電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（Battery）指盛(sheng)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質溶液和(he)金屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)以(yi)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)杯、槽或其他容器或復合容器的(de)(de)部分空間，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)將(jiang)化學能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。具(ju)有(you)(you)正極(ji)、負極(ji)之分。隨著科(ke)技的(de)(de)進步，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)泛指能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)型裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。如太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)參數(shu)主要有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢、容量、比能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)作為能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量來(lai)源，可以(yi)得(de)到(dao)具(ju)有(you)(you)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，長時(shi)間穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，受(shou)(shou)外界影響(xiang)很小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，并(bing)且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)結構(gou)簡單，攜(xie)帶方(fang)便(bian)(bian)，充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)操作簡便(bian)(bian)易(yi)行，不受(shou)(shou)外界氣候和(he)溫度的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)可靠，在現代社會生(sheng)活中(zhong)的(de)(de)各個方(fang)面發揮有(you)(you)很大作用。
1746年，荷蘭(lan)萊(lai)頓大學的(de)馬(ma)森布羅(luo)克(ke)(ke)在(zai)發明(ming)了(le)收集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)“萊(lai)頓瓶”。因為他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)看到(dao)好不容易收集(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)卻很容易地在(zai)空(kong)氣中(zhong)逐(zhu)漸消失，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)想尋找一(yi)(yi)(yi)種保存電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)方法。有一(yi)(yi)(yi)天，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支槍(qiang)(qiang)管(guan)懸在(zai)空(kong)中(zhong)，用(yong)(yong)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與槍(qiang)(qiang)管(guan)連著，另用(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)根(gen)銅線從槍(qiang)(qiang)管(guan)中(zhong)引出，浸入一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)盛有水(shui)的(de)玻璃(li)瓶中(zhong)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)讓(rang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)助手(shou)(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)只手(shou)(shou)握著玻璃(li)瓶，馬(ma)森布羅(luo)克(ke)(ke)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)旁使勁搖(yao)動(dong)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。這時(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)助手(shou)(shou)不小心將中(zhong)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)只手(shou)(shou)與槍(qiang)(qiang)管(guan)碰上(shang)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)猛(meng)然感到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次強烈的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)擊，喊了(le)起來。馬(ma)森布羅(luo)克(ke)(ke)于是與助手(shou)(shou)互換了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)下，讓(rang)助手(shou)(shou)搖(yao)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)自(zi)己一(yi)(yi)(yi)手(shou)(shou)拿水(shui)瓶子，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)只手(shou)(shou)去碰槍(qiang)(qiang)管(guan)。
1780年(nian)，意(yi)大利解(jie)剖學家(jia)伽伐(fa)尼(ni)（Luigi Galvani）在做青(qing)蛙(wa)解(jie)剖時，兩手(shou)分別拿著不同的(de)(de)金屬器(qi)械，無意(yi)中同時碰在青(qing)蛙(wa)的(de)(de)大腿上，青(qing)蛙(wa)腿部(bu)的(de)(de)肌(ji)肉立(li)刻抽(chou)搐了一(yi)下(xia)，仿(fang)佛受到(dao)電流的(de)(de)刺(ci)激，而如(ru)果只(zhi)用一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)金屬器(qi)械去觸動(dong)青(qing)蛙(wa)，就無此種(zhong)(zhong)反應(ying)。伽伐(fa)尼(ni)認為(wei)，出現這種(zhong)(zhong)現象是因(yin)為(wei)動(dong)物軀體內部(bu)產生的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)電，他稱之為(wei)“生物電”。
伽伐(fa)尼(ni)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現引起了(le)物(wu)(wu)理學家(jia)們極大(da)興趣的(de)(de)，他們競(jing)相(xiang)重復枷伐(fa)尼(ni)的(de)(de)實驗(yan)，企圖找到一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方法，意大(da)利物(wu)(wu)理學家(jia)伏特在(zai)多次實驗(yan)后(hou)認為(wei)：伽伐(fa)尼(ni)的(de)(de)“生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)”之(zhi)說并不(bu)正確(que)，青蛙(wa)的(de)(de)肌(ji)肉之(zhi)所以能(neng)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，大(da)概是肌(ji)肉中(zhong)某種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)體在(zai)起作用。為(wei)了(le)論證自己的(de)(de)觀點，伏特把兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)金屬(shu)片(pian)浸在(zai)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)進行試驗(yan)。結(jie)果發(fa)(fa)現，這兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)片(pian)中(zhong)，只(zhi)要有一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與溶(rong)液(ye)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了(le)化(hua)學反應，金屬(shu)片(pian)之(zhi)間就(jiu)能(neng)夠產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。
1799年，意大利物理學家伏(fu)(fu)特把一(yi)塊(kuai)鋅(xin)板(ban)和一(yi)塊(kuai)錫板(ban)浸在鹽水里，發(fa)現連(lian)接(jie)兩塊(kuai)金屬的(de)(de)導線(xian)中有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過。于是，他就把許多鋅(xin)片(pian)與銀(yin)片(pian)之間墊上(shang)浸透鹽水的(de)(de)絨(rong)布或紙片(pian)，平疊(die)起來(lai)。用手觸摸兩端時，會(hui)感到強(qiang)烈(lie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流刺(ci)激。伏(fu)(fu)特用這種方(fang)法成功地制成了世界上(shang)第一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)——“伏(fu)(fu)特電(dian)(dian)(dian)堆(dui)”。這個“伏(fu)(fu)特電(dian)(dian)(dian)堆(dui)”實(shi)際上(shang)就是串聯的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組。它成為早期電(dian)(dian)(dian)學實(shi)驗，電(dian)(dian)(dian)報機(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力來(lai)源。
1836年，英國的(de)丹尼爾對“伏特電(dian)堆(dui)”進(jin)行了改良。他使(shi)用稀硫(liu)酸作(zuo)電(dian)解(jie)液，解(jie)決了電(dian)池極化問題(ti)，制造(zao)出第一個不極化，能保持平(ping)衡電(dian)流的(de)鋅(xin)—銅電(dian)池此后，這些(xie)電(dian)池都存在電(dian)壓隨著使(shi)用時(shi)間延長而(er)下降的(de)問題(ti)。
當電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用一段(duan)時(shi)間(jian)后電(dian)壓下降時(shi)，可(ke)以(yi)給他(ta)通(tong)以(yi)反(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)流，使(shi)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓回(hui)升。因為這種(zhong)電(dian)池(chi)能充電(dian)，可(ke)以(yi)反(fan)復使(shi)用，所以(yi)稱(cheng)它為“蓄電(dian)池(chi)”。
也是(shi)在(zai)1860年，法(fa)國的(de)(de)雷克(ke)蘭士（George Leclanche）還發明了(le)世界(jie)廣受使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)（碳鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)）的(de)(de)前身。它的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)是(shi)鋅和(he)汞的(de)(de)合(he)(he)金棒(bang)（鋅－伏特原型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)，經證(zheng)明是(shi)作為(wei)(wei)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)制作材料(liao)的(de)(de)最佳金屬之(zhi)一），而(er)它的(de)(de)正極(ji)是(shi)以一個多孔的(de)(de)杯子(zi)盛裝著碾碎(sui)的(de)(de)二氧(yang)化錳和(he)碳的(de)(de)混合(he)(he)物(wu)。在(zai)此混合(he)(he)物(wu)中插有(you)一根碳棒(bang)作為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流收集器。負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)棒(bang)和(he)正極(ji)杯都被(bei)浸在(zai)作為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)氯化銨溶液中。此系統被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)“濕(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”。雷克(ke)蘭士制造的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)雖(sui)然簡陋(lou)但卻便宜，所以一直到1880年才被(bei)改進的(de)(de)“干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”取代。負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)被(bei)改進成(cheng)鋅罐(guan)（即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)外殼），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液變(bian)為(wei)(wei)糊狀而(er)非液體，基本上這就(jiu)是(shi)我(wo)們所熟知的(de)(de)碳鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
1887年，英國(guo)人赫勒(le)森發(fa)明了最早(zao)的干電池。干電池的電解液為糊狀，不會(hui)溢漏(lou)，便于攜帶，因此(ci)獲得了廣泛應用。
1890年愛(ai)迪生(sheng)（Thomas Edison）發明可充(chong)電(dian)鐵(tie)鎳電(dian)池(chi)。
在(zai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)，化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接轉變為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)自(zi)(zi)發進(jin)(jin)行氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果，這(zhe)種反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)分別在(zai)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)進(jin)(jin)行。負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)由(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位較負并在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)劑(ji)組成(cheng)(cheng)，如(ru)(ru)鋅、鎘、鉛(qian)(qian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)活(huo)潑(po)金屬(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)氫或(huo)碳氫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)由(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位較正(zheng)(zheng)并在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)組成(cheng)(cheng)，如(ru)(ru)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)錳、二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)、氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎳等(deng)(deng)(deng)金屬(shu)(shu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)，氧(yang)(yang)或(huo)空氣，鹵素及(ji)其鹽類，含氧(yang)(yang)酸(suan)及(ji)其鹽類等(deng)(deng)(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)是具有(you)(you)(you)(you)良好(hao)離子導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料，如(ru)(ru)酸(suan)、堿、鹽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水溶液，有(you)(you)(you)(you)機或(huo)無機非水溶液、熔融鹽或(huo)固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。當(dang)(dang)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)斷開時(shi)，兩極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之間雖(sui)然有(you)(you)(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差（開路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓），但沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，存儲(chu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)并不轉換(huan)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。當(dang)(dang)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)閉合時(shi)，在(zai)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下即有(you)(you)(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。同時(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)，由(you)(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)不存在(zai)自(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)遞(di)必(bi)(bi)然伴隨兩極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)界面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)或(huo)還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，以及(ji)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)物(wu)和(he)(he)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)產物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)遷移(yi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)遞(di)也要(yao)由(you)(you)離子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷移(yi)來(lai)完成(cheng)(cheng)。因(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)傳(chuan)遞(di)和(he)(he)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)遞(di)過(guo)程(cheng)是保證正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)要(yao)條(tiao)件(jian)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)質(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)恰與(yu)(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相反(fan)(fan)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)是可(ke)逆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)保證反(fan)(fan)方(fang)向(xiang)傳(chuan)質(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)進(jin)(jin)行。因(yin)此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)可(ke)逆是構成(cheng)(cheng)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)要(yao)條(tiao)件(jian)。G為(wei)吉(ji)布斯反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)自(zi)(zi)由(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)增量(liang)（焦(jiao)）；F為(wei)法拉第(di)常(chang)數(shu)=96500庫=26.8安·小時(shi)；n為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當(dang)(dang)量(liang)數(shu)。這(zhe)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本熱力學(xue)關系式，也是計算電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換(huan)效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本熱力學(xue)方(fang)程(cheng)式。實際上(shang)(shang)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢都要(yao)偏離熱力學(xue)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢，這(zhe)種現象稱(cheng)為(wei)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)（單位電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)面積(ji)上(shang)(shang)通過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)）越大，極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)越嚴重。極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現象是造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)損(sun)失的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)之一。
極(ji)化的原(yuan)因有(you)三：
①由電(dian)(dian)池(chi)中各部分電(dian)(dian)阻造(zao)成的極化稱為歐姆極化；
②由電(dian)(dian)極－電(dian)(dian)解質界面層中電(dian)(dian)荷傳遞過程的阻滯造成的極化稱為活化極化；
③由電(dian)極(ji)－電(dian)解質界面(mian)層(ceng)中傳質過程遲緩而造成的極(ji)化(hua)(hua)稱為濃差極(ji)化(hua)(hua)。減小(xiao)極(ji)化(hua)(hua)的方法是(shi)增大電(dian)極(ji)反(fan)應面(mian)積、減小(xiao)電(dian)流密度、提高反(fan)應溫度以(yi)及改善電(dian)極(ji)表面(mian)的催化(hua)(hua)活性。
電動(dong)勢是兩個電極的平衡電極電位之差，以鉛酸蓄(xu)電池為(wei)例，E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In（αH2SO4/αH2O）。
其中：E—電動(dong)勢
Ф+0—正(zheng)極(ji)標(biao)準電(dian)極(ji)電(dian)位，其值(zhi)為(wei)1.690V
Ф-0—負極標準電(dian)極電(dian)位，其值為(wei)-0.356V
R—通(tong)用氣體常數，其值為8.314
T—溫(wen)度，與(yu)電池所處溫(wen)度有關(guan)
F—法拉第常數，其值(zhi)為96485
αH2SO4—硫(liu)(liu)酸的活度(du)，與硫(liu)(liu)酸濃(nong)度(du)有關
αH2O—水的(de)活度，與硫酸濃度有關
從上式中可看出(chu)，鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢為1.690-（-0.0.356）=2.046V，因此蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為2V。鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢與溫(wen)度(du)(du)及硫酸濃(nong)度(du)(du)有關(guan)。
在(zai)(zai)設(she)計規定(ding)的(de)條件（如(ru)溫度、放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)率(lv)、終止電(dian)壓等）下(xia)，電(dian)池應能放(fang)(fang)(fang)出的(de)最低容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，單位為(wei)安(an)培/每小時，以(yi)符(fu)號C表示。容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)受(shou)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)率(lv)的(de)影響較大，所以(yi)常在(zai)(zai)字(zi)母(mu)C的(de)右下(xia)角以(yi)阿拉伯數字(zi)標明放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)率(lv)，如(ru)C20=50，表明在(zai)(zai)20時率(lv)下(xia)的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)50安(an)·小時。電(dian)池的(de)理論容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)可根據(ju)電(dian)池反(fan)應式中電(dian)極活性物質(zhi)的(de)用量(liang)(liang)和按法拉第(di)定(ding)律計算的(de)活性物質(zhi)的(de)電(dian)化學當量(liang)(liang)精確求出。由于(yu)電(dian)池中可能發生的(de)副反(fan)應以(yi)及設(she)計時的(de)特殊需要(yao)，電(dian)池的(de)實(shi)際(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)往往低于(yu)理論容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在常溫下的(de)(de)(de)典型工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，又稱標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。它是選用不同種類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)時的(de)(de)(de)參考。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)隨(sui)不同使用條件(jian)等于正、負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢之差。它只與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)性物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)種類有關(guan)(guan)，而與(yu)活(huo)性物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)數量無關(guan)(guan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)本質(zhi)上是直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，但在某些特(te)殊條件(jian)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極反應所引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬晶(jing)體(ti)或某些成相膜的(de)(de)(de)相變(bian)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)小(xiao)波(bo)動，這種現象稱為噪聲(sheng)。波(bo)動的(de)(de)(de)幅(fu)度很(hen)小(xiao)但頻率范(fan)圍很(hen)寬，故可與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中自(zi)激噪聲(sheng)相區別。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在開路(lu)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)的(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)稱為開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在斷路(lu)時（即沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過兩(liang)極(ji)時）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)正極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)與(yu)負極(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)之差(cha)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)用V開表(biao)示，即V開=Ф+-Ф-，其中Ф+、Ф-分(fen)別為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)正負極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，一(yi)般均(jun)小于它的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。這是因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)兩(liang)極(ji)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溶(rong)液中所建(jian)立的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，通(tong)常并非(fei)平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，而(er)是穩定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位。一(yi)般可近(jin)似認為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部時(shi)(shi)受到的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)力。它包括歐姆(mu)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)極(ji)化(hua)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，極(ji)化(hua)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)又包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學極(ji)化(hua)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)濃差(cha)極(ji)化(hua)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)。由(you)于(yu)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)存在，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓總是(shi)小于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢或開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)不(bu)是(shi)常(chang)數，在充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)不(bu)斷(duan)變化(hua)（逐漸(jian)變大(da)(da)），這是(shi)因為活性物質的(de)組(zu)成，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)濃度和(he)溫(wen)度都在不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)改變。歐姆(mu)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)遵守(shou)歐姆(mu)定律，極(ji)化(hua)內阻(zu)(zu)(zu)隨(sui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度增加(jia)而增大(da)(da)，但不(bu)是(shi)線性關系(xi)。常(chang)隨(sui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度增大(da)(da)而增加(jia)。
內阻是決定電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)性能(neng)的(de)一個重要(yao)指標，它直接影(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)工作電(dian)壓(ya)，工作電(dian)流，輸出的(de)能(neng)量和功率，對于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)來(lai)說，其內阻越小越好。
電池內具(ju)(ju)有很大的(de)電極-電解質(zhi)界面(mian)面(mian)積，故可(ke)將電池等效為(wei)一大電容與小電阻、電感(gan)的(de)串聯(lian)回路。但(dan)實(shi)際情況復雜(za)得多，尤其是電池的(de)阻抗隨時間和直流電平而變化(hua)，所(suo)測得的(de)阻抗只對具(ju)(ju)體的(de)測量狀態(tai)有效。
有時率(lv)和倍率(lv)兩(liang)種表(biao)示(shi)(shi)法。時率(lv)是以(yi)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)的(de)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)，數值上等于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)額定(ding)(ding)容量（安(an)·小(xiao)時）除(chu)以(yi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流（安(an)）所(suo)得的(de)小(xiao)時數。倍率(lv)是充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)的(de)另一(yi)種表(biao)示(shi)(shi)法，其數值為時率(lv)的(de)倒數。原電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)是以(yi)經某(mou)一(yi)固定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)阻放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)到終止電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)時間(jian)來表(biao)示(shi)(shi)。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性能的(de)影響較(jiao)大。
儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)壽命(ming)指從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池制成到(dao)開始(shi)使用之間允許存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)放(fang)的(de)最長時間，以年(nian)為(wei)單位。包(bao)括儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)期(qi)和使用期(qi)在內(nei)的(de)總(zong)期(qi)限(xian)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)有效(xiao)期(qi)。儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)壽命(ming)有干儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)壽命(ming)和濕儲存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)壽命(ming)之分。循(xun)環(huan)壽命(ming)是(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在滿足規(gui)定(ding)條件下所能達到(dao)的(de)最大(da)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)次數。在規(gui)定(ding)循(xun)環(huan)壽命(ming)時必(bi)須同時規(gui)定(ding)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環(huan)試驗的(de)制度(du)，包(bao)括充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速率、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)和環(huan)境溫(wen)度(du)范圍等。
電池在(zai)存放(fang)過程中(zhong)電容(rong)量(liang)(liang)自行(xing)損失的(de)速率。用單位儲(chu)(chu)存時間內自放(fang)電損失的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)占儲(chu)(chu)存前(qian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)百分(fen)數表示。
其(qi)中E為電動勢，r為電源內阻，內電壓U內=Ir，E=U內+U外
適用范(fan)圍：任何電路
閉合電路(lu)中的(de)能量轉化：
E=U+Ir
EI=UI+I^2R
P釋放=EI
P輸出=UI
純電阻電路中
P輸出=I^2R
=E^2R/（R+r）^2
=E^2/（R^2+2r+r^2/R）
當r=R時P輸出最大，P輸出=E^2/4r（均值不等式）
干(gan)(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也叫錳(meng)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，所(suo)謂干(gan)(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是相對(dui)于伏打電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言(yan)(yan)，所(suo)謂錳(meng)鋅是指(zhi)其(qi)原(yuan)材料。針對(dui)其(qi)它(ta)材料的(de)干(gan)(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)如氧化(hua)銀電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而言(yan)(yan)。錳(meng)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是1.5V。干(gan)(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是消耗化(hua)學(xue)原(yuan)料產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)。它(ta)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)高，所(suo)能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)持續電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能(neng)超過1安培。
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是應用(yong)最(zui)廣泛的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)之(zhi)一(yi)。用(yong)一(yi)個玻璃(li)槽或塑料槽，注滿硫酸，再插入兩塊(kuai)鉛板，一(yi)塊(kuai)與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)正極相連，一(yi)塊(kuai)與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)負(fu)極相連，經過十幾小(xiao)時的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)形成了一(yi)塊(kuai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。它的(de)(de)正負(fu)極之(zhi)間有2伏的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)好處是可(ke)以反復多(duo)次(ci)使用(yong)。另外，由于它的(de)(de)內阻極小(xiao)，所以可(ke)以提(ti)供很大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。用(yong)它給(gei)汽車(che)的(de)(de)發動機(ji)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，瞬時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)達20多(duo)安培。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時是將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)貯(zhu)存(cun)起來，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時又把化學能(neng)轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。
以鋰為(wei)負極的電池(chi)。它是60年代(dai)以后發(fa)展起來的新型高能量電池(chi)。按所用電解質(zhi)不同分(fen)為(wei)：
①高溫(wen)熔融鹽鋰電池；
②有機電(dian)解質鋰(li)電(dian)池；
③無機非(fei)水電解質鋰電池；
④固(gu)體電解質鋰電池；
⑤鋰水電池。
鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)優(you)點是單體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)，比(bi)能(neng)量大，儲(chu)存壽(shou)命長(chang)（可達(da)10年），高(gao)低(di)溫性(xing)能(neng)好，可在-40～150℃使用(yong)。缺點是價格(ge)昂貴，安全性(xing)不(bu)高(gao)。另外(wai)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)滯(zhi)后和安全問題尚待改善。大力(li)(li)發展(zhan)動力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和新(xin)的(de)正極材料的(de)出現，特別(bie)是磷酸亞鐵鋰材料的(de)發展(zhan)，對鋰電(dian)(dian)發展(zhan)有很大幫(bang)助(zhu)。
一般分為：1.2.3.5.7號(hao)，其中5號(hao)和(he)7號(hao)尤為常用，所謂的(de)AA電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就是(shi)5號(hao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，而AAA電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就是(shi)7號(hao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
D型電(dian)池（大號電(dian)池/LR20/AM1）直徑ф34.2；高度61.5mm
C型(xing)電(dian)池（2號電(dian)池/LR14/AM2）直徑ф26.2；高度50.0mm
AA型電池(chi)（5號電池(chi)/LR6/AM3）直徑ф14.5；高度50.5mm
AAA型(xing)電池（7號電池/LR03/AM4）直徑ф10.5；高度44.5mm
AA/2型電(dian)池（8號(hao)電(dian)池LR1/AM5）直徑ф11.0；高度(du)30.0mm
AAAA型(xing)電(dian)池(chi)（9號(hao)電(dian)池(chi)/LR61/AM6）直徑ф8.0；高度39.5mm
AAAA/2型電(dian)池（小9號(hao)電(dian)池/LR61/AM6）直徑ф8.0；高度28.0mm
說說常見的“AAAA，AAA，AA，A，SC，C，D，N，F”這(zhe)些型號
AAAA型號(hao)少(shao)見，一次性的AAAA勁量堿(jian)性電(dian)池(chi)偶爾還(huan)能見到，一般是(shi)電(dian)腦筆里面用的。標(biao)準的AAAA（平(ping)頭）電(dian)池(chi)高度41.5±0.5mm，直徑8.1±0.2mm。
AAA型號電池(chi)就比較常(chang)見，以前的MP3用的多是(shi)AAA電池(chi)，標準的AAA（平頭）電池(chi)高度(du)43.6±0.5mm，直徑10.1±0.2mm。
AA型號(hao)電池(chi)就更是盡(jin)人皆(jie)知(zhi)，數碼相機，電動玩(wan)具都(dou)少(shao)不了AA電池(chi)，標準(zhun)的AA（平頭）電池(chi)高(gao)度48.0±0.5mm，直(zhi)徑14.1±0.2mm。
只用一個A表(biao)示型(xing)號的(de)電池(chi)(chi)不常見，這一系列通(tong)常作(zuo)電池(chi)(chi)組(zu)里(li)面(mian)的(de)電池(chi)(chi)芯，老(lao)攝像機的(de)鎳鎘，鎳氫(qing)電池(chi)(chi)，幾(ji)乎(hu)都是4/5A，或者4/5SC的(de)電池(chi)(chi)芯。標準的(de)A（平頭）電池(chi)(chi)高度(du)49.0±0.5mm，直徑16.8±0.2mm。
SC型號也(ye)不常見(jian)，一(yi)般是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池組里(li)面(mian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池芯，多在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具和攝像(xiang)機以及進口(kou)設備(bei)上能見(jian)到，標準的(de)SC（平頭）電(dian)(dian)池高度(du)42.0±0.5mm，直徑22.1±0.2mm。
C型號也就是(shi)二(er)號電(dian)池，標準的C（平頭）電(dian)池高度(du)49.5±0.5mm，直(zhi)徑25.3±0.2mm。
D型號就是一號電池，用途(tu)廣泛，民用，軍(jun)工，特異型直流電源都(dou)能(neng)找到D型電池，標(biao)準的(de)D（平頭）電池高(gao)度(du)59.0±0.5mm，直徑32.3±0.2mm。
N型號不常見(jian)，標準(zhun)的N（平頭(tou)）電池(chi)高(gao)度(du)28.5±0.5mm，直徑(jing)11.7±0.2mm。
F型號電池，電動(dong)助力車，動(dong)力電池的新一(yi)代(dai)產(chan)品，大有(you)取代(dai)鉛酸免維護(hu)蓄電池的趨(qu)勢，一(yi)般都是作電池芯（個人見解：其(qi)實個太大，不(bu)好單(dan)獨(du)使用，呵呵）。標(biao)準的F（平頭）電池高度89.0±0.5mm，直徑32.3±0.2mm。
大家注(zhu)意(yi)到，（平頭(tou)）字(zi)樣，指的(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極是(shi)平的(de)(de)，沒有突起，使用(yong)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組點(dian)焊使用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)，一般同等型號(hao)尖(jian)頭(tou)的(de)(de)（可(ke)以用(yong)作單體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)），在高(gao)(gao)度上就多了0.5mm。以此類推。還(huan)有，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)很(hen)多的(de)(de)時(shi)候并不是(shi)規(gui)規(gui)矩(ju)矩(ju)的(de)(de)“AAA，AA，A，SC，C，D，N，F”這些主型號(hao)，前面還(huan)時(shi)常有分(fen)數(shu)“1/3，2/3，1/2，2/3，4/5，5/4，7/5”，這些分(fen)數(shu)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)是(shi)池(chi)體相應的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度，例如“2/3AA”就是(shi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)是(shi)一般AA電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)2/3的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)；再(zai)如“4/5A”就是(shi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)是(shi)一般A電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)4/5的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
還(huan)有兩(liang)種型(xing)號表示(shi)方法，是(shi)五(wu)位數字(zi)，例如，14500，17490，26500，前兩(liang)位數字(zi)是(shi)指池體直徑，后(hou)三位數字(zi)是(shi)指池體高，例如14500就是(shi)指AA電池，即大約14mm直徑，50mm高。
例如(ru)，505060AR，305060A，其中前面兩(liang)(liang)位(wei)(wei)數(shu)字(zi)是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)厚，中間兩(liang)(liang)位(wei)(wei)數(shu)是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)寬(kuan)，最后面兩(liang)(liang)位(wei)(wei)數(shu)是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)。例如(ru)505060AR就(jiu)是(shi)鋰電(dian)池的5.0MM是(shi)厚，寬(kuan)是(shi)50MM，60MM是(shi)長(chang)。后綴(zhui)AR是(shi)表示鋁殼鋰電(dian)池。
不(bu)同電(dian)池(chi)各有(you)特性，用(yong)戶(hu)必須依(yi)照廠(chang)商說明書指示的方法進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)。在待機(ji)備用(yong)狀(zhuang)態下，電(dian)話也要(yao)耗費電(dian)池(chi)，如果要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)快速充(chong)電(dian)，宜先(xian)將手機(ji)關閉或把電(dian)池(chi)拆(chai)下進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)。
有些(xie)自動(dong)化的智能型快速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)當指示燈信(xin)號轉變時，只表示充(chong)(chong)滿(man)了90%，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)會自動(dong)改(gai)用(yong)(yong)慢速(su)(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)將電(dian)池(chi)完全(quan)充(chong)(chong)滿(man)。用(yong)(yong)戶最(zui)好將電(dian)池(chi)完全(quan)充(chong)(chong)滿(man)后使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)，否則會縮(suo)短(duan)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)時間。
如果電(dian)池(chi)屬(shu)鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)，長期不徹底充、放(fang)電(dian)，會(hui)在(zai)電(dian)池(chi)內留下(xia)痕跡，降低電(dian)池(chi)容量，這(zhe)種現象被稱為(wei)電(dian)池(chi)記憶效應。
方法是把(ba)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)完全放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，然后重新充(chong)滿。放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)利用(yong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)器或具有(you)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)功能的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器，也(ye)可(ke)以利用(yong)手機(ji)(ji)待機(ji)(ji)備用(yong)模式，如要加速放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)把(ba)顯示屏及電(dian)(dian)話按(an)鍵(jian)的(de)照(zhao)明燈打開(kai)。要確保電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能重新充(chong)滿，應依照(zhao)說(shuo)明書的(de)指示來控制時間，重復充(chong)、放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)兩至(zhi)三次。
鋰電池(chi)可(ke)貯存在環境溫度為(wei)-5°C—35°C，相對濕(shi)度不大于(yu)75%的(de)清潔、干燥、通風的(de)室內(nei)，應避(bi)免與腐蝕性物質接觸，遠離火源及熱源。電池(chi)電量保持(chi)標(biao)稱(cheng)容量的(de)30%到50%。推薦貯存的(de)電池(chi)每6個月充電一(yi)次。
1、選購有(you)“國(guo)(guo)家(jia)免檢(jian)”、“中國(guo)(guo)名牌”標(biao)志的電池產(chan)品(pin)和地(di)方(fang)名牌電池產(chan)品(pin)，這些產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)有(you)保障。
2、根據電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)要(yao)求，選擇適用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)類(lei)型(xing)和規格尺寸，并根據電(dian)(dian)器耗電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)大小(xiao)和特點，購買適合電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
3、注意查看電池的生產(chan)日期和保質期，購買(mai)電池（新(xin)電池），新(xin)電池性能好。
4、注意查看電池(chi)的(de)外觀(guan)，應選(xuan)購(gou)包裝(zhuang)精致、外觀(guan)整(zheng)潔、干(gan)凈，無漏液(ye)跡象的(de)電池(chi)。
5、注意電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標(biao)(biao)志，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)商(shang)標(biao)(biao)上應標(biao)(biao)明生產廠(chang)名、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)極性、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)型號(hao)(hao)、標(biao)(biao)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)壓、商(shang)標(biao)(biao)等；銷售(shou)包裝上（如2只熱(re)縮(suo)或(huo)(huo)4只熱(re)縮(suo)，或(huo)(huo)吊牌掛卡）應有中文廠(chang)址、生產日(ri)期和保質期或(huo)(huo)標(biao)(biao)明保質期的(de)截止期限(xian)、執行標(biao)(biao)準的(de)編號(hao)(hao)（一(yi)般為國(guo)家標(biao)(biao)準GB/T××××-××××）。不要購買無中文廠(chang)名、無生產日(ri)期和保質期或(huo)(huo)無標(biao)(biao)明保質期的(de)截止期限(xian)、無執行標(biao)(biao)準的(de)產品(pin)。購買堿性鋅(xin)錳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)時應看型號(hao)(hao)有無ALKALINE或(huo)(huo)LR字樣。
6、由于電池(chi)中的汞對(dui)環(huan)境有害，為了保護環(huan)境，在(zai)購買時應(ying)選用商標上(shang)標有“無汞”、“0%汞”、“不添加汞”字樣的電池(chi)。
國際(ji)上通(tong)行的廢舊電池處理方式大致有三(san)種：固化深(shen)埋(mai)、存(cun)放(fang)于廢礦(kuang)井、回收利(li)用(yong)。
1．固化(hua)深埋、存(cun)放(fang)于廢礦井
如法國一家(jia)工(gong)廠就從(cong)中提(ti)取鎳和鎘，再將鎳用于煉鋼，鎘則重新用于生產電(dian)池(chi)。其(qi)余的(de)各類廢電(dian)池(chi)一般都(dou)運往專門的(de)有毒、有害垃圾填埋(mai)場，但(dan)這種做法不僅(jin)花費(fei)太大而且(qie)還造(zao)成浪費(fei)，因為其(qi)中尚有不少可(ke)作原料的(de)有用物質。
2．回收利用
（1）熱處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)；（2）“濕(shi)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)”；（3）真空熱處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)法。
IEC標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)即國際電(dian)(dian)工(gong)委員會(hui)（International Electrical Commission），是由各(ge)國電(dian)(dian)工(gong)委員會(hui)組成的世(shi)界(jie)性標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化組織(zhi)，其目的是為了促進世(shi)界(jie)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)領域的標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化。其中關(guan)于(yu)(yu)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)為IEC285，關(guan)于(yu)(yu)鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)是IEC61436，鋰離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)IEC標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)行業依據的是SANYO或Panasonic的標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。
電池常用IEC標(biao)準有(you)鎳鎘電池的標(biao)準為(wei)IEC602851999；鎳氫(qing)電池的標(biao)準為(wei)IEC614361998.1；鋰電池的標(biao)準為(wei)IEC619602000.11。
電池常用國家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)有鎳鎘電池的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)為GB/T11013_1996GB/T18289_2000；鎳氫電池的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)為GB/T15100_1994GB/T18288_2000；鋰電池的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)為GB/T10077_1998YD/T998_1999，GB/T18287_2000。
另外電(dian)池(chi)常(chang)用標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)也有日(ri)本工業(ye)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)JIS C關于電(dian)池(chi)的標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)及SANYOPANASONIC公(gong)司(si)制定(ding)的關于電(dian)池(chi)企業(ye)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。
精(jing)靈(ling)世界
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