無(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通訊(xun)指的(de)(de)(de)是不用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就可傳(chuan)輸信息的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子傳(chuan)播工(gong)具(ju),由意大利的(de)(de)(de)馬可尼和俄國的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)波(bo)夫發(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)。同(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,無(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)也是經歷過(guo)早期無(wu)數次改(gai)進(jin)(jin)而發(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)播工(gong)具(ju)。19世(shi)紀末有三(san)個人對無(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)技術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展作出(chu)了(le)重大貢獻。英國劍橋大學(xue)(xue)實(shi)驗(yan)物(wu)理學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)授詹姆斯(si)·克勤克·麥(mai)克斯(si)韋在(zai)1864年(nian)用數學(xue)(xue)方法證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)產生后能在(zai)相(xiang)當(dang)遠的(de)(de)(de)地方產生效應(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)訊(xun)號并不限于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)送)。麥(mai)克斯(si)韋還(huan)預言(yan),這種(zhong)(zhong)訊(xun)號或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)是以光(guang)速進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)此(ci)后22年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)時間里,無(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通訊(xun)還(huan)停留在(zai)理論(lun)上。1888年(nian),德國物(wu)理學(xue)(xue)家享利希·赫茲(zi)的(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)了(le)麥(mai)克斯(si)韋的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)斷(duan)是正(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)。他在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個拋物(wu)面(mian)狀(zhuang)金屬鏡(jing)中心(xin),裝了(le)兩個導體,隔一(yi)(yi)(yi)縫隙,構(gou)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)所謂火(huo)花(hua)隙放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。在(zai)大約五英尺以外(wai),再把一(yi)(yi)(yi)個線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈與另一(yi)(yi)(yi)個拋物(wu)面(mian)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)焦點上的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)連,對準(zhun)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個金屬鏡(jing)。赫茲(zi)發(fa)(fa)現,當(dang)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)火(huo)花(hua)時,引起了(le)5英尺以外(wai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈中的(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)個放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)較小的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)花(hua)。赫茲(zi)還(huan)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)了(le)無(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)波(bo)是沿直線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動的(de)(de)(de),可用金屬薄片(pian)反射,如(ru)同(tong)光(guang)波(bo)可用鏡(jing)子反射一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,因此(ci),無(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)毫(hao)無(wu)疑問是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個行得通的(de)(de)(de)概念。
在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)成功的(de)基礎上,意大(da)(da)利(li)物理學家(jia)古利(li)莫(mo)·馬可(ke)(ke)尼(ni)在(zai)他(ta)的(de)家(jia)鄉(xiang)博(bo)洛尼(ni)亞附近龐泰(tai)奇(qi)澳(ao)的(de)格雷風(feng)別墅(shu),重復了(le)赫(he)茲的(de)試驗(yan)。他(ta)比赫(he)茲更進一(yi)步(bu)在(zai)30英尺以外的(de)第(di)二(er)個放(fang)電(dian)器(qi)上得到火花(hua)同第(di)一(yi)個放(fang)電(dian)器(qi)放(fang)的(de)火花(hua)一(yi)致(zhi)。這(zhe)確實(shi)是一(yi)項(xiang)重大(da)(da)的(de)科技成果(guo),但這(zhe)樣短的(de)距(ju)離仍然(ran)不能傳(chuan)播電(dian)報(bao)(bao)。馬可(ke)(ke)尼(ni)對他(ta)的(de)設計多次(ci)修正,逐步(bu)把傳(chuan)播距(ju)離增加(jia)到300碼(ma),2英里,最后在(zai)1899年,橫跨(kua)了(le)英吉利(li)海峽。這(zhe)就更接近早期夢想無線電(dian)報(bao)(bao)的(de)人所要達到的(de)距(ju)離。1901年馬可(ke)(ke)尼(ni)用(yong)莫(mo)爾斯(si)電(dian)碼(ma)將字母與信號送到了(le)大(da)(da)西洋,證明(ming)了(le)無線電(dian)波無限的(de)潛力。信號從康沃爾的(de)浦爾多傳(chuan)到了(le)加(jia)拿大(da)(da)紐芬蘭(lan)的(de)圣(sheng)約翰,用(yong)金(jin)屬線連上風(feng)箏作(zuo)接收天(tian)線,全程近2000英里。這(zhe)標志著(zhu)無線電(dian)報(bao)(bao)已經具(ju)有實(shi)際應用(yong)價值。
20世紀60年(nian)代(dai),中、大規(gui)(gui)(gui)模乃至(zhi)超大規(gui)(gui)(gui)模集成(cheng)(cheng)電 路(lu)(lu)的不(bu)斷涌現,是電子技(ji)術(shu)(shu)發展(zhan)史上(shang)第三個重要里程碑。 1959年(nian),美國科學(xue)家基(ji)爾比(Kilby)造出(chu)了世界上(shang)第一(yi)塊集成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)。 1967年(nian)研制成(cheng)(cheng)大規(gui)(gui)(gui)模集成(cheng)(cheng)(LSI)電路(lu)(lu)。1978年(nian)研制成(cheng)(cheng)超大 規(gui)(gui)(gui)模集成(cheng)(cheng)(VLSI)電路(lu)(lu),從此(ci)電子技(ji)術(shu)(shu)進入(ru)了微(wei)電子技(ji)術(shu)(shu)時代(dai)。隨著半導(dao)(dao)體(ti)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的發展(zhan),出(chu)現了許多電子技(ji)術(shu)(shu)新的分支。而今所謂三C技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、三A革命無一(yi)不(bu)是電子技(ji)術(shu)(shu)及半導(dao)(dao)體(ti)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的發展(zhan)所導(dao)(dao)致的直(zhi)接(jie)結果。三C技(ji)術(shu)(shu): Communication,Computer,Control三A革命: Factory Automation,Office Automation,Home Automation半導(dao)(dao)體(ti)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的發展(zhan)不(bu)僅影(ying)響了電子技(ji)術(shu)(shu),也影(ying)響了其它(ta)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的發展(zhan)。如:冶(ye)金術(shu)(shu),精加工,材料科學(xue),化學(xue)等(deng)。
五十年(nian)代開始,半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)技術(shu)在我國(guo)(guo)受到(dao)重視。一(yi)批從國(guo)(guo)外回來的(de)著(zhu)名(ming)科學家如:黃昆、謝希德等組(zu)織了一(yi)些有(you)志之士開始了半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)專門化(hua)研(yan)究,他(ta)們那時培養的(de)學生大多數已(yi)成為我國(guo)(guo)固體(ti)(ti)物理學或半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)技術(shu)界的(de)學科帶頭人。七十年(nian)代,我們幾乎停止(zhi)了進步。直到(dao)八十年(nian)代我國(guo)(guo)半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)技術(shu)才有(you)開始有(you)長足的(de)發展(zhan)。應該講我們與(yu)國(guo)(guo)外的(de)差(cha)距正在縮(suo)小。
20世(shi)紀初首先解決了(le)(le)(le)無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)報通信(xin)問題。接著又解決了(le)(le)(le)用(yong)無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)波傳送語言和(he)音樂的(de)問題,從而(er)開展(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)話通信(xin)和(he)無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)廣播。以后傳輸(shu)圖象的(de)問題也解決了(le)(le)(le),出(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)傳真和(he)電(dian)(dian)視。20世(shi)紀30年(nian)代中期到(dao)第二次世(shi)界大戰期間,為了(le)(le)(le)防空的(de)需要,無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)定位技(ji)(ji)術迅速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)雷達的(de)出(chu)現(xian),帶(dai)動了(le)(le)(le)其他科學(xue)(xue)的(de)興起,如(ru)無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)天文學(xue)(xue)、無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)氣象學(xue)(xue)等。20世(shi)紀50年(nian)代以來,宇航技(ji)(ji)術的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)又促進(jin)了(le)(le)(le)無(wu)(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術向(xiang)更高的(de)階段發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。
進行無線電(dian)通信,首(shou)先要(yao)(yao)發射(she)無線電(dian)波。無線電(dian)波發射(she)機中有一(yi)個叫做振蕩器的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)部件,它(ta)能產(chan)(chan)生頻(pin)率很高的(de)(de)交變電(dian)流,高頻(pin)交變電(dian)流流經(jing)天線時,在(zai)空間產(chan)(chan)生高頻(pin)率的(de)(de)電(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)。由于(yu)這個電(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)在(zai)做周期性(xing)的(de)(de)變化,在(zai)周圍(wei)又產(chan)(chan)生新的(de)(de)電(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)……于(yu)是,電(dian)磁(ci)波就發射(she)出(chu)去了。
無線電廣(guang)播(bo)傳(chuan)遞的是聲音(yin),電視廣(guang)播(bo)傳(chuan)遞的不(bu)僅有(you)聲音(yin),還有(you)圖像(xiang)。振(zhen)蕩(dang)器產(chan)生的高頻(pin)交變電流,是用來攜帶(dai)聲音(yin)、圖像(xiang)等信(xin)息(xi)的.叫做載波(bo)(bo)(bo)。把(ba)要傳(chuan)遞的信(xin)息(xi)加(jia)到(dao)載波(bo)(bo)(bo)上并發射出去,信(xin)息(xi)就(jiu)可以傳(chuan)到(dao)遠方(fang)。把(ba)信(xin)息(xi)加(jia)到(dao)載波(bo)(bo)(bo)上.就(jiu)是使(shi)(shi)載波(bo)(bo)(bo)隨(sui)信(xin)號(hao)而改變,這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)技術叫做調(diao)制。調(diao)制的方(fang)式有(you)兩種(zhong)(zhong),一種(zhong)(zhong)常見的是使(shi)(shi)高頻(pin)載波(bo)(bo)(bo)的振(zhen)幅隨(sui)信(xin)號(hao)改變.這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式叫做調(diao)幅(AM)。中波(bo)(bo)(bo)和短(duan)波(bo)(bo)(bo)波(bo)(bo)(bo)段(duan)的無線電廣(guang)播(bo),使(shi)(shi)用的是調(diao)幅方(fang)式。在微波(bo)(bo)(bo)波(bo)(bo)(bo)段(duan),電視廣(guang)播(bo)的圖像(xiang)信(xin)號(hao)也(ye)使(shi)(shi)用調(diao)幅方(fang)式。
另(ling)一種(zhong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)制方式(shi)是使(shi)高頻(pin)(pin)載波的(de)頻(pin)(pin)率隨信號(hao)改(gai)變(bian),這種(zhong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)制的(de)方式(shi)叫做(zuo)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)(FM)。調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)的(de)振幅(fu)不變(bian),抗干擾的(de)能力比(bi)(bi)較強,傳遞過程中的(de)失真比(bi)(bi)較小。但調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)接(jie)收機(ji)的(de)結構(gou)比(bi)(bi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)幅(fu)機(ji)復雜,服務半(ban)徑也比(bi)(bi)較小。許多城市都(dou)已經(jing)建立了調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頻(pin)(pin)廣播(bo)電臺(tai),播(bo)送高質量(liang)的(de)音樂和語言節目。
世界上(shang)有許許多多電(dian)臺、電(dian)視臺,它們(men)每(mei)時每(mei)刻(ke)都在(zai)發射電(dian)磁(ci)波。因此(ci)我(wo)(wo)們(men)周同(tong)存在(zai)著許許多多的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)波。接收(shou)(shou)無線電(dian)廣播時,首先要從眾多的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)波巾(jin)把(ba)自己需要的(de)選(xuan)出來。我(wo)(wo)們(men)轉(zhuan)動(dong)收(shou)(shou)音機的(de)旋鈕選(xuan)擇電(dian)臺,實際上(shang)是(shi)在(zai)選(xuan)擇我(wo)(wo)們(men)需要的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)波。這(zhe)在(zai)技術上(shang)叫(jiao)做調諧。
經過(guo)(guo)調諧,接收機得到的(de)(de)是(shi)帶有信(xin)(xin)息(xi)標記的(de)(de)高頻(pin)電流。這種高頻(pin)信(xin)(xin)號電流,還不是(shi)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號本身。要得到所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)音、圖(tu)像信(xin)(xin)息(xi),必須(xu)從(cong)高頻(pin)信(xin)(xin)號電流中把它們“取(qu)”出來,這個過(guo)(guo)程叫做解調。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)解調得到的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號,還要經過(guo)(guo)放大。如(ru)果(guo)傳遞的(de)(de)是(shi)聲(sheng)音信(xin)(xin)息(xi),可(ke)以使揚聲(sheng)器發出聲(sheng)音;如(ru)果(guo)傳遞的(de)(de)是(shi)圖(tu)像信(xin)(xin)息(xi),可(ke)以使顯(xian)像管顯(xian)示圖(tu)像