唯(wei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)辯證法的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)規律。又(you)稱量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)規律。這一規律表明,事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)發展變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化存在兩(liang)(liang)種基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)形式(shi),即量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)和質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),前者(zhe)表現為事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)及(ji)其(qi)特性(xing)在數量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)上的(de)(de)(de)增加或減(jian)少,是(shi)一種連續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)、不(bu)顯著的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化,后者(zhe)是(shi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)根(gen)本(ben)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化,是(shi)漸進(jin)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)中斷,是(shi)由一種質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)形態向(xiang)另一種質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)形態的(de)(de)(de)突變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)。在事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)內部矛盾的(de)(de)(de)作用下,事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)發展從量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)開(kai)始,當量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)達(da)到一定的(de)(de)(de)界(jie)限時(shi),量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)就轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化為質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發生了(le)(le)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化,舊質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)就變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)了(le)(le)新質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。這是(shi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)向(xiang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化。在新質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎上又(you)開(kai)始了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)。這是(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)向(xiang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化。量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)引起(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)又(you)引起(qi)新的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),循環往復以(yi)至無(wu)窮,構(gou)成(cheng)了(le)(le)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)無(wu)限發展的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)和質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),是(shi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)發展變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)種基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)形式(shi),二者(zhe)既有區別又(you)有聯系(xi),在事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)發展過(guo)程中,它們(men)是(shi)相(xiang)互依存、相(xiang)互滲(shen)透的(de)(de)(de)。量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)中有階(jie)段性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)和局部性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)部分質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)中有量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)張。
1.質是指事物(wu)(wu)成(cheng)為它(ta)自(zi)身并區別(bie)于另一事物(wu)(wu)的內在規定性。
世(shi)界上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)之所以(yi)千(qian)差萬別,就是(shi)因為(wei)它們(men)各(ge)有自己特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定性(xing)(xing)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)由(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)內部矛盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊性(xing)(xing)決定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)客觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)是(shi)直(zhi)接(jie)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)又是(shi)多(duo)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。例如,一(yi)個人既有自然(ran)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),也有社會屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),還有思維屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),等等,事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)過屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)表(biao)現(xian)出來。事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現(xian),人們(men)正是(shi)通(tong)過認識事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)去(qu)認識事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)種多(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)中,有本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)和非(fei)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別。本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有無,直(zhi)接(jie)決定著事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而非(fei)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消失,則(ze)不(bu)影響事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)。
質(zhi)(zhi)和事(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)存在(zai)是(shi)直(zhi)接統一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)。這包含兩方面的(de)含義:其(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),事(shi)(shi)物(wu)總是(shi)具有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)事(shi)(shi)物(wu),不(bu)具有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)是(shi)不(bu)存在(zai)的(de)。其(qi)二,質(zhi)(zhi)總是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi),脫離了一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)也是(shi)不(bu)存在(zai)的(de)。事(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)規律性是(shi)多樣(yang)的(de)。質(zhi)(zhi)和屬性不(bu)可分。質(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)過屬性表現出來;屬性則是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)與(yu)他物(wu)在(zai)相互(hu)聯系中表現出來的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)。
2.量是事物的規模(mo)、程度、速度以(yi)(yi)及構成要(yao)素在(zai)空間上(shang)的排列組合等可以(yi)(yi)用數量表示的規定性。
物(wu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小、運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)快慢、分子的(de)(de)(de)(de)多少(shao)和排列順序、生(sheng)產力的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平和速度等等,這些都是(shi)事物(wu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定性及其表現。事物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定性也(ye)是(shi)事物(wu)本身(shen)所(suo)固(gu)有的(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)客觀(guan)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de),同事物(wu)不可分離(li)。
理解(jie)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)性(xing),要注意兩(liang)點:第(di)一,量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)性(xing)和(he)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)不(bu)是直接統(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)。質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)性(xing)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)存在是直接統(tong)一的(de)(de)(de),某一事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)失去了(le)(le)自己的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi),該事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)就(jiu)變成了(le)(le)他(ta)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)。量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)性(xing)則不(bu)同(tong)(tong),同(tong)(tong)一事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)可以有不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)。在一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)范圍內,量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)增減(jian)并(bing)不(bu)影響事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)。第(di)二(er),量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)性(xing)是多(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de)。有內涵的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)與外延的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)、精確(que)的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)與模(mo)糊的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)、要素的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)與結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)等。內涵的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)志的(de)(de)(de)程度,如(ru)溫度的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低,顏色(se)的(de)(de)(de)深淺、硬(ying)度的(de)(de)(de)大小。外延的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)標(biao)志質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)模(mo),如(ru)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)、體積(ji)、重量(liang)。質(zhi)把不(bu)同(tong)(tong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)區別開來,量(liang)則進一步(bu)把同(tong)(tong)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)從量(liang)上區別開來,同(tong)(tong)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)可以有不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)。
在(zai)對事物(wu)的(de)認識中(zhong)(zhong),認識質是(shi)(shi)基礎(chu)、是(shi)(shi)前提,由(you)質進(jin)到(dao)量(liang),是(shi)(shi)對事物(wu)認識的(de)深化(hua)和精(jing)確(que)化(hua)。在(zai)科(ke)學研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong),確(que)定(ding)(ding)事物(wu)及其結構、性(xing)(xing)質狀態的(de)性(xing)(xing)質,叫作定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)研(yan)究;對事物(wu)進(jin)行(xing)數量(liang)分析、計(ji)算和測定(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)研(yan)究。定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)的(de)基礎(chu),確(que)定(ding)(ding)事物(wu)“是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么”,才能把它(ta)從千差萬(wan)別的(de)事物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)區別出來;定(ding)(ding)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)的(de)精(jing)確(que)化(hua),把定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)和定(ding)(ding)量(liang)結合起來是(shi)(shi)科(ke)學研(yan)究的(de)重要(yao)任務。
3.度是事物(wu)質和量的(de)統一,是事物(wu)保持自己(ji)質的(de)數量界限、范(fan)圍或幅度。
事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)度(du)的(de)(de)兩端的(de)(de)界(jie)(jie)限叫作關(guan)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)或臨界(jie)(jie)點(dian)。關(guan)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)是一定(ding)質(zhi)的(de)(de)事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所能容(rong)納(na)的(de)(de)量的(de)(de)活(huo)動范圍的(de)(de)最高(gao)界(jie)(jie)限和最低界(jie)(jie)限。事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)量在度(du)的(de)(de)范圍內變(bian)化,事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)會發(fa)生質(zhi)變(bian),量變(bian)超出度(du)的(de)(de)范圍,事物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)就會發(fa)生質(zhi)變(bian)。
度的極限叫關節(jie)點,超(chao)出(chu)關節(jie)點,事(shi)物就(jiu)形成了新的質,量(liang)統一(yi)體(ti),成為另一(yi)事(shi)物。
量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)是(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)必要準備,質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)是(shi)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)必然結果(guo);質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)和量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)是(shi)相互(hu)(hu)滲透、相互(hu)(hu)依(yi)存、相互(hu)(hu)貫通的(de),在(zai)總的(de)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)有階段性(xing)(xing)和局部性(xing)(xing)的(de)部分質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),在(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)也(ye)有舊質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)量(liang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)收縮和新質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)量(liang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)擴張。量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)引(yin)起質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),在(zai)新質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基礎上(shang)(shang),事(shi)(shi)物又開(kai)始新的(de)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),如(ru)此(ci)交替循環,形成(cheng)事(shi)(shi)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)互(hu)(hu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)規律(lv)(lv)性(xing)(xing)。質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)互(hu)(hu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)規律(lv)(lv)體(ti)現了(le)事(shi)(shi)物漸進性(xing)(xing)和飛(fei)躍性(xing)(xing)的(de)統一。
質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)互變(bian)(bian)(bian)規(gui)律(lv)方法論(lun)意(yi)義在(zai)(zai)于:第(di)一,在(zai)(zai)認識和(he)(he)處(chu)理(li)(li)問題上要把握(wo)適(shi)度的(de)(de)(de)原則;第(di)二(er),注意(yi)在(zai)(zai)理(li)(li)論(lun)上正確處(chu)理(li)(li)量(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)和(he)(he)質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)關系;第(di)三,注意(yi)把握(wo)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)互變(bian)(bian)(bian)規(gui)律(lv)在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際(ji)工作中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)指導意(yi)義;第(di)四,結合我國現代化建設實(shi)際(ji),處(chu)理(li)(li)好經濟社會(hui)發展中(zhong)各種質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)關系,為(wei)社會(hui)服務。
在古代,一些思想(xiang)家已經注意到了(le)量(liang)變引起(qi)(qi)質(zhi)變的(de)(de)現(xian)象。《老子》提出“合(he)抱之木,生于毫末(mo);九層之臺,起(qi)(qi)于累土”。《戰國策》中說“積羽沉舟,群輕折軸(zhou)”等,包含(han)著量(liang)變引起(qi)(qi)質(zhi)變的(de)(de)思想(xiang)。古希臘哲學(xue)提出了(le)某種元素(su)的(de)(de)“凝聚化”和“稀薄化”導(dao)致形(xing)成不同質(zhi)的(de)(de)事物的(de)(de)思想(xiang),在“谷堆(dui)論(lun)證”“禿(tu)頭論(lun)證”中討論(lun)了(le)量(liang)變與質(zhi)變的(de)(de)關系。近代德國哲學(xue)家黑(hei)(hei)格(ge)爾(er)第一次以唯(wei)(wei)心主義(yi)的(de)(de)形(xing)式系統地(di)闡(chan)述(shu)了(le)質(zhi)量(liang)互變規(gui)律。馬克思、恩格(ge)斯(si)在概括大(da)量(liang)自然科學(xue)成果的(de)(de)基礎上,批判地(di)繼承(cheng)了(le)黑(hei)(hei)格(ge)爾(er)唯(wei)(wei)心辯證法中的(de)(de)合(he)理(li)因素(su),對于質(zhi)量(liang)互變規(gui)律進(jin)行了(le)科學(xue)闡(chan)釋。
質量(liang)(liang)互變(bian)(bian)規律對(dui)于人們的(de)認識(shi)和(he)實踐活動具有重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)指(zhi)導意(yi)義,它要(yao)求(qiu)人們要(yao)重(zhong)視量(liang)(liang)的(de)積累(lei),注意(yi)事物(wu)(wu)細(xi)小的(de)變(bian)(bian)化,不可揠苗助長急于求(qiu)成,對(dui)于消極因素,要(yao)防微杜漸;同時又要(yao)根據(ju)事物(wu)(wu)的(de)發展進程,不失(shi)時機地(di)促使(shi)事物(wu)(wu)由(you)量(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)到(dao)質變(bian)(bian)的(de)轉化。
質量(liang)互(hu)變(bian)規律(lv)體現了事物發展的漸進性與飛躍性的統一。