大(da)盂鼎(ding),清道光年間(公元1849年)出(chu)土于陜西(xi)郿縣禮(li)村(今(jin)寶雞眉縣常興鎮楊家村一組,即(ji)李(li)家村),出(chu)土后(hou)便被販賣至(zhi)文物市場。它是西(xi)周早期青銅禮(li)器中(zhong)的(de)重器,因作(zuo)器者是康王時大(da)臣名(ming)盂者而得名(ming),與之(zhi)同出(chu)的(de)小盂鼎(ding)已佚(yi)。
清朝道(dao)光(guang)時期的(de)岐(qi)山首富(fu)宋金鑒把(ba)銅鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)買下,因為器形巨(ju)大,十分引人矚(zhu)目,鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)很快被岐(qi)山縣令(ling)周庚盛占有,他把(ba)鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)轉賣到北京(jing)的(de)古董商人。宋金鑒在(zai)考中翰林(lin)后(hou)出價3000兩白銀又購得(de)了(le)寶鼎(ding)(ding)(ding),在(zai)他去世后(hou),后(hou)代(dai)以700兩白銀賣給(gei)陜甘總(zong)督左宗棠的(de)幕(mu)僚袁保恒,袁深知左宗棠酷愛文(wen)玩(wan),得(de)寶鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)后(hou)不敢專美(mei),旋即(ji)將大盂鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)獻給(gei)上司以表(biao)孝(xiao)心。左宗棠在(zai)發跡前曾為湖(hu)南巡撫駱秉章的(de)幕(mu)僚,理湘省全部(bu)軍務。雖(sui)非顯貴(gui),也頗得(de)春風。加之自視(shi)極高,恃才傲物(wu),不免為人所陰嫉。
咸豐九年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1859年(nian)(nian)),左(zuo)宗(zong)棠(tang)(tang)被永州總兵(bing)樊燮讒言(yan)所(suo)(suo)傷,遭(zao)朝廷(ting)議罪(zui)。幸得時(shi)任侍讀學士的潘(pan)祖(zu)蔭援手,上(shang)奏咸豐皇帝力保(bao)宗(zong)棠(tang)(tang),且多方(fang)(fang)打點,上(shang)下疏通,左(zuo)才(cai)獲脫免。潘(pan)乃當時(shi)著(zhu)名的金(jin)石收藏大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)(jia),左(zuo)宗(zong)棠(tang)(tang)得大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)(ding)后(hou)遂以(yi)(yi)相贈(zeng),以(yi)(yi)謝當年(nian)(nian)搭救(jiu)之(zhi)恩。此(ci)后(hou),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)(ding)一直為潘(pan)氏所(suo)(suo)珍藏。雖然也時(shi)而有人(ren)覬(ji)覦此(ci)鼎(ding)(ding),但畢竟潘(pan)氏位高權重,足(zu)可(ke)保(bao)全(quan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)(ding)無虞(yu)。至潘(pan)祖(zu)蔭故(gu),其弟潘(pan)祖(zu)年(nian)(nian)將大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)(ding)連同其它珍玩一起,由水路從北(bei)京運回蘇州老家(jia)(jia)(jia)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)(ding)作為先人(ren)故(gu)物,睹物思人(ren),彌(mi)顯珍貴(gui),堪為傳家(jia)(jia)(jia)之(zhi)寶(bao),不輕示人(ren)。光緒之(zhi)末,金(jin)石大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)(jia)端方(fang)(fang)任兩江(jiang)總督(du)。曾一度挖空心思,想據(ju)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)(ding)為己有。均為祖(zu)年(nian)(nian)所(suo)(suo)拒。但端方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)欲始(shi)終(zhong)為潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)所(suo)(suo)患。直至辛亥(hai)年(nian)(nian),革命暴發(fa),端方(fang)(fang)被殺。潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)(ding)才(cai)真正逃過端方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)難。
民國(guo)初年,曾有(you)美籍人(ren)士專程來華找(zhao)潘(pan)氏(shi)商談求(qiu)讓大(da)鼎(ding)(ding),出(chu)價(jia)達數百兩黃金(jin)之巨(ju)。但終(zhong)為潘(pan)家(jia)所(suo)回(hui)絕(jue)(jue)。三十年代中葉,國(guo)民黨當局在蘇州新(xin)建一幢大(da)樓。黨國(guo)大(da)員忽發奇想,要在大(da)樓落成后以(yi)紀念(nian)為名(ming)辦一展覽會,邀潘(pan)家(jia)以(yi)大(da)鼎(ding)(ding)參(can)展。以(yi)圖無限期占(zhan)有(you)大(da)鼎(ding)(ding)。然此拙劣伎倆為潘(pan)氏(shi)識破,婉言拒(ju)絕(jue)(jue)了參(can)展。
1937年(nian)日軍侵華(hua)時(shi),蘇州很快(kuai)淪(lun)陷。國將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)(bu)國,人命難保。此時(shi),潘(pan)(pan)(pan)祖年(nian)已(yi)作古。潘(pan)(pan)(pan)家(jia)無(wu)當戶之(zhi)人,皆(jie)婦孺(ru)。英雄出少年(nian),當此危難之(zhi)時(shi),潘(pan)(pan)(pan)祖蔭的(de)(de)(de)侄孫潘(pan)(pan)(pan)承厚(hou)(hou)、潘(pan)(pan)(pan)景鄭等(deng)商定(ding)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)大(da)鼎(ding)及全(quan)部(bu)珍玩入(ru)土保全(quan)。經反復遴選,決定(ding)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)寶物藏于二進院落的(de)(de)(de)堂屋。這是一間久(jiu)無(wu)人居的(de)(de)(de)閑(xian)房(fang),積塵很厚(hou)(hou),不(bu)(bu)會引人注目。主意已(yi)定(ding),潘(pan)(pan)(pan)家(jia)人苦(ku)干(gan)兩(liang)(liang)天兩(liang)(liang)夜才將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)全(quan)部(bu)寶物入(ru)藏地(di)下(xia)。又將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)室內恢復成原(yuan)樣。整個過程除潘(pan)(pan)(pan)家(jia)人以(yi)外另有兩(liang)(liang)個傭(yong)工和(he)一個看門(men)人參與其(qi)中,均(jun)被反復叮囑要嚴守秘密。此后不(bu)(bu)久(jiu),潘(pan)(pan)(pan)氏全(quan)家(jia)即往(wang)上海避亂。潘(pan)(pan)(pan)宅一時(shi)竟(jing)成了日軍搜查的(de)(de)(de)重點。經過反復的(de)(de)(de)搜查并(bing)挖地(di)三尺均(jun)無(wu)所見,日軍也只得作罷(ba)。日軍占領期間,潘(pan)(pan)(pan)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)看門(men)人曾(ceng)幾次盜掘了若(ruo)干(gan)小件的(de)(de)(de)珍藏,賣給洪姓古董商人。但大(da)鼎(ding)過于沉重,無(wu)法(fa)搬動(dong),得以(yi)幸免。
光(guang)陰荏(ren)苒,在(zai)歷經十(shi)余年(nian)(nian)戰亂之后(hou),中國解(jie)放(fang)(fang)了(le)。潘家(jia)后(hou)人(ren)(ren)見(jian)人(ren)(ren)民政(zheng)府極為(wei)重(zhong)視對文物(wu)的保護,認為(wei)只有(you)這樣的政(zheng)府才(cai)可托付先人(ren)(ren)的珍藏。全家(jia)商議后(hou),由潘祖蔭的孫媳潘達于執筆,于1951年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)6日(ri)寫信給(gei)華(hua)東(dong)文化部(bu)(bu),希(xi)(xi)望(wang)將(jiang)(jiang)大盂鼎(ding)和大克鼎(ding)捐(juan)獻(xian)給(gei)國家(jia)。同(tong)(tong)時也希(xi)(xi)望(wang)將(jiang)(jiang)兩件大鼎(ding)放(fang)(fang)在(zai)上海(hai)博物(wu)館展(zhan)出。7月(yue)26日(ri),文管會派(pai)專員在(zai)潘家(jia)后(hou)人(ren)(ren)的陪(pei)同(tong)(tong)下赴(fu)蘇州,大鼎(ding)得(de)以重(zhong)見(jian)天(tian)日(ri)。為(wei)表彰潘達于的獻(xian)寶壯舉,華(hua)東(dong)文化部(bu)(bu)于10月(yue)9日(ri)舉行了(le)隆重(zhong)的頒獎儀式(shi)。
1952年上海博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)落成,大盂鼎(ding)藏入(ru)(ru)此館(guan)。1959年,北京(jing)中(zhong)國歷史(shi)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)(現中(zhong)國國家博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan))開館(guan),上博(bo)以大盂鼎(ding)等125件(jian)館(guan)藏珍品支援(yuan)。從此大盂鼎(ding)入(ru)(ru)藏中(zhong)國國家博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)。
文物特征編(bian)輯 播報
器厚(hou)立耳,折沿(yan),斂口,腹部(bu)(bu)橫向寬大(da),壁斜外(wai)張、下垂,近(jin)足外(wai)底處曲率(lv)較小,下承(cheng)三(san)蹄足。器以云雷紋(wen)為地(di),頸部(bu)(bu)飾帶狀饕(tao)餮紋(wen),足上部(bu)(bu)飾浮雕式(shi)饕(tao)餮紋(wen),下部(bu)(bu)飾兩周凸弦紋(wen),是西周早期大(da)型、中型鼎的典型式(shi)樣,雄偉(wei)凝重。
器內壁鑄銘文19行291字,記述了周康王二(er)十三年(nian)九月冊(ce)命貴族盂之事(shi)。
隹(zhui)(zhui)(同(tong)唯(wei)(wei),發(fa)語詞)九月,王(wang)(wang)(wang)才(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在)宗周,令(ling)(ling)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)命(ming)(ming),冊(ce)命(ming)(ming)之(zhi)命(ming)(ming))盂。王(wang)(wang)(wang)若(ruo)曰(yue):“盂,不(bu)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)丕pī,訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)大(da))顯(xian)(訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)明)玟(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)受天有(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)佑,保(bao)佑)大(da)令(ling)(ling)(命(ming)(ming)),在(載,過去)珷王(wang)(wang)(wang)嗣玟(min)乍(zha)邦,【外(wai)門內辟(pi)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)辟(pi),除去)氒(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)厥,代(dai)詞,指代(dai)殷(yin)商(shang))匿(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)慝,訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)惡),匍有四方(fang),【田(tian)允】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畯(jun),長(chang)久)正(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)政(zheng))氒(厥,指代(dai)四方(fang))民,在【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)(yu)(yu)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)(yu)(yu))【午卩】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)御,訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)用)事(shi),【虘又cuó】(嘆(tan)詞),酉(you)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酒(jiu))無敢【左(zuo)酉(you)右(you)(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)舌右(you)(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)火(huo)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酖,樂(le)酒(jiu)之(zhi)意),有【左(zuo)弓中(zhong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)此中(zhong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)火(huo)右(you)(you)(you)弓】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祡(chai),燒柴祭(ji)天之(zhi)祀)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)米中(zhong)豆下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)廾】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蒸,天子冬祭(ji))祀無敢【酉(you)夒(nao)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擾),古(gu)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)故)天異(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)翼,訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)護(hu))臨(訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)看)子,廢(訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)大(da))保(bao)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang),?(字(zi)(zi)鑄壞,疑為(wei)(wei)匍)有四方(fang)。我聞殷(yin)述(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)墜,訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)喪)令(ling)(ling)(命(ming)(ming)),隹(zhui)(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))殷(yin)邊(bian)侯田(tian)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)甸)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)(yu)(yu)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與)殷(yin)正百辟(pi),率肄(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)肆)于(yu)(yu)(yu)酉(you)(酒(jiu)),古(gu)(故)喪師(人(ren)民),巳(疑為(wei)(wei)嘆(tan)詞)。女(nv)(nv)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)汝)妹(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)昧)辰(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)晨)又(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有)大(da)服(封官(guan)之(zhi)意),余隹(zhui)(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))即朕(zhen)小學(xue),女(nv)(nv)(汝)勿(wu)(wu)(沒有)克(ke)(ke)克(ke)(ke)余乃(nai)辟(pi)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)。今我隹(zhui)(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))即(訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)就)井(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)型(xing)(xing),效法)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)宀(mian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)面(mian)】于(yu)(yu)(yu)玟(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)正德,若(ruo)玟(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)令(ling)(ling)(命(ming)(ming))二三(san)正。今余隹(zhui)(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))令(ling)(ling)(命(ming)(ming))女(nv)(nv)(汝)盂,【超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)字(zi)(zi)①】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)召,輔佐(zuo))【上(shang)(shang)(shang)炏(kai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)乂】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)榮,周王(wang)(wang)(wang)室內地(di)位很高(gao)的一(yi)(yi)個人(ren)),【上(shang)(shang)(shang)卄下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)勹】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)敬,認可(ke)、尊(zun)奉)【左(zuo)隹(zhui)(zhui)右(you)(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)夂(zhi)右(you)(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)呂】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擁,訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)護(hu),維護(hu))德(美德)巠(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)經(jing),準則),敏朝夕(xi)入讕(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)諫),享(xiang)奔走,畏天畏(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)威)。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“【上(shang)(shang)(shang)二下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)巛】(此字(zi)(zi)不(bu)識,疑為(wei)(wei)嘆(tan)詞)!令(ling)(ling)(命(ming)(ming))女(nv)(nv)(汝)盂井(型(xing)(xing))乃(nai)嗣且(qie)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祖)南(nan)公。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“盂,廼(nai)【超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)字(zi)(zi)①】(召)夾死(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尸,訓(xun)為(wei)(wei)主)【超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)字(zi)(zi)②】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)司,管理)戎,敏誎(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)勅,治理)罰訟,夙夕(xi)召我一(yi)(yi)人(ren)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)米下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)豆】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)烝)四方(fang),【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)(yu)(yu)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與)我其(將要(yao))遹(巡狩(shou))省先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)受民受疆土。易(yi)(yi)(賞賜)女(nv)(nv)(汝)鬯(chàng)一(yi)(yi)卣(you)(yǒu),冂(jiong)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裳(shang)),衣,舄(xì),車馬(ma)。易(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(汝)且(qie)(祖)南(nan)公旂(一(yi)(yi)種旗子),用【辶單(dan)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)戰)。易(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(汝)邦【超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)字(zi)(zi)②】(司)四白(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)伯(bo))人(ren)鬲(li),自(zi)(zi)馭至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)庶(shu)人(ren),六百又五十(shi)又九夫(fu),易(yi)(yi)夷【超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)字(zi)(zi)②】(司)王(wang)(wang)(wang)臣十(shi)又三(san)白(伯(bo))人(ren)鬲(li),千又五十(shi)夫(fu)。【辶亟】【超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)字(zi)(zi)③】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畢)【超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)(za)字(zi)(zi)④】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)遷(qian))自(zi)(zi)氒(厥)土。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“盂,若(ruo)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)卄下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)勹】(敬)乃(nai)正(長(chang)官(guan)),勿(wu)(wu)廢朕(zhen)令(ling)(ling)(命(ming)(ming))。”盂用對王(wang)(wang)(wang)休,用乍(zha)且(qie)(祖)南(nan)公寶(bao)鼎。隹(zhui)(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))王(wang)(wang)(wang)廿(nian)又三(san)祀。
九月王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)宗周冊(ce)命(ming)(ming)盂(yu)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)這樣(yang)說(shuo)(shuo):"偉大(da)(da)英明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)承(cheng)受了(le)(le)上天(tian)(tian)佑助的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)(da)使(shi)命(ming)(ming)。到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),繼承(cheng)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)建(jian)立(li)了(le)(le)周國(guo)。排除了(le)(le)那個(ge)奸惡(e),普遍地(di)保有(you)了(le)(le)四(si)方土地(di),長久(jiu)地(di)治(zhi)理(li)著百姓。辦事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)在(zai)舉行(xing)飲酒(jiu)(jiu)禮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀式上,沒人(ren)敢喝醉,在(zai)舉行(xing)柴、烝(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭祀上也不(bu)(bu)敢醉酒(jiu)(jiu)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)帝以(yi)(yi)(yi)慈愛之心給(gei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)庇護,大(da)(da)力(li)保佑先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),廣有(you)天(tian)(tian)下。我聽說(shuo)(shuo)殷朝喪失了(le)(le)上天(tian)(tian)所(suo)賜予的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)命(ming)(ming),是因為殷朝從遠(yuan)方諸(zhu)侯(hou)到(dao)(dao)朝廷內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小官員,都經常酗酒(jiu)(jiu),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)喪失了(le)(le)天(tian)(tian)下。你(ni)(ni)(ni)年幼(you)時(shi)就繼承(cheng)了(le)(le)先(xian)輩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯要(yao)(yao)職位(wei),我曾讓你(ni)(ni)(ni)就讀于我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貴胄小學,你(ni)(ni)(ni)不(bu)(bu)能背離我,而(er)要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)佐我。我要(yao)(yao)效法文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)令(ling)和德行(xing),猶如(ru)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)任命(ming)(ming)兩三(san)個(ge)執(zhi)政(zheng)大(da)(da)臣(chen)來任命(ming)(ming)你(ni)(ni)(ni),你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)恭敬(jing)地(di)協(xie)調綱紀(ji),勤勉(mian)地(di)早晚入諫,進行(xing)祭祀,奔走于王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi),敬(jing)畏上天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威嚴。"王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo):"命(ming)(ming)你(ni)(ni)(ni)盂(yu),一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要(yao)(yao)效法你(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)祖南(nan)公,"王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo):"盂(yu),你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)助我主管軍隊,勤勉(mian)而(er)及時(shi)地(di)處理(li)賞(shang)罰獄訟案件,從早到(dao)(dao)晚都應輔(fu)佐我治(zhi)理(li)四(si)方,協(xie)助我遵行(xing)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度治(zhi)民治(zhi)疆(jiang)土。賞(shang)賜給(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)一(yi)(yi)(yi)卣香酒(jiu)(jiu)、頭巾、蔽(bi)膝、木底(di)鞋、車、馬;賜給(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)先(xian)祖南(nan)公的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旗幟(zhi),用以(yi)(yi)(yi)巡狩,賜給(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)邦(bang)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官員四(si)名,人(ren)眾(zhong)自馭手至庶人(ren)六(liu)百五十(shi)(shi)九人(ren);"賜給(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)異族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)臣(chen)十(shi)(shi)三(san)名,夷眾(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千零五十(shi)(shi)人(ren),要(yao)(yao)盡量讓這些人(ren)在(zai)他(ta)們所(suo)耕作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)上努力(li)勞(lao)動。"王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo):"盂(yu),你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)恭謹地(di)對(dui)待你(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職事(shi),不(bu)(bu)得違抗我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)(ming)令(ling)。"盂(yu)頌揚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美德,制(zhi)作了(le)(le)紀(ji)念先(xian)祖南(nan)公的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶鼎,時(shi)在(zai)康王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)位(wei)第二十(shi)(shi)三(san)年。
銘文(wen)中,周康王向盂講述文(wen)王、武王的(de)立國(guo)(guo)經驗,告誡盂要效法其祖先,忠心輔佐王室,并(bing)賞賜(si)盂鬯、命服、車馬(ma)、邦司、人(ren)(ren)鬲、庶人(ren)(ren)等。銘文(wen)中語句“丕顯(xian)文(wen)王受天有(you)大(da)命”體現(xian)了周人(ren)(ren)的(de)天命觀,而另一(yi)語句“我聞殷墜命,唯(wei)殷邊侯甸與殷正百辟,率肆(si)于(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu),故喪師矣”,則是(shi)周康王告誡盂,商內、外臣僚沉(chen)湎于(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu),以(yi)致于(yu)亡國(guo)(guo),透露出周人(ren)(ren)對于(yu)商人(ren)(ren)嗜酒(jiu)(jiu)誤國(guo)(guo)這一(yi)前車之鑒的(de)警示(shi)。
銘(ming)文中(zhong)“有”、“厥”、“又”等字波磔分明,得于用筆(bi)過程中(zhong)自(zi)覺(jue)的提、按意(yi)識。通篇文字布(bu)局規整,書風凝(ning)重(zhong)。
銘文的內容(rong)大致可分(fen)為三段:
第一部分用較多(duo)文字說(shuo)明商(shang)人縱(zong)酒是周(zhou)興起和商(shang)滅亡的原(yuan)因,贊揚了(le)周(zhou)代文武二王(wang)的盛德。表示(shi)康王(wang)(武王(wang)的孫(sun)子)自(zi)己要(yao)以(yi)文王(wang)為(wei)典范,告(gao)誡(jie)盂也要(yao)以(yi)祖父南公作榜樣。
第(di)二部(bu)分主要(yao)是康王命盂(yu)幫助他(ta)掌管(guan)軍事(shi)和(he)統治人民,并且(qie)賞賜給盂(yu)香酒、禮服、車(che)馬、儀仗和(he)奴隸(li)1726個(ge),并叮(ding)囑盂(yu)要(yao)恭(gong)敬辦政,莫違王命。
第三部分說(shuo)明盂作此寶鼎以祭祀其祖父南(nan)公 。
銘文載(zai)康王(wang)(wang)(wang)向盂(yu)敘述周文王(wang)(wang)(wang)、周武王(wang)(wang)(wang)的立國經驗。認為文王(wang)(wang)(wang)、武王(wang)(wang)(wang)得以卓越的業績(ji)立國,主(zhu)要(yao)是由于其臣屬從不酗酒(jiu),每逢祭祀,認真、恭敬,而(er)商王(wang)(wang)(wang)的亡國教訓就在于沉(chen)迷于酒(jiu)。由此(ci)告(gao)誡盂(yu)要(yao)效法(fa)祖先(xian),忠(zhong)心輔佐王(wang)(wang)(wang)室,并賜盂(yu)命服(fu)、車馬、酒(jiu)與邦(bang)司、人鬲等(deng)。盂(yu)在銘文中說明作此(ci)鼎(ding)也(ye)是為了祭祀其祖父南公。大盂(yu)鼎(ding)銘文是史家(jia)研究(jiu)周代分封制和周王(wang)(wang)(wang)與臣屬關系的重要(yao)史料(liao),一向為史學家(jia)所(suo)重視。
大(da)盂(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)造(zao)型雄渾(hun),工藝(yi)精湛(zhan)。其(qi)內(nei)壁鑄有銘文(wen)19行,為研究(jiu)西周奴隸制(zhi)度的(de)重要史料。大(da)盂(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)內(nei)壁有銘文(wen)二百九十(shi)一(yi)字,其(qi)內(nei)容為:周王(wang)告誡盂(yu)(yu)(人名),殷代(dai)(dai)以(yi)酗酒而(er)(er)亡,周代(dai)(dai)則(ze)忌酒而(er)(er)興(xing),命盂(yu)(yu)一(yi)定要盡力地(di)輔(fu)佐他,敬承文(wen)王(wang),武王(wang)的(de)德政。其(qi)書法(fa)體(ti)勢嚴(yan)謹,字形,布局都十(shi)分質(zhi)樸(pu)平實(shi),用(yong)筆(bi)方(fang)圓兼備,具有端(duan)嚴(yan)凝重的(de)藝(yi)術效果。開《張遷(qian)碑》、《龍門造(zao)像》之先(xian)河。以(yi)書法(fa)成就而(er)(er)言,大(da)盂(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)在(zai)成康時代(dai)(dai)當據首位,是西周早(zao)期金(jin)文(wen)書法(fa)的(de)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)作。
大盂鼎銘文(wen)雖屬西周(zhou)早期金(jin)文(wen),但書法(fa)體勢嚴謹,結字、章法(fa)都(dou)十分質(zhi)樸平實,用筆方圓兼備、端嚴凝(ning)重,雄壯而不失秀美,布局(ju)整飭(chi)中又見靈動,并達到了十分精美的(de)程度,是西周(zhou)前期金(jin)文(wen)的(de)代表作,加(jia)之器形巨大,造型端莊(zhuang)堂(tang)皇、渾厚(hou)雄偉,故作品更(geng)呈現(xian)出一(yi)種磅礴氣勢和(he)恢弘的(de)格局(ju),從(cong)而為世人所矚目。
2021年9月,“禮和萬方--商周青銅鼎特展(zhan)”。