唯物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)辯證法的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)規律(lv)。又稱量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)規律(lv)。這(zhe)一規律(lv)表明，事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)存在兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)本(ben)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，即(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)和質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，前者表現為(wei)(wei)事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)及其(qi)特性(xing)在數量(liang)(liang)(liang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加或減少，是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)連續的(de)(de)(de)(de)、不顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)，后者是(shi)事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)根本(ben)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)，是(shi)漸(jian)進(jin)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)斷，是(shi)由一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)向另一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)突變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)。在事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)內(nei)部矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用下(xia)，事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)從量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)開始，當量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)達(da)到一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)界限時，量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)就轉化(hua)為(wei)(wei)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發生了變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)，舊質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)就變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)了新(xin)(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)是(shi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)向質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉化(hua)。在新(xin)(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上又開始了新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)。這(zhe)是(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)向量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉化(hua)。量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)引起(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)又引起(qi)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，循環往復以至無窮，構成(cheng)了事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)無限發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)和質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，是(shi)事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)本(ben)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，二者既有(you)區別又有(you)聯系，在事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)過程中(zhong)，它們是(shi)相互依存、相互滲(shen)透的(de)(de)(de)(de)。量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)中(zhong)有(you)階段性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和局部性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)中(zhong)有(you)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)張。
1.質是指事物成為它自身(shen)并區(qu)別于另一事物的(de)內(nei)在規定(ding)性(xing)。
世界上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)之所以千(qian)差(cha)萬別，就是(shi)因為它們各有(you)(you)自己特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)是(shi)由事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)內部矛盾的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)是(shi)客觀的(de)(de)(de)，質(zhi)與(yu)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)存在是(shi)直(zhi)接統一的(de)(de)(de)。事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)又是(shi)多(duo)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)。例如，一個(ge)人(ren)既有(you)(you)自然屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)，也有(you)(you)社會屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)，還有(you)(you)思維屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)，等等，事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)通過(guo)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)表現出來。事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)表現，人(ren)們正是(shi)通過(guo)認(ren)(ren)識事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)去認(ren)(ren)識事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)。在事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)種多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)，有(you)(you)本質(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)非本質(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別。本質(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)無，直(zhi)接決(jue)定(ding)(ding)著事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)，而非本質(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)失，則不影響事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)存在。
質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)存在是(shi)直接統一(yi)的(de)(de)。這包含兩方面的(de)(de)含義：其一(yi)，事(shi)(shi)物(wu)總(zong)是(shi)具有一(yi)定質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)，不(bu)(bu)具有一(yi)定質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)存在的(de)(de)。其二(er)，質(zhi)(zhi)總(zong)是(shi)一(yi)定事(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)，脫離了一(yi)定事(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)存在的(de)(de)。事(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)規(gui)律性(xing)是(shi)多樣的(de)(de)。質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)屬(shu)性(xing)不(bu)(bu)可分。質(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)屬(shu)性(xing)表現出來；屬(shu)性(xing)則(ze)是(shi)一(yi)物(wu)與他(ta)物(wu)在相互(hu)聯系中表現出來的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)。
2.量是事物(wu)的規模、程度(du)、速(su)度(du)以及構成(cheng)要素在空間上的排列組(zu)合(he)等可以用數量表(biao)示的規定性。
物(wu)體的(de)大(da)小、運動的(de)快慢、分子(zi)的(de)多少和排列順序、生產力的(de)發(fa)展的(de)水(shui)平和速(su)度等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)，這(zhe)些都是(shi)(shi)(shi)事物(wu)量(liang)的(de)規定性(xing)及其(qi)表現。事物(wu)的(de)量(liang)的(de)規定性(xing)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)事物(wu)本(ben)身所(suo)固有(you)的(de)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)客觀(guan)存在的(de)，同事物(wu)不可分離(li)。
理解事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)，要(yao)注意兩點：第一(yi)(yi)，量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)和事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)不是直接統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)與(yu)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)是直接統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，某一(yi)(yi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)失去(qu)了自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)，該事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)就變成了他(ta)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)則(ze)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)以(yi)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內，量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增減并不影響事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)。第二(er)，量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)是多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。有(you)內涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)外延的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、精確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)模糊(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、要(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)等。內涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)志的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度(du)，如溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低，顏色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)淺(qian)、硬度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。外延的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)標(biao)志質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模，如物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)、體積、重量(liang)(liang)(liang)。質(zhi)把不同(tong)(tong)(tong)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區別開(kai)(kai)來，量(liang)(liang)(liang)則(ze)進一(yi)(yi)步把同(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)從量(liang)(liang)(liang)上區別開(kai)(kai)來，同(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可(ke)以(yi)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。
在對(dui)事物(wu)的認識中(zhong)，認識質是(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎、是(shi)(shi)前提(ti)，由質進到量(liang)，是(shi)(shi)對(dui)事物(wu)認識的深化(hua)和(he)精確(que)化(hua)。在科學研究中(zhong)，確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)事物(wu)及其結構、性(xing)質狀態的性(xing)質，叫作定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)研究；對(dui)事物(wu)進行數量(liang)分析、計(ji)算和(he)測定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)研究。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)的基(ji)礎，確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)事物(wu)“是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么”，才能把它從(cong)千差萬(wan)別的事物(wu)中(zhong)區別出(chu)來；定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)的精確(que)化(hua)，把定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)和(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)結合(he)起來是(shi)(shi)科學研究的重要任務。
3.度(du)是(shi)事物質(zhi)和量的(de)統一，是(shi)事物保持自己質(zhi)的(de)數量界(jie)限(xian)、范圍或幅(fu)度(du)。
事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)度的(de)兩端的(de)界(jie)(jie)限(xian)叫作關(guan)節(jie)點或(huo)臨(lin)界(jie)(jie)點。關(guan)節(jie)點是一定質(zhi)的(de)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)所能容納的(de)量(liang)(liang)的(de)活(huo)動范圍(wei)的(de)最高界(jie)(jie)限(xian)和最低界(jie)(jie)限(xian)。事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)度的(de)范圍(wei)內變化，事(shi)物(wu)(wu)不會(hui)發(fa)生質(zhi)變，量(liang)(liang)變超出(chu)度的(de)范圍(wei)，事(shi)物(wu)(wu)就會(hui)發(fa)生質(zhi)變。
度的極限(xian)叫(jiao)關節(jie)點，超出關節(jie)點，事物就形成(cheng)(cheng)了新的質，量統一體，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)另一事物。
量變(bian)(bian)(bian)是(shi)質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)準備(bei)，質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)是(shi)量變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然結果；質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)和(he)量變(bian)(bian)(bian)是(shi)相(xiang)互(hu)滲透、相(xiang)互(hu)依存、相(xiang)互(hu)貫通的(de)(de)(de)(de)，在總的(de)(de)(de)(de)量變(bian)(bian)(bian)過(guo)程中有(you)階段性和(he)局(ju)部性的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)，在質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)過(guo)程中也有(you)舊質(zhi)在量上的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)縮和(he)新(xin)質(zhi)在量上的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴張。量變(bian)(bian)(bian)引(yin)起質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)，在新(xin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，事(shi)物又開始新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)量變(bian)(bian)(bian)，如(ru)此交替循環，形成事(shi)物質(zhi)量互(hu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)性。質(zhi)量互(hu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)規律(lv)體現了事(shi)物漸(jian)進(jin)性和(he)飛躍性的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一。
質(zhi)量(liang)互變規律方法論(lun)意(yi)(yi)(yi)義在(zai)(zai)(zai)于：第一，在(zai)(zai)(zai)認(ren)識和(he)處(chu)理(li)問題(ti)上要(yao)把握適度(du)的原則；第二(er)，注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)理(li)論(lun)上正確處(chu)理(li)量(liang)變和(he)質(zhi)變的關系(xi)；第三，注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)把握質(zhi)量(liang)互變規律在(zai)(zai)(zai)實際工作中的指(zhi)導意(yi)(yi)(yi)義；第四，結合我(wo)國現代(dai)化建(jian)設實際，處(chu)理(li)好(hao)經濟(ji)社會發展中各(ge)種質(zhi)量(liang)關系(xi)，為社會服務。
在古(gu)代，一些思想家已經注意到了量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)引起(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)現象(xiang)。《老子》提出“合抱(bao)之(zhi)木，生于(yu)毫(hao)末；九層之(zhi)臺，起(qi)于(yu)累(lei)土”。《戰國策》中說“積羽沉舟，群輕折軸”等，包(bao)含著(zhu)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)引起(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)思想。古(gu)希臘哲學提出了某(mou)種元(yuan)素的(de)“凝聚化”和“稀薄化”導致(zhi)形成(cheng)不(bu)同(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)事物(wu)的(de)思想，在“谷堆論證(zheng)”“禿(tu)頭論證(zheng)”中討論了量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)與(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)關(guan)系(xi)。近代德(de)國哲學家黑(hei)格爾(er)第(di)一次(ci)以唯(wei)心(xin)主義的(de)形式系(xi)統地闡(chan)述了質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)互變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)規(gui)律。馬克思、恩格斯在概(gai)括大量(liang)自然(ran)科學成(cheng)果的(de)基(ji)礎上，批判地繼承了黑(hei)格爾(er)唯(wei)心(xin)辯證(zheng)法中的(de)合理(li)因素，對于(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)互變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)規(gui)律進行(xing)了科學闡(chan)釋(shi)。
質(zhi)量互變(bian)規律(lv)對于人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)認(ren)識和(he)實踐活動具有重要(yao)的(de)(de)指導意義(yi)，它要(yao)求人(ren)們(men)要(yao)重視量的(de)(de)積累，注意事物(wu)細小的(de)(de)變(bian)化，不(bu)可揠苗(miao)助(zhu)長急(ji)于求成(cheng)，對于消(xiao)極因(yin)素(su)，要(yao)防微杜漸；同(tong)時又(you)要(yao)根據事物(wu)的(de)(de)發展進程，不(bu)失時機(ji)地促使事物(wu)由量變(bian)到(dao)質(zhi)變(bian)的(de)(de)轉化。
質量互(hu)變規(gui)律(lv)體現了事物發展的(de)漸進性與飛躍性的(de)統一(yi)。
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