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流傳過程

出土

大(da)盂(yu)鼎，清(qing)道光年(nian)(nian)間（公(gong)元(yuan)1849年(nian)(nian)）出土(tu)于陜(shan)西郿縣禮村(cun)(cun)（今(jin)寶雞眉縣常興鎮楊家(jia)村(cun)(cun)一組，即李家(jia)村(cun)(cun)），出土(tu)后(hou)便被販賣至文物市場。它是西周(zhou)早期青銅(tong)禮器中(zhong)的重器，因(yin)作(zuo)器者是康王時(shi)大(da)臣名盂(yu)者而得名，與之同(tong)出的小盂(yu)鼎已佚。

轉輾買賣

清朝道光(guang)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)岐山首富宋金鑒把銅鼎(ding)買下，因為(wei)器(qi)形巨大(da)，十分引人矚目，鼎(ding)很(hen)快被岐山縣令周(zhou)庚盛(sheng)占有，他把鼎(ding)轉賣到北(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)董商人。宋金鑒在考中翰林(lin)后(hou)出價(jia)3000兩白銀(yin)又購得(de)了寶(bao)鼎(ding)，在他去世后(hou)，后(hou)代(dai)以(yi)700兩白銀(yin)賣給陜甘總督(du)左(zuo)宗棠的(de)(de)(de)幕(mu)僚袁保恒，袁深(shen)知左(zuo)宗棠酷愛(ai)文玩，得(de)寶(bao)鼎(ding)后(hou)不(bu)敢(gan)專(zhuan)美，旋即(ji)將(jiang)大(da)盂鼎(ding)獻給上(shang)司以(yi)表孝(xiao)心(xin)。左(zuo)宗棠在發跡前(qian)曾為(wei)湖南巡撫駱(luo)秉章的(de)(de)(de)幕(mu)僚，理湘省全部軍務。雖非(fei)顯(xian)貴(gui)，也頗得(de)春風。加之(zhi)自視(shi)極高，恃才傲物，不(bu)免為(wei)人所陰嫉。

潘家得寶

咸豐(feng)九(jiu)年（公元(yuan)1859年），左(zuo)宗棠(tang)被永州總(zong)兵樊燮讒言所(suo)傷，遭(zao)朝廷議罪(zui)。幸(xing)得(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)任侍讀學士的(de)潘(pan)祖(zu)蔭援(yuan)手，上奏咸豐(feng)皇帝力(li)保宗棠(tang)，且多(duo)方打(da)點，上下疏通(tong)，左(zuo)才(cai)獲脫免。潘(pan)乃當時(shi)(shi)著名的(de)金石(shi)收藏大(da)(da)(da)家(jia)，左(zuo)宗棠(tang)得(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)盂鼎(ding)(ding)后(hou)遂以相贈，以謝(xie)當年搭(da)救之恩。此(ci)后(hou)，大(da)(da)(da)盂鼎(ding)(ding)一(yi)直為(wei)潘(pan)氏所(suo)珍藏。雖然也(ye)時(shi)(shi)而(er)有人(ren)(ren)覬覦此(ci)鼎(ding)(ding)，但畢竟(jing)潘(pan)氏位高權重(zhong)，足可保全大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)(ding)無虞。至潘(pan)祖(zu)蔭故，其弟(di)潘(pan)祖(zu)年將大(da)(da)(da)盂鼎(ding)(ding)連同其它珍玩(wan)一(yi)起(qi)，由水路從北京運回蘇州老家(jia)。大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)(ding)作為(wei)先人(ren)(ren)故物(wu)(wu)，睹(du)物(wu)(wu)思人(ren)(ren)，彌顯珍貴(gui)，堪為(wei)傳家(jia)之寶，不輕示人(ren)(ren)。光緒之末(mo)，金石(shi)大(da)(da)(da)家(jia)端(duan)(duan)方任兩江總(zong)督。曾(ceng)一(yi)度挖空心思，想據大(da)(da)(da)盂鼎(ding)(ding)為(wei)己(ji)有。均為(wei)祖(zu)年所(suo)拒(ju)。但端(duan)(duan)方之欲始終為(wei)潘(pan)家(jia)所(suo)患。直至辛亥(hai)年，革(ge)命暴發，端(duan)(duan)方被殺。潘(pan)家(jia)和大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)(ding)才(cai)真正逃過端(duan)(duan)方之難。

民(min)國初年，曾有美(mei)籍人士專(zhuan)程來(lai)華(hua)找潘(pan)(pan)氏商談求讓大鼎(ding)，出價達數(shu)百兩黃金之巨。但(dan)終(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)所回絕。三十年代中葉，國民(min)黨(dang)當局在(zai)蘇州(zhou)新建一(yi)幢(chuang)大樓。黨(dang)國大員忽發(fa)奇想，要在(zai)大樓落成后(hou)以紀(ji)念為(wei)(wei)(wei)名辦(ban)一(yi)展覽會(hui)，邀潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)以大鼎(ding)參展。以圖無限(xian)期占有大鼎(ding)。然此(ci)拙(zhuo)劣伎(ji)倆為(wei)(wei)(wei)潘(pan)(pan)氏識(shi)破(po)，婉言拒絕了參展。

復埋地下

1937年日軍(jun)侵華時，蘇州很快(kuai)淪陷。國(guo)將不(bu)國(guo)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)命難保。此(ci)時，潘(pan)(pan)祖(zu)年已作古。潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)無(wu)當戶(hu)之人(ren)(ren)(ren)，皆婦孺。英雄出(chu)少年，當此(ci)危難之時，潘(pan)(pan)祖(zu)蔭的(de)侄(zhi)孫(sun)潘(pan)(pan)承厚(hou)、潘(pan)(pan)景鄭等商定將大(da)鼎(ding)及全部(bu)(bu)珍玩入土保全。經反(fan)復(fu)(fu)遴選，決定將寶物(wu)(wu)藏于(yu)二進院(yuan)落的(de)堂(tang)屋。這是一(yi)間(jian)久(jiu)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居(ju)的(de)閑房，積塵很厚(hou)，不(bu)會引人(ren)(ren)(ren)注目。主意已定，潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)苦干(gan)兩天兩夜(ye)才將全部(bu)(bu)寶物(wu)(wu)入藏地(di)下。又將室內恢復(fu)(fu)成(cheng)原樣。整個(ge)過程除潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以外另有兩個(ge)傭工(gong)和一(yi)個(ge)看門(men)人(ren)(ren)(ren)參與其中，均(jun)被反(fan)復(fu)(fu)叮(ding)囑要嚴守秘(mi)密。此(ci)后不(bu)久(jiu)，潘(pan)(pan)氏(shi)全家(jia)即往上海避亂。潘(pan)(pan)宅(zhai)一(yi)時竟成(cheng)了日軍(jun)搜查的(de)重點。經過反(fan)復(fu)(fu)的(de)搜查并挖地(di)三尺均(jun)無(wu)所見，日軍(jun)也只得作罷。日軍(jun)占領期(qi)間(jian)，潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)的(de)看門(men)人(ren)(ren)(ren)曾幾次盜掘了若干(gan)小(xiao)件的(de)珍藏，賣給洪姓古董商人(ren)(ren)(ren)。但大(da)鼎(ding)過于(yu)沉重，無(wu)法搬動，得以幸免。

贈寶于國

光(guang)陰荏苒，在歷經十余年戰(zhan)亂(luan)之后，中國(guo)解放(fang)了(le)(le)。潘家后人(ren)見(jian)人(ren)民政府極為(wei)重視對(dui)文(wen)物(wu)的(de)保護(hu)，認(ren)為(wei)只有這樣(yang)的(de)政府才可托付(fu)先(xian)人(ren)的(de)珍(zhen)藏。全(quan)家商議后，由潘祖(zu)蔭的(de)孫(sun)媳潘達于執筆，于1951年7月6日(ri)寫信給(gei)華(hua)東(dong)文(wen)化部(bu)，希望(wang)將(jiang)大盂(yu)鼎(ding)(ding)和大克鼎(ding)(ding)捐獻(xian)給(gei)國(guo)家。同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)希望(wang)將(jiang)兩件大鼎(ding)(ding)放(fang)在上海(hai)博物(wu)館展出。7月26日(ri)，文(wen)管(guan)會派(pai)專員在潘家后人(ren)的(de)陪同(tong)下赴蘇州(zhou)，大鼎(ding)(ding)得以重見(jian)天日(ri)。為(wei)表彰潘達于的(de)獻(xian)寶壯(zhuang)舉(ju)，華(hua)東(dong)文(wen)化部(bu)于10月9日(ri)舉(ju)行了(le)(le)隆重的(de)頒獎儀式。

1952年(nian)上海(hai)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館(guan)落成(cheng)，大盂鼎藏入此(ci)館(guan)。1959年(nian)，北京(jing)中(zhong)國歷史(shi)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館(guan)（現中(zhong)國國家博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館(guan)）開館(guan)，上博(bo)以(yi)大盂鼎等125件(jian)館(guan)藏珍品支(zhi)援(yuan)。從此(ci)大盂鼎入藏中(zhong)國國家博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館(guan)。

文物特征編輯(ji) 播報

器厚立耳(er)，折沿(yan)，斂(lian)口，腹部橫向寬大(da)，壁斜外(wai)張、下(xia)(xia)垂，近足外(wai)底處曲率較(jiao)小，下(xia)(xia)承三蹄足。器以(yi)云(yun)雷紋(wen)為地，頸部飾(shi)帶狀饕餮紋(wen)，足上(shang)部飾(shi)浮(fu)雕式饕餮紋(wen)，下(xia)(xia)部飾(shi)兩(liang)周凸弦(xian)紋(wen),是西(xi)周早期(qi)大(da)型(xing)(xing)、中型(xing)(xing)鼎的(de)典型(xing)(xing)式樣(yang)，雄偉凝(ning)重(zhong)。

器內壁鑄銘文19行291字，記述了周(zhou)康王二十(shi)三年(nian)九月(yue)冊命貴(gui)族盂之事(shi)。

銘文

原文

隹(zhui)（同唯，發(fa)語(yu)詞(ci)）九月，王(wang)(wang)才（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)）宗周(zhou)，令(ling)(ling)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)命，冊命之命）盂(yu)。王(wang)(wang)若(ruo)曰：“盂(yu)，不(bu)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)丕(pi)pī，訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)）顯（訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明）玟(min)王(wang)(wang)受天有(you)(you)(you)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)佑(you)，保(bao)佑(you)）大(da)令(ling)(ling)（命），在(zai)（載，過去(qu)(qu)）珷王(wang)(wang)嗣玟(min)乍邦，【外門(men)內(nei)辟(pi)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)辟(pi)，除去(qu)(qu)）氒(jue)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)厥(jue)，代詞(ci)，指代殷(yin)商）匿（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)慝，訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)惡），匍(pu)(pu)有(you)(you)(you)四(si)方(fang)，【田(tian)允】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畯，長久）正（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)政）氒(jue)（厥(jue)，指代四(si)方(fang)）民，在(zai)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)于(yu)(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)(yu)）【午(wu)卩】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)御，訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)）事，【虘(cuo)又(you)(you)cuó】（嘆詞(ci)），酉(you)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酒(jiu)）無敢【左(zuo)酉(you)右(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)舌右(you)(you)下(xia)火】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酖，樂(le)酒(jiu)之意），有(you)(you)(you)【左(zuo)弓中(zhong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)此(ci)中(zhong)下(xia)火右(you)(you)弓】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祡(chai)，燒(shao)柴祭(ji)(ji)天之祀(si)）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)米(mi)中(zhong)豆下(xia)廾】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蒸(zheng)，天子冬祭(ji)(ji)）祀(si)無敢【酉(you)夒】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擾），古(gu)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)故）天異（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)翼，訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)）臨（訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)看）子，廢（訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)）保(bao)先王(wang)(wang)，？（字(zi)鑄壞(huai)，疑為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)匍(pu)(pu)）有(you)(you)(you)四(si)方(fang)。我聞殷(yin)述(shu)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)墜，訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喪）令(ling)(ling)（命），隹(zhui)（唯）殷(yin)邊侯田(tian)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)甸）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)于(yu)(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與）殷(yin)正百辟(pi)，率肄(yi)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)肆(si)）于(yu)(yu)酉(you)（酒(jiu)），古(gu)（故）喪師（人(ren)民），巳（疑為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嘆詞(ci)）。女(nv)(nv)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)汝(ru)(ru)）妹（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)昧）辰（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)晨）又(you)(you)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)(you)(you)）大(da)服(fu)（封官(guan)之意），余隹(zhui)（唯）即(ji)朕(zhen)小學，女(nv)(nv)（汝(ru)(ru)）勿(wu)（沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)）克克余乃(nai)(nai)辟(pi)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)。今(jin)我隹(zhui)（唯）即(ji)（訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)就）井（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)型，效法）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)宀下(xia)面】于(yu)(yu)玟(min)王(wang)(wang)正德(de)，若(ruo)玟(min)王(wang)(wang)令(ling)(ling)（命）二(er)三(san)正。今(jin)余隹(zhui)（唯）令(ling)(ling)（命）女(nv)(nv)（汝(ru)(ru)）盂(yu)，【超復雜(za)(za)(za)字(zi)①】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)召(zhao)，輔佐）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)炏(kai)下(xia)乂】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)榮，周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)室內(nei)地位很高(gao)的一(yi)(yi)個人(ren)），【上(shang)(shang)(shang)卄下(xia)勹】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)敬(jing)，認可、尊奉）【左(zuo)隹(zhui)右(you)(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)夂右(you)(you)下(xia)呂】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擁，訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)，維護(hu)）德(de)（美德(de)）巠（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)經，準則），敏朝(chao)夕(xi)入讕（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)諫），享奔走，畏(wei)天畏(wei)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)威(wei)）。”王(wang)(wang)曰：“【上(shang)(shang)(shang)二(er)下(xia)巛】（此(ci)字(zi)不(bu)識，疑為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嘆詞(ci)）！令(ling)(ling)（命）女(nv)(nv)（汝(ru)(ru)）盂(yu)井（型）乃(nai)(nai)嗣且(qie)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祖(zu)）南(nan)(nan)公。”王(wang)(wang)曰：“盂(yu)，廼【超復雜(za)(za)(za)字(zi)①】（召(zhao)）夾死（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尸，訓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)）【超復雜(za)(za)(za)字(zi)②】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)司，管理）戎，敏誎（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)勅，治(zhi)理）罰訟，夙夕(xi)召(zhao)我一(yi)(yi)人(ren)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)米(mi)下(xia)豆】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)烝）四(si)方(fang)，【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)于(yu)(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與）我其（將要）遹（巡狩）省先王(wang)(wang)受民受疆土。易（賞賜）女(nv)(nv)（汝(ru)(ru)）鬯（chàng）一(yi)(yi)卣（yǒu），冂（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裳），衣，舄（xì），車馬。易女(nv)(nv)（汝(ru)(ru)）且(qie)（祖(zu)）南(nan)(nan)公旂（一(yi)(yi)種旗子），用(yong)【辶單】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)戰）。易女(nv)(nv)（汝(ru)(ru)）邦【超復雜(za)(za)(za)字(zi)②】（司）四(si)白(bai)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)伯）人(ren)鬲，自馭(yu)至于(yu)(yu)庶人(ren)，六百又(you)(you)五(wu)十(shi)又(you)(you)九夫(fu)，易夷【超復雜(za)(za)(za)字(zi)②】（司）王(wang)(wang)臣(chen)十(shi)又(you)(you)三(san)白(bai)（伯）人(ren)鬲，千又(you)(you)五(wu)十(shi)夫(fu)。【辶亟】【超復雜(za)(za)(za)字(zi)③】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畢）【超復雜(za)(za)(za)字(zi)④】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)遷）自氒(jue)（厥(jue)）土。”王(wang)(wang)曰：“盂(yu)，若(ruo)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)卄下(xia)勹】（敬(jing)）乃(nai)(nai)正（長官(guan)），勿(wu)廢朕(zhen)令(ling)(ling)（命）。”盂(yu)用(yong)對王(wang)(wang)休，用(yong)乍且(qie)（祖(zu)）南(nan)(nan)公寶鼎。隹(zhui)（唯）王(wang)(wang)廿又(you)(you)三(san)祀(si)。

譯文

九(jiu)月王(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)宗周冊命盂(yu)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)這樣說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)："偉大英明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文王(wang)(wang)(wang)承受了(le)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)佑助(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大使命。到了(le)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)，繼承文王(wang)(wang)(wang)建立了(le)周國(guo)。排除了(le)那(nei)個奸惡(e)，普遍地(di)保(bao)有(you)了(le)四方土地(di)，長久地(di)治(zhi)理著百姓。辦事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)舉行飲酒(jiu)禮(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀式(shi)上(shang)(shang)，沒人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)敢喝醉(zui)(zui)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)舉行柴、烝一類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)祀上(shang)(shang)也不敢醉(zui)(zui)酒(jiu)。所(suo)以(yi)天(tian)帝以(yi)慈愛之心給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)以(yi)庇護，大力保(bao)佑先(xian)(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)，廣有(you)天(tian)下。我(wo)(wo)聽說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)殷朝喪(sang)失了(le)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)所(suo)賜(si)予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大命，是因為殷朝從遠方諸侯到朝廷內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小官員，都(dou)經(jing)常酗酒(jiu)，所(suo)以(yi)喪(sang)失了(le)天(tian)下。你(ni)(ni)(ni)年幼時(shi)就繼承了(le)先(xian)(xian)輩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯要(yao)(yao)職位，我(wo)(wo)曾讓(rang)你(ni)(ni)(ni)就讀于(yu)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貴胄小學，你(ni)(ni)(ni)不能背離我(wo)(wo)，而(er)要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)佐(zuo)我(wo)(wo)。我(wo)(wo)要(yao)(yao)效法文王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政令(ling)和德(de)行，猶如(ru)文王(wang)(wang)(wang)一樣任命兩三(san)個執政大臣(chen)來任命你(ni)(ni)(ni)，你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)恭敬(jing)地(di)協(xie)調綱(gang)紀，勤勉地(di)早(zao)晚(wan)入諫，進行祭(ji)祀，奔走于(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)，敬(jing)畏上(shang)(shang)天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威嚴。"王(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)："命你(ni)(ni)(ni)盂(yu)，一定要(yao)(yao)效法你(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)祖(zu)南公，"王(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)："盂(yu)，你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)助(zhu)我(wo)(wo)主管軍隊，勤勉而(er)及時(shi)地(di)處理賞(shang)罰(fa)獄訟(song)案件，從早(zao)到晚(wan)都(dou)應輔(fu)佐(zuo)我(wo)(wo)治(zhi)理四方，協(xie)助(zhu)我(wo)(wo)遵行先(xian)(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度治(zhi)民治(zhi)疆土。賞(shang)賜(si)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)一卣香酒(jiu)、頭巾、蔽膝、木底鞋、車、馬；賜(si)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)先(xian)(xian)祖(zu)南公的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旗幟，用以(yi)巡狩，賜(si)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)邦國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官員四名(ming)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)眾自馭手至庶人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)六(liu)百五十九(jiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；"賜(si)給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)你(ni)(ni)(ni)異族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)臣(chen)十三(san)名(ming)，夷眾一千零(ling)五十人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，要(yao)(yao)盡量讓(rang)這些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)他們(men)所(suo)耕作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)上(shang)(shang)努力勞動。"王(wang)(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)："盂(yu)，你(ni)(ni)(ni)要(yao)(yao)恭謹地(di)對待你(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職事(shi)，不得違(wei)抗我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命令(ling)。"盂(yu)頌揚王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)德(de)，制作了(le)紀念先(xian)(xian)祖(zu)南公的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶鼎，時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)康(kang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)位第二(er)十三(san)年。

要義

銘文中，周康王向(xiang)盂(yu)講述文王、武王的立國經驗，告(gao)誡(jie)盂(yu)要效法(fa)其祖(zu)先(xian)，忠(zhong)心輔佐王室，并賞(shang)賜盂(yu)鬯、命(ming)(ming)服、車馬、邦司、人鬲、庶人等(deng)。銘文中語句“丕顯文王受天有(you)大(da)命(ming)(ming)”體現(xian)了周人的天命(ming)(ming)觀，而另一語句“我(wo)聞殷(yin)(yin)墜命(ming)(ming)，唯殷(yin)(yin)邊侯甸與殷(yin)(yin)正百辟(pi)，率肆于酒(jiu)，故(gu)喪師矣”，則是周康王告(gao)誡(jie)盂(yu)，商內、外(wai)臣僚(liao)沉湎(mian)于酒(jiu)，以致(zhi)于亡國，透(tou)露出周人對(dui)于商人嗜酒(jiu)誤國這一前車之鑒的警示。

銘文(wen)(wen)中“有”、“厥”、“又”等字波磔分明，得于用筆(bi)過程(cheng)中自覺的提、按意(yi)識。通篇文(wen)(wen)字布局(ju)規整，書風凝重。

銘文(wen)的內容(rong)大致可分為三段(duan)：

第一部分用較多文字(zi)說(shuo)明商(shang)人縱(zong)酒是周興(xing)起和商(shang)滅(mie)亡的(de)原因，贊揚了周代文武(wu)二王(wang)的(de)盛德。表示(shi)康王(wang)（武(wu)王(wang)的(de)孫子）自(zi)己要(yao)以文王(wang)為典范(fan)，告誡盂(yu)也要(yao)以祖父南公(gong)作榜樣。

第二部(bu)分主要(yao)是康(kang)王命(ming)盂幫助他掌管軍(jun)事和統治人民，并(bing)且賞賜給盂香(xiang)酒、禮服、車馬、儀仗和奴隸1726個(ge)，并(bing)叮囑盂要(yao)恭敬辦(ban)政(zheng)，莫(mo)違王命(ming)。

第三部(bu)分說明盂作(zuo)此寶鼎以祭(ji)祀(si)其(qi)祖父南(nan)公(gong) 。

文物意義

珍貴史料

銘(ming)文(wen)載(zai)康王(wang)(wang)向盂敘述周文(wen)王(wang)(wang)、周武(wu)王(wang)(wang)的立(li)國經驗。認為(wei)(wei)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)、武(wu)王(wang)(wang)得以(yi)卓越的業績立(li)國，主要(yao)是由于(yu)其臣(chen)屬從不酗酒，每(mei)逢祭祀，認真、恭敬，而商王(wang)(wang)的亡國教訓就在(zai)于(yu)沉迷于(yu)酒。由此告誡(jie)盂要(yao)效(xiao)法(fa)祖先，忠心輔(fu)佐王(wang)(wang)室，并賜(si)盂命服、車馬、酒與邦(bang)司、人鬲等。盂在(zai)銘(ming)文(wen)中說(shuo)明作此鼎也是為(wei)(wei)了祭祀其祖父南(nan)公(gong)。大盂鼎銘(ming)文(wen)是史(shi)(shi)家研究周代分封(feng)制(zhi)和周王(wang)(wang)與臣(chen)屬關系的重要(yao)史(shi)(shi)料(liao)，一向為(wei)(wei)史(shi)(shi)學家所重視。

大(da)盂(yu)鼎造型雄渾，工(gong)藝(yi)精湛。其內(nei)壁鑄有(you)銘文(wen)(wen)19行，為(wei)研究西(xi)周奴隸制度的(de)(de)重(zhong)要史料。大(da)盂(yu)鼎內(nei)壁有(you)銘文(wen)(wen)二百九十一(yi)字(zi)，其內(nei)容(rong)為(wei)：周王(wang)告誡盂(yu)（人名），殷代以酗(xu)酒(jiu)而(er)亡(wang)，周代則忌酒(jiu)而(er)興，命盂(yu)一(yi)定要盡力地輔佐他，敬承文(wen)(wen)王(wang)，武王(wang)的(de)(de)德(de)政。其書(shu)法體勢嚴謹，字(zi)形(xing)，布局都(dou)十分質樸平實，用(yong)筆方圓兼備，具有(you)端嚴凝重(zhong)的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)效(xiao)果。開《張遷(qian)碑(bei)》、《龍門(men)造像(xiang)》之先(xian)河。以書(shu)法成就而(er)言(yan)，大(da)盂(yu)鼎在(zai)成康時代當據首(shou)位，是(shi)西(xi)周早期金文(wen)(wen)書(shu)法的(de)(de)代表作。

金文書法

大盂鼎(ding)銘(ming)文(wen)雖(sui)屬西周(zhou)早期金文(wen)，但書法(fa)體勢嚴謹(jin)，結字(zi)、章法(fa)都十分(fen)質(zhi)樸平實，用筆方圓兼備、端(duan)嚴凝重(zhong)，雄壯而不失秀美(mei)(mei)，布局整(zheng)飭中又見靈動，并達到了十分(fen)精美(mei)(mei)的程度，是西周(zhou)前(qian)期金文(wen)的代(dai)表作，加之(zhi)器形巨大，造型端(duan)莊堂皇、渾厚雄偉，故作品更呈現出一種磅礴氣勢和恢弘(hong)的格(ge)局，從(cong)而為(wei)世人所矚目。

重要展覽

2021年9月，“禮(li)和(he)萬方--商周青銅(tong)鼎特展”。