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)專家羅伯特·哈金(jin)斯·戈達德(de)把(ba)航(hang)天理論與火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)技(ji)術相結合,提出(chu)(chu)了火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)的(de)數學原理,指出(chu)(chu)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)必須具有每秒7.9公里的(de)速(su)度才能克服地(di)球(qiu)引力,同時(shi)他(ta)(ta)研(yan)究了利用(yong)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)把(ba)載荷送至月球(qiu)的(de)幾種(zhong)可能方案。戈達德(de)從1921年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始研(yan)制液體火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),于1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月16日(ri)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了人類首(shou)次液體火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)試驗并獲得成(cheng)功(火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)長3.04米(mi),飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)2.5秒,達到 12米(mi)高,56米(mi)遠),這使得他(ta)(ta)成(cheng)為液體火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)實(shi)際(ji)發明人。1932年(nian)(nian)(nian)他(ta)(ta)首(shou)次用(yong)陀螺控(kong)制的(de)燃氣(qi)舵(duo)操(cao)縱火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing),1935年(nian)(nian)(nian)他(ta)(ta)試驗的(de)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以超聲(sheng)速(su)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing),最大射程約20公里。
1942年10月3日(ri),德國(guo)首(shou)次(ci)成(cheng)功地(di)發(fa)射了(le)(le)(le)人類歷史上(shang)第(di)一(yi)枚彈(dan)道導(dao)彈(dan)——V-2,并于1944年9月6日(ri)首(shou)次(ci)投(tou)入作戰(zhan)使用。第(di)二(er)次(ci)世(shi)界大(da)戰(zhan)期間,先后(hou)有(you)約4300多枚V-2導(dao)彈(dan)襲擊(ji)了(le)(le)(le)英國(guo)、荷蘭(lan)安特衛普港和其(qi)他目標,造(zao)成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞。V-2是單級液體(ti)(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian),全長14米(mi),質量為(wei)13噸(dun),箭(jian)體(ti)(ti)直徑(jing)1.65米(mi),最大(da)射程(cheng)(cheng)320公里,發(fa)動(dong)機熄(xi)火(huo)(huo)高(gao)度(du)96公里,飛行時(shi)間約320秒,命中精度(du)圓公算偏差5公里,有(you)效載荷約1噸(dun)。其(qi)動(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)選用液氧/酒精液體(ti)(ti)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機,推力(li)(li)為(wei)260千牛(合26.5噸(dun)力(li)(li)),最長工(gong)(gong)作時(shi)間68秒。其(qi)控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)使用帶程(cheng)(cheng)序裝(zhuang)置和陀螺積(ji)分儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)主(zhu)式陀螺控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)。V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)實現了(le)(le)(le)19世(shi)紀末、20世(shi)紀初(chu)航天(tian)(tian)技(ji)術先驅者的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術設(she)想,并培養和造(zao)就了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)大(da)批有(you)實踐經驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)專(zhuan)家,對現代大(da)型(xing)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展起到了(le)(le)(le)繼往開來的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)雖(sui)不盡(jin)完(wan)美,但它卻是人類擁(yong)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)件向地(di)球引力(li)(li)挑戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)具(ju),成(cheng)為(wei)航天(tian)(tian)技(ji)術發(fa)展史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重要里程(cheng)(cheng)碑。第(di)二(er)次(ci)世(shi)界大(da)戰(zhan)后(hou),美、蘇(su)兩國(guo)分別接收了(le)(le)(le)參與(yu)V-2研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分專(zhuan)家、設(she)備及資料,為(wei)這(zhe)兩個國(guo)家在(zai)第(di)二(er)次(ci)世(shi)界大(da)戰(zhan)后(hou)迅速(su)發(fa)展火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)和導(dao)彈(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術創造(zao)了(le)(le)(le)有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件。40年代末至50年代末,在(zai)V-2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang),以(yi)美、蘇(su)為(wei)主(zhu)研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)武器(qi)得到了(le)(le)(le)迅速(su)發(fa)展,各種類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)彈(dan)武器(qi)相繼問世(shi),并形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)個完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)彈(dan)武器(qi)系(xi)統(tong)。
世界第(di)一(yi)枚(mei)專門(men)用(yong)于高(gao)空(kong)大(da)(da)氣探(tan)測的火箭(jian)是美國(guo)于 1945年(nian)(nian)秋研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)的“女兵下士”火箭(jian)。它能將11公斤(jin)的有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷送到 70公里的高(gao)空(kong)。此(ci)后,美國(guo)和(he)(he)蘇聯利用(yong)繳(jiao)獲的V-2火箭(jian)發(fa)射了(le)一(yi)批探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian)。50年(nian)(nian)代的國(guo)際地(di)球物理年(nian)(nian)活動大(da)(da)大(da)(da)推動了(le)探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian)的發(fa)展,許(xu)多國(guo)家開始了(le)探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian)的研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)。到80年(nian)(nian)代,世界上已有(you)20多個(ge)國(guo)家發(fa)展或使(shi)用(yong)了(le)探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian),年(nian)(nian)發(fa)射量(liang)高(gao)達數千枚(mei)。中國(guo)在1958年(nian)(nian)以前(qian)曾發(fa)射過(guo)試(shi)驗性火箭(jian),1958年(nian)(nian)正式研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian),先后研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)T-7液體(ti)探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian)和(he)(he)改進型 T-7A探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian)。 1965年(nian)(nian)起開始研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)固(gu)體(ti)探(tan)空(kong)火箭(jian)“和(he)(he)平”2號和(he)(he)6號。
看似復雜的(de)火箭,原理(li)其實(shi)非常簡單,早在(zai)(zai)17世紀,牛頓就很(hen)清晰地進行了描述:如果以一(yi)定(ding)速度向(xiang)后(hou)拋出(chu)一(yi)定(ding)質量,就會受到一(yi)個反作用力的(de)推動(dong),向(xiang)前加速。簡單的(de)火箭甚至早在(zai)(zai)牛頓提出(chu)這一(yi)原理(li)前幾百年就在(zai)(zai)中國被發明出(chu)來,并得(de)到了應用,包括軍用的(de)火藥箭和節(jie)日慶典的(de)煙花。
火(huo)箭向后(hou)拋出(chu)一(yi)定質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)(shi)靠(kao)火(huo)箭發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)來完(wan)成(cheng)的。火(huo)箭發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)點火(huo)以后(hou),推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(液體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的或固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)和氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji))在發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒室里燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒,產生大量(liang)(liang)高壓氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti);高壓氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)從(cong)發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)噴(pen)管高速噴(pen)出(chu),對火(huo)箭產生的反作用(yong)力,使火(huo)箭沿(yan)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)噴(pen)射(she)的反方向前進(jin)(jin)。固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)從(cong)底層(ceng)向頂(ding)層(ceng)或從(cong)內層(ceng)向外層(ceng)快速燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒的,而液體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)高壓氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)對燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)與氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)貯箱增(zeng)壓,然后(hou)用(yong)渦輪(lun)泵將燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)與氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)增(zeng)壓并輸(shu)送進(jin)(jin)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒室。推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的化(hua)(hua)(hua)學能在發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)內轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為燃(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)的動能,形成(cheng)高速氣(qi)流噴(pen)出(chu),產生推力。
火(huo)藥曾經(jing)是原始的火(huo)箭(jian)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),目前戰術型火(huo)箭(jian)或較小導彈大多(duo)采(cai)用火(huo)藥推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。人們(men)習慣性把這樣(yang)的固體(ti)(ti)燃(ran)料(liao)叫做(zuo)“單元推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”。需要燃(ran)燒劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的燃(ran)料(liao)被稱(cheng)為(wei):“二元推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”。組合(he)使(shi)用液(ye)體(ti)(ti)和(he)固體(ti)(ti)燃(ran)料(liao)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的稱(cheng)為(wei)混合(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。使(shi)用混合(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的火(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機比沖和(he)體(ti)(ti)積比沖介于液(ye)體(ti)(ti)和(he)固體(ti)(ti)火(huo)箭(jian)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之間。1950年(nian)代(dai)美國(guo)研(yan)制成功(gong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫(qing)和(he)聚(ju)乙烯作為(wei)火(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機的混合(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。1964年(nian)法國(guo)首(shou)先發(fa)射成功(gong)采(cai)用混合(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)動(dong)力的氣象火(huo)箭(jian)。我國(guo)“長征一(yi)號D”運載火(huo)箭(jian)第一(yi)級、第二級用液(ye)體(ti)(ti)燃(ran)料(liao)火(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機,第三級用固體(ti)(ti)燃(ran)料(liao)火(huo)箭(jian)發(fa)動(dong)機。也(ye)是采(cai)用混合(he)推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。
選擇推進(jin)劑所需要(yao)(yao)考慮的(de)因素(su)很多,如(ru)要(yao)(yao)求高的(de)化(hua)學能焓、低(di)(di)分子(zi)量的(de)燃燒產物。比熱(re)大(da)、導熱(re)率高。飽和蒸汽(qi)氣(qi)壓低(di)(di),化(hua)學穩(wen)定性(xing)好,比重大(da)、無(wu)毒、無(wu)腐蝕性(xing)等。一種(zhong)推進(jin)劑不可能完全具備(bei)以上的(de)這些性(xing)能,因此不斷研(yan)究新燃料是開(kai)發空間(jian)航行的(de)首要(yao)(yao)任務(wu)。
使用(yong)(yong)核能燃料的火箭(jian)發(fa)動機的比沖量高(gao)、壽命(ming)長。但技術復雜,只適用(yong)(yong)長期工作的航天器及運載火箭(jian)的高(gao)能末級。1986年前蘇聯(lian)已在和平號空間站應用(yong)(yong)核動力發(fa)動機。核燃料的危(wei)害性(xing)(xing)是放射性(xing)(xing)污染環境。
目前(qian)火箭發(fa)(fa)射(she)有三(san)種方式:一是(shi)地面發(fa)(fa)射(she),二是(shi)空中發(fa)(fa)射(she),三(san)是(shi)海上(shang)發(fa)(fa)射(she)。
早期,運送(song)有(you)(you)效載(zai)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)火箭都(dou)是從地面(mian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射場發(fa)(fa)(fa)射的(de)(de)。地面(mian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射場受地理位置的(de)(de)制約,限制了有(you)(you)效載(zai)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射范圍,難以滿足(zu)各種有(you)(you)效載(zai)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)需(xu)求,于是出現了從空中發(fa)(fa)(fa)射和從海上平臺發(fa)(fa)(fa)射火箭的(de)(de)方式(shi)。
從空中發射火(huo)箭(jian)是用飛(fei)(fei)(fei)機(ji)將火(huo)箭(jian)運送到高(gao)空后,再(zai)釋放火(huo)箭(jian),火(huo)箭(jian)在空中點(dian)火(huo)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)向預定軌道(dao)。采用這種(zhong)發射方式,飛(fei)(fei)(fei)機(ji)可(ke)以在不(bu)(bu)同地(di)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)場起飛(fei)(fei)(fei),從空中任何地(di)點(dian)發射,它不(bu)(bu)受地(di)理(li)位置的(de)(de)(de)限制。這樣,不(bu)(bu)僅增(zeng)加(jia)了發射窗口(kou),而且還會擴大軌道(dao)傾角的(de)(de)(de)范圍,因而具有(you)很大的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)動(dong)性。載機(ji)相當(dang)于火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)基礎級,能提高(gao)火(huo)箭(jian)本身的(de)(de)(de)運載能力(li)(li),同樣火(huo)箭(jian)從空中發射比從地(di)面(mian)發射,其運載能力(li)(li)幾乎可(ke)以提高(gao)一倍。
與地面發(fa)射(she)(she)場相(xiang)比(bi),從(cong)海(hai)上平臺發(fa)射(she)(she)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)同樣具有多種優(you)勢。首先,可(ke)以(yi)靈活選擇發(fa)射(she)(she)地點,當選擇在赤道附近海(hai)域發(fa)射(she)(she)時,能(neng)充(chong)分借助地球的(de)(de)自轉速(su)度(du),提(ti)高火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)運(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力(li);其次,周圍沒有居(ju)民(min)點,火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)落(luo)區(qu)的(de)(de)選擇范(fan)圍較(jiao)大,從(cong)而(er)可(ke)使多級(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)設計更加(jia)優(you)化,進一步提(ti)高火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)運(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)。
運載火箭發射前準備
與運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭的(de)(de)研制(zhi)一樣(yang),運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭的(de)(de)發射同(tong)樣(yang)是一項綜合性(xing)的(de)(de)系統工(gong)程。它涉及的(de)(de)面很廣(guang),包括(kuo)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭的(de)(de)檢查、測(ce)試、轉運(yun)(yun)、加(jia)注推進劑、發射程序與數據的(de)(de)計算和裝訂、點火發射、跟蹤測(ce)量、安全控制(zhi)、指(zhi)揮(hui)通信、地面勤(qin)務(wu)保障等多方面的(de)(de)工(gong)作。
運(yun)(yun)載火箭首先進(jin)入技(ji)術準備(bei)區的(de)(de)專用廠(chang)房。在(zai)這(zhe)里(li)先對箭上(shang)的(de)(de)儀(yi)器設(she)備(bei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)單元(yuan)測(ce)(ce)試(shi),即(ji)對儀(yi)器設(she)備(bei)單獨進(jin)行(xing)(xing)測(ce)(ce)試(shi),檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)其性(xing)(xing)能和(he)精確測(ce)(ce)量(liang)其參(can)數。單元(yuan)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)合格后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)系(xi)統(tong)測(ce)(ce)試(shi),它(ta)是在(zai)系(xi)統(tong)處于工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)狀(zhuang)態下,對系(xi)統(tong)內各儀(yi)器設(she)備(bei)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)協調性(xing)(xing)和(he)功能進(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha),并測(ce)(ce)量(liang)其工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)參(can)數。接下來(lai)各分(fen)系(xi)統(tong)之(zhi)間(jian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)匹配測(ce)(ce)試(shi),檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)系(xi)統(tong)之(zhi)間(jian)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)是否(fou)協調匹配。最后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)箭上(shang)所有系(xi)統(tong)都參(can)加的(de)(de)總(zong)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha),總(zong)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)一般要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)多次,以模擬各種飛行(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)態來(lai)驗證運(yun)(yun)載火箭全系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)技(ji)術性(xing)(xing)能和(he)可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing),并使火箭達到(dao)符合發射狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)要求。總(zong)檢查(cha)(cha)(cha)之(zhi)后,開(kai)始在(zai)運(yun)(yun)載火箭上(shang)安裝各種火工(gong)(gong)品和(he)火工(gong)(gong)裝置(zhi),并準備(bei)轉場。
在運載火箭進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)技術測(ce)試的(de)(de)同時(shi),發(fa)射場內(nei)的(de)(de)測(ce)控系統要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)設備(bei)聯試。先是進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)場內(nei)設備(bei)聯試,然后(hou)再(zai)與分布在各地(di)的(de)(de)測(ce)控站設備(bei)聯試。與此同時(shi),地(di)面勤務保障部門對發(fa)射設備(bei)、加注設備(bei)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)調試;氣(qi)象(xiang)保障部門開通氣(qi)象(xiang)情報網(wang)和天氣(qi)會商網(wang),啟動(dong)氣(qi)象(xiang)測(ce)量雷達,開始進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)天氣(qi)的(de)(de)長、中(zhong)、短(duan)期(qi)預報。
當運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火箭在(zai)技(ji)術準(zhun)(zhun)備區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經(jing)檢查測(ce)試(shi)(shi)達到(dao)可(ke)以進(jin)行(xing)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態后(hou),即可(ke)轉運(yun)(yun)(yun)到(dao)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)有發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)臺(tai)、勤務塔(ta)和(he)臍帶塔(ta)等主要發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)設(she)施。運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火箭分(fen)級運(yun)(yun)(yun)至發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)后(hou),由勤務塔(ta)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吊裝設(she)備對運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火箭分(fen)級吊裝、對接(jie)和(he)總裝,并將其豎立(li)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)臺(tai)上(shang)。隨后(hou)在(zai)豎立(li)狀態下對運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火箭再一(yi)次進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)系(xi)統測(ce)試(shi)(shi)、系(xi)統間性能(neng)匹配(pei)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)、總檢查和(he)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)演練(lian)等。在(zai)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong)要比(bi)在(zai)技(ji)術區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)簡化。在(zai)檢查測(ce)試(shi)(shi)工(gong)作結束后(hou),就可(ke)向(xiang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載火箭加注(zhu)推(tui)進(jin)劑,并進(jin)行(xing)瞄準(zhun)(zhun)定(ding)位。與此同時(shi),地面勤務保(bao)障部門(men)(men)要進(jin)行(xing)推(tui)進(jin)劑化驗,確定(ding)推(tui)進(jin)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)加注(zhu)參數;氣象部門(men)(men)要提供臨發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)前發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)場區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天氣情(qing)(qing)況及發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)場區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)上(shang)空的(de)(de)(de)(de)高空風(feng)場等情(qing)(qing)況,以及火箭飛行(xing)經(jing)過地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣象情(qing)(qing)況。
運載(zai)火箭(jian)發(fa)射程(cheng)序
當(dang)一(yi)切準(zhun)備(bei)工作(zuo)基本結(jie)束(shu)之后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),發射(she)(she)(she)工作(zuo)便可進(jin)入倒(dao)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階(jie)(jie)段。倒(dao)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階(jie)(jie)段開(kai)(kai)始時(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)指揮中(zhong)心向發射(she)(she)(she)場、火箭(jian)飛行過程中(zhong)箭(jian)體分(fen)(fen)離(li)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)落區、分(fen)(fen)布在各地的(de)測控站(zhan)、遠洋(yang)測量艦隊(dui)和有關(guan)部門(men)統(tong)一(yi)發布口(kou)令。各部門(men)、各單位(wei)接到口(kou)令后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),根據時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)統(tong)一(yi)勤務系統(tong)提(ti)供的(de)統(tong)一(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)各自進(jin)入臨射(she)(she)(she)前(qian)的(de)工作(zuo)程序(xu)。一(yi)般運載火箭(jian)的(de)倒(dao)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)由(you)發射(she)(she)(she)窗口(kou)確定的(de)發射(she)(she)(she)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)前(qian)1個小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)始,叫做1小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)準(zhun)備(bei)。然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)是30分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備(bei)、15分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備(bei)、5分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備(bei)、1分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)準(zhun)備(bei),最后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)是從(cong)10開(kai)(kai)始倒(dao)數至1,運載火箭(jian)點火起飛。采用低溫推(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑的(de)運載火箭(jian),由(you)于低溫推(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑極易蒸發,必須(xu)嚴(yan)格控制推(tui)(tui)進(jin)劑加(jia)注后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),因此常(chang)提(ti)前(qian)到離(li)發射(she)(she)(she)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)4-7小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)開(kai)(kai)始進(jin)入倒(dao)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)階(jie)(jie)段。
發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)工(gong)作進(jin)(jin)入(ru)1小時準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)后(hou),發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各項工(gong)作均按時間(jian)程(cheng)(cheng)序由(you)地(di)(di)面測(ce)試發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)控(kong)制設備(bei)(bei)來操(cao)作,它(ta)可以(yi)是(shi)半自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de),也(ye)可以(yi)是(shi)全(quan)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)這段時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作有:對(dui)(dui)箭上(shang)系統(tong)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)射(she)(she)(she)前(qian)功能檢查,對(dui)(dui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭裝訂飛行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)序和(he)數據(ju),進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)精確瞄準(zhun),對(dui)(dui)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑貯箱(xiang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)增壓,對(dui)(dui)采(cai)用低溫推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭補加(jia)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)劑,氣路連(lian)接器、加(jia)注(zhu)連(lian)接器自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)脫開(kai),遙測(ce)系統(tong)、外測(ce)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接插頭自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)脫落。到(dao)1分(fen)鐘準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)時,箭上(shang)系統(tong)由(you)地(di)(di)面供電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉為由(you)箭上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian),經10秒(miao)鐘自(zi)檢正常后(hou),電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜連(lian)接器自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)脫落,電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜擺(bai)桿(gan)離開(kai)運載火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭擺(bai)到(dao)預(yu)定位(wei)置。這時運載火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭除底部只有一(yi)(yi)個經脫拔插頭連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜尚與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)面連(lian)接外,其他(ta)一(yi)(yi)切與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)面連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)插頭均已(yi)完全(quan)脫開(kai)。射(she)(she)(she)前(qian)30秒(miao)鐘,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)控(kong)系統(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)各地(di)(di)測(ce)控(kong)跟蹤站(zhan)開(kai)始(shi)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong);射(she)(she)(she)前(qian)7秒(miao)鐘,發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)周圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)高速攝影機(ji)開(kai)拍,開(kai)始(shi)記錄火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭點火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)起飛的(de)(de)(de)(de)實況;到(dao)0秒(miao)時火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭點火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)。當火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭離開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)時,底部唯一(yi)(yi)尚連(lian)接著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜脫拔插頭被拉脫,火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)有線控(kong)制完全(quan)中斷。但如果(guo)在(zai)(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭點火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)尚未離開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)臺(tai)(tai)前(qian),發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)工(gong)作不正常,地(di)(di)面可通過(guo)這根電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜對(dui)(dui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭實施(shi)緊急關機(ji)。
火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)起飛(fei)后,在控制系統(tong)的控制下,分別完成程序轉彎、助推器(qi)脫落、上面級火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的點(dian)火(huo)(huo)與關機、級間分離(li)和整流罩分離(li)等;當(dang)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)到達入(ru)軌點(dian)時(shi),有效(xiao)載荷與火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)分離(li)、進(jin)入(ru)預定軌道運行,這時(shi),運載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的發射工(gong)作完滿結束。
按級數來(lai)分(fen),可分(fen)為單級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、多(duo)級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)兩種類型。由于單級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)實際應用(yong)(yong)上很難實現宇(yu)宙(zhou)飛(fei)行所必需(xu)的(de)宇(yu)宙(zhou)速度,因此(ci)需(xu)要采用(yong)(yong)多(duo)級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)來(lai)解(jie)決這一(yi)問題(ti)。多(duo)級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)一(yi)子(zi)級在(zai)發射點火(huo)后就開始工(gong)作,工(gong)作結束(shu)后與整個(ge)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)離,再由二(er)子(zi)級繼續將(jiang)有(you)效載(zai)荷推(tui)向太空,以此(ci)類推(tui),直至把有(you)效載(zai)荷送入預定軌道。多(duo)級火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)般由2-4級組(zu)成,有(you)串聯(lian)(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)和串-并(bing)聯(lian)(lian)三種聯(lian)(lian)接(jie)方式。
按動力能源
按動力能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)分為化(hua)(hua)(hua)學能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)及光(guang)子火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)等。目前(qian)最常用的是化(hua)(hua)(hua)學能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),它又分為液體推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)、固體推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)和固-液混合(he)(he)推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。作為新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的代表,核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的優點是其發(fa)動機比(bi)沖比(bi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的高,而推進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)只有一種,簡化(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)結構,適(shi)合(he)(he)執行長(chang)時間任務(wu)或(huo)星際任務(wu)。
按用途分(fen)為探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)指在近太空(kong)(kong)進行探(tan)(tan)測、科學試驗(yan)的火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),一(yi)般不設控(kong)制系(xi)統,是30~200千米高空(kong)(kong)的有(you)效(xiao)探(tan)(tan)測工具。探(tan)(tan)空(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)還可按研究對象或(huo)用途分(fen)翔如地球物理(li)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、氣象火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、生物火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、技(ji)術(shu)試驗(yan)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和防雹火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等。運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)又分(fen)為衛星運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和載(zai)人運(yun)載(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
按控制形式
按控(kong)制形式分為有控(kong)火箭(jian)和無控(kong)火箭(jian)。
按運載能力
按(an)運載能力(li)分為(wei)小(xiao)型(xing)火箭(jian)、中(zhong)型(xing)火箭(jian)、大(da)型(xing)火箭(jian)和重(zhong)型(xing)火箭(jian)。
按軌(gui)道(dao)分為(wei)近(jin)地軌(gui)道(dao)火(huo)箭(jian)、太(tai)陽(yang)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)火(huo)箭(jian)、地球(qiu)同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)火(huo)箭(jian)及月球(qiu)軌(gui)道(dao)火(huo)箭(jian)等。
按可否重復使用
按可否重(zhong)復使用(yong)分(fen)為一次性(xing)使用(yong)火箭、部分(fen)重(zhong)復使用(yong)火箭和完全重(zhong)復使用(yong)火箭等。
由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)航(hang)(hang)天(tian)科(ke)技集團有(you)限公司自主研(yan)制的(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)征系(xi)(xi)列(lie)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),承擔了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)96.4%的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)任務,發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)航(hang)(hang)天(tian)器(qi)總(zong)質(zhi)量(liang)占中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)總(zong)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)99.2%。從1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)首(shou)飛至(zhi)今,長(chang)(chang)征系(xi)(xi)列(lie)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)先后(hou)有(you)17型(xing)基礎(chu)級(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)5型(xing)上面級(ji)投入(ru)(ru)使(shi)用(yong),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)將(jiang)500多(duo)個航(hang)(hang)天(tian)器(qi)送(song)(song)入(ru)(ru)預(yu)定軌(gui)道,實現(xian)了(le)(le)從無到(dao)(dao)有(you),從串聯(lian)到(dao)(dao)捆(kun)綁,從一(yi)(yi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)星(xing)(xing)到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)多(duo)星(xing)(xing),從發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)衛星(xing)(xing)到(dao)(dao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)載(zai)(zai)人飛船(chuan)和(he)月(yue)球探(tan)測(ce)器(qi),從現(xian)役運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)(dao)新一(yi)(yi)代運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等一(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)重大跨越,具(ju)(ju)備了(le)(le)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)低、中(zhong)(zhong)、高(gao)不(bu)同軌(gui)道、不(bu)同類(lei)型(xing)載(zai)(zai)荷的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),運(yun)載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)和(he)入(ru)(ru)軌(gui)精(jing)度均處于世界先進水平,已成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)(yi)、世界知名、在國(guo)(guo)際高(gao)科(ke)技產(chan)業具(ju)(ju)有(you)自主知識產(chan)權的(de)(de)品(pin)牌。多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai),長(chang)(chang)征系(xi)(xi)列(lie)運(yun)載(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)力(li)支撐保障了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)載(zai)(zai)人航(hang)(hang)天(tian)、月(yue)球探(tan)測(ce)、北斗衛星(xing)(xing)導航(hang)(hang)、高(gao)分辨率(lv)對地觀測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統等一(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)重大工程任務的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)實施,為(wei)推動相關(guan)領域(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展,加快科(ke)技強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)和(he)航(hang)(hang)天(tian)強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)設打下(xia)了(le)(le)堅實基礎(chu)。據統計,長(chang)(chang)征火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)300次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)約為(wei)96%。與前50次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)相比,后(hou)250次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)明顯(xian)提升且趨于穩定。在第三個100次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong),長(chang)(chang)征火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)共將(jiang)225顆航(hang)(hang)天(tian)器(qi)送(song)(song)入(ru)(ru)預(yu)定軌(gui)道,發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)高(gao)達97%,居(ju)世界領先地位。2018年(nian)(nian)(nian),長(chang)(chang)征火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)連續成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)達到(dao)(dao)37次(ci)(ci)(ci),首(shou)次(ci)(ci)(ci)獨(du)居(ju)世界航(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)度第一(yi)(yi)位,在近20年(nian)(nian)(nian)世界各國(guo)(guo)航(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)史中(zhong)(zhong),是連續成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)最高(gao)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),創造了(le)(le)世界航(hang)(hang)天(tian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)新紀(ji)錄。
歐(ou)空局(ju)研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)運載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)系列。由歐(ou)洲(zhou)11個(ge)國家組成的(de)(de)(de)歐(ou)空局(ju)于1973年開始研(yan)制,迄(qi)今(jin)已發(fa)展了阿(a)(a)里安(an)1~5五(wu)種型(xing)別。目前使(shi)用(yong)(yong)最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)是阿(a)(a)里安(an)5火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)。阿(a)(a)里安(an)5火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)于1988年1月開始研(yan)制,1996年6月首(shou)次(ci)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing),迄(qi)今(jin)為(wei)止,研(yan)制并投入(ru)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有阿(a)(a)里安(an)5G、5GS、5ECA、5ES等型(xing)號,起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)質量為(wei)746~480噸(dun),起(qi)飛(fei)(fei)推(tui)力為(wei)11400~13000kN,可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于向(xiang)地球同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)道、太陽同(tong)步(bu)軌(gui)道、中低軌(gui)道以及飛(fei)(fei)離地球軌(gui)道發(fa)射(she)各類衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)和航天(tian)器(qi),同(tong)時也可(ke)執行(xing)一(yi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)多(duo)星(xing)(xing)發(fa)射(she)任務,曾發(fa)射(she)過天(tian)網、SYRACUSE等軍用(yong)(yong)通信衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)。阿(a)(a)里安(an)5為(wei)兩級(ji)(ji)液體火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),一(yi)子級(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)液氫、液氧(yang)(yang)推(tui)進劑,二子級(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)四氧(yang)(yang)化二氮、一(yi)甲基(ji)肼或液氧(yang)(yang)/液氫推(tui)進劑,在(zai)一(yi)子級(ji)(ji)周圍捆綁了2枚大型(xing)固體助(zhu)推(tui)器(qi)。目前在(zai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)型(xing)號主要有阿(a)(a)里安(an)5GS、5ECA、5ES。阿(a)(a)里安(an)5GS低溫主級(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)火(huo)(huo)神(shen)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji),上面級(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)可(ke)重復點火(huo)(huo)常溫推(tui)進劑發(fa)動(dong)機(ji),地球同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)道運載能力達到(dao)(dao)6.5噸(dun)。阿(a)(a)里安(an)5ECA采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)改(gai)進的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)神(shen)2低溫推(tui)進劑發(fa)動(dong)機(ji),二子級(ji)(ji)改(gai)用(yong)(yong)低溫上面級(ji)(ji),使(shi)地球同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)軌(gui)道運載能力提(ti)高到(dao)(dao)10.5噸(dun)。阿(a)(a)里安(an)5ES火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)主要用(yong)(yong)于發(fa)射(she)歐(ou)洲(zhou)自動(dong)轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)器(qi)(ATV),近地軌(gui)道運載能力為(wei)21噸(dun)。
日本(ben)研(yan)(yan)制的(de)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)系列(lie)。研(yan)(yan)制始于(yu)(yu)(yu)1981年(nian),迄今已發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了H-1、H-2、H-2A等多種(zhong)型(xing)(xing)號(hao),目前正(zheng)(zheng)在研(yan)(yan)制H-2B火(huo)箭(jian),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)H-2轉(zhuan)移(yi)飛行器(HTV)。H-1火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力為(wei)1.1噸(dun)(dun),由于(yu)(yu)(yu)使用(yong)(yong)了美(mei)國技術,只允許用(yong)(yong)來(lai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)日本(ben)國內衛(wei)星(xing)(xing),1988年(nian)投入(ru)使用(yong)(yong),1992年(nian)退役(yi)。H-2火(huo)箭(jian)是日本(ben)獨(du)立研(yan)(yan)制的(de)首枚大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)兩級(ji)捆綁(bang)式液體運(yun)(yun)載(zai)火(huo)箭(jian),主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)1~2噸(dun)(dun)級(ji)的(de)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing),于(yu)(yu)(yu)1994年(nian)開始首飛,由于(yu)(yu)(yu)成(cheng)本(ben)高、可(ke)(ke)靠性差(cha)以及(ji)操(cao)作復雜等問題,1999被(bei)停止使用(yong)(yong)。目前在用(yong)(yong)的(de)是以H-2為(wei)基礎進行了較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)改進的(de)H-2A火(huo)箭(jian)系列(lie),有(you)標準型(xing)(xing)(H2A202、H2A2022、H2A2024)和(he)增強型(xing)(xing)(H2A204),均為(wei)二級(ji)火(huo)箭(jian),一、二子級(ji)使用(yong)(yong)液氧/液氫推進劑,通過(guo)模塊化設計,采用(yong)(yong)相同(tong)火(huo)箭(jian)結構模塊的(de)不同(tong)配置來(lai)組成(cheng)不同(tong)火(huo)箭(jian)型(xing)(xing)號(hao),最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)近(jin)地(di)(di)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力為(wei)10噸(dun)(dun),最(zui)大(da)(da)(da)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)力為(wei)6噸(dun)(dun),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)日本(ben)政府軍用(yong)(yong)和(he)民(min)用(yong)(yong)有(you)效載(zai)荷的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she),包(bao)括(kuo)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)通信衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)、偵察(cha)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)、月球(qiu)(qiu)探測(ce)器和(he)星(xing)(xing)際探測(ce)器等,同(tong)時承攬國際商業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)服務。日本(ben)正(zheng)(zheng)在H-2A火(huo)箭(jian)的(de)基礎上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)更大(da)(da)(da)的(de)H-2B火(huo)箭(jian),其一子級(ji)直徑從(cong)4米增加(jia)到5米,主發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)動機增加(jia)到2臺(tai),可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)有(you)效載(zai)荷質量為(wei)16.5噸(dun)(dun)的(de)HTV,向國際空間站運(yun)(yun)送貨(huo)物,也可(ke)(ke)將質量8噸(dun)(dun)的(de)其他類型(xing)(xing)有(you)效載(zai)荷送入(ru)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)步轉(zhuan)移(yi)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。
蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)/俄羅斯(si)研(yan)(yan)制的(de)(de)第一種(zhong)非導(dao)彈(dan)衍生的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)火箭(jian)(jian)。是專為航(hang)天任(ren)務設計(ji)的(de)(de)大型(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)器,包括二(er)(er)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)、三(san)(san)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)四(si)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing),于(yu)(yu)1965年(nian)進行首飛,曾發(fa)射(she)(she)了(le)“熒光屏”、“彩虹”、“地(di)(di)平線(xian)”系列通信(xin)衛星(xing)(xing)、格洛納斯(si)(GLONSS)軍民兩(liang)用(yong)導(dao)航(hang)衛星(xing)(xing)及(ji)“月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)”、“金星(xing)(xing)”、“火星(xing)(xing)”等探(tan)(tan)測器,執行過月(yue)面采樣(yang)返回和(he)(he)金星(xing)(xing)表(biao)面軟著陸(lu)任(ren)務。二(er)(er)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)質子號1961年(nian)開始研(yan)(yan)制,采用(yong)四(si)氧化(hua)(hua)二(er)(er)氮及(ji)偏二(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)肼推(tui)(tui)(tui)進劑(ji),用(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)射(she)(she)大型(xing)(xing)(xing)月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)探(tan)(tan)測器、星(xing)(xing)際探(tan)(tan)測器、空間站(zhan)(zhan)艙(cang)件和(he)(he)地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(xing),能(neng)(neng)把12.5噸(dun)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)送入近地(di)(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)。三(san)(san)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)由二(er)(er)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)火箭(jian)(jian)加上一個液體三(san)(san)子級(ji)構(gou)成,主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)射(she)(she)蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)空間站(zhan)(zhan)與量子號、晶體號及(ji)宇宙號空間站(zhan)(zhan)艙(cang),能(neng)(neng)把21噸(dun)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷(he)送入近地(di)(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)。目前使用(yong)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要是四(si)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)質子號K/DM和(he)(he)質子號M/微(wei)風(feng)(feng)M兩(liang)種(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)號火箭(jian)(jian),是在三(san)(san)級(ji)型(xing)(xing)(xing)火箭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)基礎上增加上面級(ji)Block DM 和(he)(he)微(wei)風(feng)(feng)M構(gou)成,Block DM采用(yong)液氧和(he)(he)煤油推(tui)(tui)(tui)進劑(ji),微(wei)風(feng)(feng)M采用(yong)四(si)氧化(hua)(hua)二(er)(er)氮和(he)(he)偏二(er)(er)甲(jia)(jia)肼推(tui)(tui)(tui)進劑(ji)。質子號K/DM主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)射(she)(she)政府的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)載(zai)荷(he),地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)覆(fu)蓋2.75-4.35噸(dun),月(yue)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)達到(dao)(dao)6.2噸(dun)。質子號M/微(wei)風(feng)(feng)M火箭(jian)(jian)主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)國際商業發(fa)射(she)(she)服(fu)務,同(tong)(tong)時也(ye)可執行政府的(de)(de)發(fa)射(she)(she)任(ren)務,是目前質子號火箭(jian)(jian)中(zhong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)最(zui)大的(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)(xing)號,地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)移軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)達到(dao)(dao)6.2噸(dun),地(di)(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步(bu)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)達到(dao)(dao)2.92噸(dun)。
蘇聯(lian)(lian)(lian)/俄羅(luo)斯的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)系列(lie)是世界(jie)上(shang)歷史最久、發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)次數最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)用途運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。前蘇聯(lian)(lian)(lian)以戰略導彈為(wei)基礎發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)東方號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),后續又發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),現已發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)上(shang)升(sheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、閃(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)U、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/伊卡爾(er)、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/弗雷蓋(gai)特、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2等10余(yu)個型(xing)(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),最大(da)近(jin)(jin)地軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)為(wei)8.2噸,太(tai)陽同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)為(wei)4.8噸,地球同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉移軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)為(wei)2.4噸。目前主(zhu)要(yao)使用的(de)(de)(de)是聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U、閃(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG和(he)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U和(he)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)FG火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)為(wei)兩級(ji)(ji)(ji)結構(gou),全部采用液氧、煤(mei)油推(tui)進劑,主(zhu)要(yao)用于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)/不載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)貨運(yun)(yun)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)船或軍(jun)用照(zhao)相偵(zhen)(zhen)察衛(wei)(wei)星,曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)過上(shang)升(sheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)船、聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)船、進步(bu)(bu)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)貨運(yun)(yun)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)船以及第2代(dai)宇宙號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)照(zhao)相偵(zhen)(zhen)察衛(wei)(wei)星。在二級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)還可(ke)增加伊卡爾(er)和(he)弗雷蓋(gai)特上(shang)面級(ji)(ji)(ji),用于(yu)商業(ye)(ye)高軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)。閃(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是三級(ji)(ji)(ji)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian),主(zhu)要(yao)用于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)軍(jun)用的(de)(de)(de)大(da)橢圓軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛(wei)(wei)星,地球同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)轉移軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)為(wei)1.6噸,曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)過閃(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)通信衛(wei)(wei)星和(he)預(yu)警衛(wei)(wei)星。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)2火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)是聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系列(lie)中改動最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),采用了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)二子級(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)三子級(ji)(ji)(ji)。其基本型(xing)(xing)(二級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing))可(ke)將近(jin)(jin)地軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)提(ti)高到8.2噸,帶(dai)上(shang)面級(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)三級(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)(xing)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)可(ke)將有效載(zai)(zai)(zai)荷(he)送(song)入大(da)橢圓軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)地球同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao),地球同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)為(wei)2.7~3噸,太(tai)陽同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)為(wei)4.5~4.9噸。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)2火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)既(ji)與原來的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)火(huo)箭(jian)(jian)有很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)繼承(cheng)性(xing),又能(neng)更好(hao)地適應國(guo)際商業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)市場的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求,最終將取代(dai)現用的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)U/FG和(he)閃(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)M,進行(xing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)船、軍(jun)事和(he)商業(ye)(ye)衛(wei)(wei)星的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)。
印(yin)度(du)為發射衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)探空火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)基礎上發展而來的運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。先后(hou)成(cheng)功研制了(le)衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)3(SLV-3)、加大推力(li)衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(ASLV)、極地軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(PSLV)和(he)(he)地球同步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛星(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(GSLV)。PSLV、GSLV是(shi)印(yin)度(du)在(zai)用(yong)(yong)的主力(li)運(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。PSLV采用(yong)(yong)四(si)級(ji)結構,一、三(san)子(zi)(zi)級(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)固(gu)體推進(jin)劑(ji),二、四(si)子(zi)(zi)級(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)一甲基肼和(he)(he)四(si)氧化二氮(dan),主要用(yong)(yong)于向極軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)發射遙感(gan)衛星(xing)(xing)(xing),近地軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)載能(neng)力(li)達到3.2噸(dun)(dun),太陽同步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)載能(neng)力(li)為2噸(dun)(dun)。GSLV火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是(shi)在(zai)PSLV火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)基礎上改進(jin)而來,主要用(yong)(yong)于向地球同步(bu)(bu)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)發射衛星(xing)(xing)(xing),同時也可執(zhi)行近地軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)發射任務。GSLV由固(gu)體一子(zi)(zi)級(ji)、液體二子(zi)(zi)級(ji)、低溫上面級(ji)等三(san)級(ji)構成(cheng),并在(zai)一子(zi)(zi)級(ji)周圍捆綁了(le)4枚液體助推器,地球同步(bu)(bu)轉移軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)載能(neng)力(li)約(yue)為2噸(dun)(dun)。
美國(guo)軌道科學公司(si)研制(zhi)的(de)(de)一(yi)種空射(she)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火箭(jian)。它是世(shi)界上唯一(yi)投(tou)入(ru)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)空射(she)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火箭(jian),主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于將小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing)送(song)入(ru)近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道,進行微重力(li)(li)(li)實驗(yan)、材(cai)料試驗(yan)、通信、定位、地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)資源探測或完成其他特殊任務。它具有較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)軍(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)潛力(li)(li)(li),適合于戰時發(fa)(fa)射(she)小(xiao)(xiao)衛(wei)星(xing)(xing),也(ye)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)來運(yun)(yun)送(song)武器彈藥(yao),使軍(jun)事指揮員擁有攻擊(ji)地(di)(di)(di)球(qiu)上任何目標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)(li)。飛(fei)馬座(zuo)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火箭(jian)包括標(biao)(biao)(biao)準型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和加(jia)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(飛(fei)馬座(zuo)XL)兩個型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號,均為(wei)三級固體(ti)運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火箭(jian),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)端羥基聚丁二(er)烯推進劑。標(biao)(biao)(biao)準型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬座(zuo)全長(chang)15.5米(mi),直徑1.27米(mi),翼展6.7米(mi),起(qi)飛(fei)質量(liang)18.886噸(dun),起(qi)飛(fei)推力(li)(li)(li)498.2千(qian)(qian)牛,近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力(li)(li)(li)375千(qian)(qian)克,1998年停止使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。加(jia)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬座(zuo)XL是在基本型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上通過加(jia)長(chang)一(yi)、二(er)級和提高性(xing)能發(fa)(fa)展而來的(de)(de),全長(chang)16.9米(mi),起(qi)飛(fei)質量(liang)23.13噸(dun),近(jin)地(di)(di)(di)軌道運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)能力(li)(li)(li)443千(qian)(qian)克。發(fa)(fa)射(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬座(zuo)火箭(jian)的(de)(de)載(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)改裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)B-52轟炸機(ji)(ji)(ji),運(yun)(yun)載(zai)(zai)火箭(jian)吊掛(gua)在機(ji)(ji)(ji)翼下。加(jia)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)飛(fei)馬座(zuo)XL使用(yong)(yong)(yong)改裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)L-1011飛(fei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)作載(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji),火箭(jian)吊掛(gua)在載(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)腹部。發(fa)(fa)射(she)時,火箭(jian)由載(zai)(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)攜帶至預定地(di)(di)(di)點上空投(tou)放(fang)(fang),自由下落5秒后點火,投(tou)放(fang)(fang)時,飛(fei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)高度約11900米(mi),飛(fei)行速(su)度0.8馬赫。
在大(da)力神洲際彈道導彈基(ji)礎上發展起來的運載火(huo)箭(jian)系(xi)列。包括大(da)力神2、大(da)力神3、大(da)力神34和大(da)力神4等(deng)運載火(huo)箭(jian),主要用(yong)于發射軍用(yong)衛星。大(da)力神2為兩級可貯推進(jin)劑(混肼(jing)/四氧(yang)化二氮(dan))火(huo)箭(jian),是該系(xi)列中(zhong)最早投入(ru)使(shi)用(yong)的型
號(hao)(hao)(hao),曾用于(yu)發(fa)射(she)美(mei)國的雙子星座飛船(chuan)、氣象衛(wei)星和(he)月球(qiu)(qiu)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)器(qi)。大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)3、34和(he)大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4均為(wei)三(san)級火(huo)(huo)箭,其(qi)中大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)3和(he)大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)34主(zhu)要(yao)用于(yu)發(fa)射(she)極地(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)軍事(shi)衛(wei)星(偵察)、地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星(國防通信(xin)、預警)以及星際探(tan)(tan)測(ce)器(qi)。大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4火(huo)(huo)箭于(yu)1985年(nian)開始(shi)研制,在1986年(nian)挑戰者號(hao)(hao)(hao)航天飛機失事(shi)之后,成(cheng)為(wei)發(fa)射(she)大型軍用衛(wei)星的主(zhu)要(yao)運(yun)(yun)載火(huo)(huo)箭,承擔美(mei)國空軍地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)衛(wei)星(預警、通信(xin)、中繼、氣象)和(he)近(jin)(jin)地(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)偵察衛(wei)星的發(fa)射(she)任務。大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4系(xi)(xi)列(lie)包括大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4A、4B兩種(zhong)型號(hao)(hao)(hao),為(wei)芯級加(jia)捆綁構型,一、二(er)子級也(ye)采用混(hun)肼(jing)/四氧化(hua)二(er)氮推進劑,可(ke)以在無(wu)上(shang)面(mian)級的狀態下(xia)把有(you)效(xiao)載荷送(song)入(ru)近(jin)(jin)地(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao),也(ye)可(ke)以使(shi)用慣性上(shang)面(mian)級(IUS)或(huo)半人馬座上(shang)面(mian)級,把有(you)效(xiao)載荷直接送(song)入(ru)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步軌道(dao)(dao)(dao),近(jin)(jin)地(di)軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能力(li)(li)達到21.7噸,地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)(tong)步軌道(dao)(dao)(dao)運(yun)(yun)載能力(li)(li)達到5.7噸。2005年(nian)10月,大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)4完成(cheng)最后一次發(fa)射(she)后,被更為(wei)廉(lian)價、可(ke)靠的德爾它4和(he)宇宙神(shen)(shen)5火(huo)(huo)箭取代。至此,大力(li)(li)神(shen)(shen)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)火(huo)(huo)箭全部退役。
美國(guo)(guo)從事(shi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)機構有(you): 美國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家航(hang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)航(hang)天(tian)局(NASA)、陸海(hai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)軍(jun)、能(neng)源(yuan)研(yan)(yan)究與發(fa)(fa)展委(wei)員會(ERDA)和(he)(he)(he)大(da)學(xue)等單(dan)位(wei)。 據(ju)統計(ji)(ji),1959-1976年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)NASA在(zai)全球(qiu)37個(ge)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)場(chang)(國(guo)(guo)內24個(ge))發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)30種1912枚(mei)(mei)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong),1968年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)175枚(mei)(mei),20世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)中(zhong)期后,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)70-80枚(mei)(mei),近(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)數量仍據(ju)世(shi)(shi)界之(zhi)首(shou)。對于微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)展有(you)兩(liang)次重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)任務(wu)。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)NASA發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she) 了(le)“空(kong)(kong)(kong)蜂”170A,首(shou)次利(li)用探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)加(jia)工(gong)實驗嘗(chang)試;1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)再次發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)“黑雁(yan)”5C 火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)行(xing)金屬熔煉實驗。這兩(liang)枚(mei)(mei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),證實了(le)利(li)用探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)行(xing)微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力(li)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)實驗是(shi)一條可行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術途徑(jing), 揭開了(le)微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)研(yan)(yan)制和(he)(he)(he)應用的(de)(de)(de)序幕。20世(shi)(shi)紀70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)初美國(guo)(guo)開始利(li)用探空(kong)(kong)(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)行(xing)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)加(jia)工(gong)實 驗。NASA于1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初制定(ding)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)加(jia)工(gong)應用火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(SPAR)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua),這是(shi)世(shi)(shi)界上第一個(ge)微(wei)(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)力(li)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)研(yan)(yan)究應用計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)。從1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)至(zhi)1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue),NASA 共(gong)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)9枚(mei)(mei) SPAR 火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)6枚(mei)(mei)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong),2枚(mei)(mei)失(shi)敗,1枚(mei)(mei)局部成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong),共(gong)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)49項空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)和(he)(he)(he)加(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)實驗研(yan)(yan)究。 隨著1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)“伙伴”1 號火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)首(shou)次成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she),NASA決定(ding)20世(shi)(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)根據(ju)需要(yao)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)2-4 枚(mei)(mei)類似火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)大(da)部分為(wei)生物技(ji)術實驗,其(qi)(qi)他為(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)材料(liao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)和(he)(he)(he)加(jia)工(gong)實驗。NASA 著名的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)項目(mu)NSROC(NASA SoundingRocket Operations Contract)從1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開始實施,為(wei)其(qi)(qi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)探空(kong)(kong)(kong)研(yan)(yan)究提供了(le)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)期計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)、設計(ji)(ji)、開發(fa)(fa)、集成(cheng)(cheng)、測試、發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)和(he)(he)(he)后期分析等工(gong)作。 NSROC于2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)達到ISO 9000標準,平均每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)射(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)約20次,涵蓋了(le)不同的(de)(de)(de)探測高度(du)和(he)(he)(he)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)應用范圍。
日(ri)本(ben)在(zai)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)空(kong)方(fang)面(mian)進行了(le)(le)(le)(le)非常(chang)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)研究(jiu),在(zai)大氣科學(xue)、電離層(ceng)、太陽物(wu)理(li)、天體(ti)物(wu)理(li)以及大氣氣候(hou)和預(yu)報(bao)方(fang)面(mian)取(qu)得(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)許多科學(xue)成(cheng)果(guo),并(bing)與美、英(ying)、法、西(xi)德等合作完成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)多種類型的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)實(shi)驗,進行了(le)(le)(le)(le)獨(du)具(ju)特色的(de)(de)赤道區高(gao)層(ceng)大氣、電離層(ceng)和天文學(xue)的(de)(de)探(tan)測研究(jiu)。1977年(nian)日(ri)本(ben)宇(yu)宙開發事業團(NASDA)制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)TT-500A微重(zhong)力火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)計(ji)(ji)劃。1980年(nian)9月至1983年(nian)8月共發射了(le)(le)(le)(le)6枚,均用于(yu)空(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料加工(gong)實(shi)驗,有(you)19臺設備(bei)進行了(le)(le)(le)(le)飛(fei)行實(shi)驗,只(zhi)有(you)約(yue)一半的(de)(de)設備(bei)獲得(de)實(shi)驗結果(guo)。20 世(shi)紀80年(nian)代(dai)后期,NASDA重(zhong)新制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)微重(zhong)力火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)研究(jiu)計(ji)(ji)劃,命名(ming)為TR-1A 的(de)(de)微重(zhong)力火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)于(yu)1991年(nian)9月首(shou)次發射成(cheng)功(gong),搭(da)載了(le)(le)(le)(le)5種用于(yu)空(kong)間(jian)材(cai)料科學(xue)研究(jiu)和加工(gong)的(de)(de)實(shi)驗裝置。之后,又(you)制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)繼(ji)續發射 3 枚TR-1A 微重(zhong)力火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)計(ji)(ji)劃。2003 年(nian)10月,為了(le)(le)(le)(le)提(ti)高(gao)日(ri)本(ben)的(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)研究(jiu)水(shui)平(ping),日(ri)本(ben)宇(yu)宙航空(kong)研究(jiu)開發機構(JAXA)重(zhong)組完成(cheng),所屬ISAS繼(ji)續用探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)等獨(du)特的(de)(de)手段提(ti)高(gao)空(kong)間(jian)科學(xue)研究(jiu)水(shui)平(ping)。JAXA 目(mu)前使用的(de)(de)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)箭(jian)系列有(you)S-310、S-520 和 SS-520。
歐(ou)洲空(kong)間(jian)局(ESA)將微重(zhong)力(li)科學實驗研(yan)(yan)究作為主要任務之一,制定了全(quan)面(mian)的(de)發(fa)展研(yan)(yan)究計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua),包(bao)括用探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)進行微重(zhong)力(li)實驗研(yan)(yan)究,1990-1996年(nian)(nian)間(jian),每年(nian)(nian)發(fa)射1枚(mei)長(chang)時間(jian)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian),4枚(mei)短(duan)時間(jian)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)。在德(de)國政府2001年(nian)(nian)5月批準的(de)新航(hang)天計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)中,用于微重(zhong)力(li)實驗的(de)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)為其(qi)重(zhong)要的(de)組成部分(fen)。德(de)國的(de)兩種(zhong)朗繆爾探(tan)針設(she)備(bei)分(fen)別于 2002年(nian)(nian)和(he) 2003年(nian)(nian)搭載 NASA 的(de)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)上天。探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)是德(de)國空(kong)間(jian)項目中的(de)重(zhong)要工(gong)具(ju),主要涉及(ji)空(kong)間(jian)科學、對地觀測、微重(zhong)力(li)研(yan)(yan)究和(he)返回技術(shu)。2004年(nian)(nian)10月23日,德(de)國宇航(hang)中心(DLR)研(yan)(yan)制的(de)VSB-30 型(xing)火(huo)箭(jian)試飛(fei)成功,它標志著歐(ou)洲微重(zhong)力(li)探(tan)空(kong)火(huo)箭(jian)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)復(fu)興(xing)。
火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)是(shi)中國(guo)發(fa)展航天事業(ye)的(de)(de)起步項目之一(yi)。 中國(guo)于(yu)1958 年開(kai)始發(fa)展火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)事業(ye),在著名科學(xue)家錢(qian)學(xue)森、趙九章、楊(yang)南生(sheng)、王希季等(deng)倡導(dao)和(he)(he)領導(dao)下(xia)創建了(le)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)事業(ye)。在研制發(fa)射(she)了(le)多種型號的(de)(de)試(shi)驗研究、試(shi)驗性探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)基礎上,中國(guo)的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)枚探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)于(yu)1960 年9月首次發(fa)射(she)。中國(guo)最早開(kai)展研究和(he)(he)利用(yong)的(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)象探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)的(de)(de)氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),研制并發(fa)射(she)了(le)多種氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),在20世紀(ji)發(fa)射(she)的(de)(de)約260枚探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)中有半數以上為氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian),用(yong)于(yu)中層大氣(qi)(海拔20~80公里)的(de)(de)大氣(qi)溫度、壓(ya)力、密度、風(feng)速和(he)(he)風(feng)向(xiang)等(deng)氣(qi)象要(yao)素的(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce),在氣(qi)象火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)的(de)(de)研究和(he)(he)應用(yong)中取得了(le)豐碩的(de)(de)成果。另有一(yi)些取樣火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)、生(sheng)物火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)和(he)(he)試(shi)驗火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)。
2008年開(kai)始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國家大(da)科(ke)學(xue)工(gong)(gong)程“子午(wu)工(gong)(gong)程”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)由中(zhong)國科(ke)學(xue)院牽頭(tou),其中(zhong)由空(kong)間中(zhong)心(xin)負(fu)責(ze)建(jian)設(she)實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)目(mu)標是(shi)進行(xing)海南火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)發射場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改造建(jian)設(she),以適應(ying)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體制(zhi)和(he)(he)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)技術要(yao)求,將為(wei)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)事業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展提供有利支撐(cheng),是(shi)重(zhong)振(zhen)中(zhong)國火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)事業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)一步。“子午(wu)工(gong)(gong)程”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)主要(yao)由探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)運載火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有效(xiao)載荷艙、地面(mian)遙(yao)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、地面(mian)數(shu)(shu)據處理系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)地面(mian)發射支持(chi)保障系(xi)(xi)統(tong)組成(cheng)。其目(mu)標是(shi)在海南建(jian)成(cheng)探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)地面(mian)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)監測(ce)(ce)大(da)氣和(he)(he)電(dian)離層參數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。 聯(lian)(lian)合(he)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)時,探(tan)(tan)(tan)空(kong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)設(she)備(bei)、電(dian)離層觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)設(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)大(da)氣觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)設(she)備(bei)等同(tong)步工(gong)(gong)作(zuo), 其目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)獲(huo)取全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)200公里以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間環境資料,同(tong)時進行(xing)各個空(kong)間層次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耦合(he)效(xiao)應(ying)及應(ying)用研究,以期(qi)發現新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理機制(zhi)和(he)(he)規律。
2019年8月(yue),我國(guo)完(wan)成(cheng)了火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)殘(can)(can)骸(hai)的(de)精準控(kong)制(zhi),落在了設定(ding)的(de)落區范圍內。這(zhe)次(ci)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)驗證(zheng)的(de)成(cheng)功(gong),標志著(zhu)(zhu)我國(guo)成(cheng)為(wei)繼美國(guo)之(zhi)后的(de)第二(er)個掌握這(zhe)項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)國(guo)家。這(zhe)次(ci)驗證(zheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)成(cheng)功(gong),柵(zha)格(ge)舵發揮了重要(yao)作用,通過它(ta)們可(ke)以控(kong)制(zhi)回收(shou)時的(de)姿態,確保火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)殘(can)(can)骸(hai)能夠落在設定(ding)的(de)區域。此次(ci)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)驗證(zheng)成(cheng)功(gong),則可(ke)以免去落區居民疏(shu)散(san)問題(ti),也為(wei)我國(guo)運載火箭(jian)(jian)(jian)后續(xu)助(zhu)推器及子級的(de)可(ke)控(kong)回收(shou)、軟著(zhu)(zhu)陸、重復使(shi)用等技(ji)(ji)術(shu)奠定(ding)堅實基礎。