窄苞蒲(pu)公英(學(xue)名:Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornem.)Hand.-Mazz.)是菊科蒲(pu)公英屬植物。多年生草本。根(gen)頸(jing)部密被黑褐色(se)(se)殘存葉(xie)基,葉(xie)基腋內有少量的暗棕色(se)(se)細(xi)毛。葉(xie)線形至狹(xia)倒披針形,長(chang)4-16厘米,寬(2-)5-25(-30)毫米。花(hua)葶(ting)等(deng)長(chang)或稍長(chang)于(yu)葉(xie),高6-20厘米,有時(shi)帶紫紅色(se)(se),頂端有少量蛛絲(si)狀短毛,有時(shi)于(yu)果期(qi)無(wu)毛;頭狀花(hua)序直(zhi)徑約15-20毫米。瘦果淺灰褐色(se)(se),長(chang)4-5毫米;冠毛污白(bai)色(se)(se),長(chang)5-6毫米。花(hua)果期(qi)7-10月(yue)。
分布于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)、蒙古、哈(ha)薩克(ke)斯坦(tan)、伊(yi)(yi)朗及(ji)歐洲等(deng);在中(zhong)國(guo)分布于(yu)新疆北(bei)部(烏魯木齊、伊(yi)(yi)犁地區、塔(ta)城地區、阿勒泰(tai)地區)。生長于(yu)河漫灘草甸、鹽堿地、農田水旁(pang)、路邊(bian)。
全草可以入藥,清熱解毒、消腫散結。花(hua)葶治(zhi)創傷。
分布(bu)于中國、蒙(meng)古、哈薩克斯坦(tan)、伊朗及(ji)歐洲等;在中國分布(bu)于新疆北部(bu)(烏(wu)魯木(mu)齊、伊犁地(di)區、塔(ta)城地(di)區、阿勒泰地(di)區) 。生長于河漫灘(tan)草(cao)甸、鹽堿地(di)、農田(tian)水旁(pang)、路邊(bian)。
多年生草本。根頸部密被黑褐色(se)殘(can)存葉基,葉基腋內有(you)(you)少量的暗(an)棕(zong)色(se)細毛(mao)。葉線形至(zhi)狹倒(dao)(dao)披針形,長4-16厘(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)(2-)5-25(-30)毫米(mi),不分裂、全(quan)緣,或(huo)具波狀齒(chi)至(zhi)羽狀淺裂,稀幾深(shen)裂,有(you)(you)時稍(shao)肉質而顯灰綠(lv)色(se)(堿地(di)生者),分裂葉的頂(ding)端(duan)裂片(pian)長三角形至(zhi)寬(kuan)三角形,全(quan)緣,先端(duan)鈍或(huo)急(ji)尖(jian)(jian),每(mei)側裂片(pian)4-8片(pian),三角形,平展或(huo)倒(dao)(dao)向,急(ji)尖(jian)(jian)或(huo)鈍,全(quan)緣或(huo)有(you)(you)時具齒(chi),裂片(pian)間有(you)(you)或(huo)無(wu)齒(chi)與(yu)小裂片(pian)。
花(hua)(hua)葶等(deng)長或(huo)(huo)稍長于(yu)葉,高6-20厘米(mi),有(you)時帶紫(zi)(zi)紅色(se),頂(ding)端有(you)少量蛛絲狀短毛(mao)(mao),有(you)時于(yu)果(guo)期(qi)(qi)無(wu)毛(mao)(mao);頭狀花(hua)(hua)序(xu)直徑約(yue)15-20毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);總(zong)苞(bao)(bao)鐘(zhong)狀,長8-15毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),總(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)先端無(wu)角或(huo)(huo)有(you)不明顯胼胝狀增厚,外(wai)層總(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)淡綠色(se)、并常帶紫(zi)(zi)紅色(se)或(huo)(huo)有(you)時全部顯紅紫(zi)(zi)色(se),狹披針形至(zhi)近線形,長4-9毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),寬1-1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),伏貼或(huo)(huo)稍開展,邊緣(yuan)膜質,上(shang)(shang)部有(you)緣(yuan)毛(mao)(mao),基(ji)部最寬處常等(deng)寬于(yu)內層總(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian),中部以上(shang)(shang)明顯變窄;內層總(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)綠色(se),長為(wei)(wei)外(wai)層總(zong)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)的1.5-2倍;舌(she)狀花(hua)(hua)黃(huang)色(se),花(hua)(hua)冠喉(hou)部至(zhi)舌(she)片(pian)(pian)下部的外(wai)面疏生短柔毛(mao)(mao),舌(she)片(pian)(pian)長約(yue)7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),寬約(yue)1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),基(ji)部筒長約(yue)4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),邊緣(yuan)花(hua)(hua)舌(she)片(pian)(pian)背面有(you)紫(zi)(zi)色(se)條紋,柱(zhu)頭黃(huang)色(se)。瘦果(guo)淺灰褐色(se),長4-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),上(shang)(shang)部1/3-1/4有(you)少量小刺,其(qi)余(yu)部分無(wu)瘤(liu)狀突起,頂(ding)端逐漸收縮為(wei)(wei)長1-1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)的喙(hui)基(ji),喙(hui)長3-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);冠毛(mao)(mao)污白色(se),長5-6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)。花(hua)(hua)果(guo)期(qi)(qi)7-10月。
中(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao)(cao)和間苗(miao)(miao):當窄苞蒲(pu)公英出苗(miao)(miao)10天(tian)(tian)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)可進行第一次中(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao)(cao),以后每(mei)10天(tian)(tian)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)中(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao)(cao)1次,直到封(feng)壟為止,封(feng)壟后可人工拔草(cao)(cao)。出苗(miao)(miao)10天(tian)(tian)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)進行間苗(miao)(miao),株距(ju)8-10厘(li)米,經20天(tian)(tian)30天(tian)(tian)即可定(ding)苗(miao)(miao),行距(ju)30厘(li)米,株距(ju)20-25厘(li)米,撒播者(zhe)株距(ju)15厘(li)米。
肥(fei)水管(guan)理:窄苞蒲公(gong)英田(tian)間(jian)管(guan)理的重(zhong)點(dian)是肥(fei)和水。窄苞蒲公(gong)英喜歡肥(fei)沃、濕潤、疏松、有機(ji)質含量高的土(tu)(tu)壤。所以在種(zhong)植蒲公(gong)英時,除(chu)合(he)理施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)基(ji)肥(fei)外,生長(chang)期間(jian)應追肥(fei)1-2次(ci),每(mei)次(ci)每(mei)畝施(shi)(shi)尿素10-14千(qian)克(ke),磷酸二(er)氫鉀(jia)5-6千(qian)克(ke)。經常澆水,保(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤濕潤。秋(qiu)播者入冬后(hou),在畦面上每(mei)畝撒施(shi)(shi)有機(ji)肥(fei)2500千(qian)克(ke)、過(guo)磷酸鈣20千(qian)克(ke),既起到供養分作用(yong)(yong),又可以保(bao)護根系(xi)安全越(yue)冬。翌春返(fan)青后(hou)可結合(he)澆水施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)化肥(fei)(每(mei)畝施(shi)(shi)尿素10-15千(qian)克(ke)、過(guo)磷酸鈣8千(qian)克(ke))。為(wei)提早上市,早春可采用(yong)(yong)小拱(gong)棚覆蓋(gai)。
窄苞蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)英(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收可(ke)分批采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘外(wai)層(ceng)大葉(xie)(xie),或用鐮刀割(ge)取(qu)心(xin)葉(xie)(xie)以(yi)(yi)外(wai)的(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)片,每隔15-20天割(ge)1次。也可(ke)一次性整(zheng)株割(ge)取(qu)上(shang)(shang)市,一般每畝地每次可(ke)收割(ge)500-600千克。窄苞蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)英(ying)(ying)整(zheng)株割(ge)取(qu)后,根(gen)(gen)部受(shou)損流出白漿,此期不(bu)宜(yi)澆水,以(yi)(yi)防爛根(gen)(gen)。蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)英(ying)(ying)作中藥材用時(shi)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)晚秋采(cai)(cai)(cai)挖(wa)帶根(gen)(gen)的(de)(de)全草,去(qu)泥曬(shai)(shai)干以(yi)(yi)備藥用。作蔬菜(cai)時(shi)可(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收其嫩(nen)苗或嫩(nen)葉(xie)(xie)。蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)英(ying)(ying)種(zhong)子(zi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收的(de)(de)時(shi)間在(zai)(zai)5月(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)至(zhi)6月(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun),采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)時(shi)選擇葉(xie)(xie)片肥大、汁多色綠、鋸(ju)齒較(jiao)深、根(gen)(gen)莖粗壯的(de)(de)窄苞蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)英(ying)(ying)作為采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)株。將(jiang)花(hua)(hua)托變黃的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)序(xu)剪下,放室(shi)內后熟1天,待花(hua)(hua)序(xu)全部散(san)開,再陰干1-2天,用手搓(cuo)掉冠毛(mao),曬(shai)(shai)干備用。因窄苞蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)英(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)植(zhi)株生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)年限越(yue)長(chang)(chang)產量越(yue)高,所以(yi)(yi)留種(zhong)采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)最好有(you)固定的(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)圃地。
圃地準備:選疏松、肥沃(wo)、濕(shi)潤、排水良(liang)好(hao)的(de)沙(sha)質壤土種植,每畝施有機肥4500-5000千克,混合過磷酸鈣15千克,均勻撒到地面上。深翻地20-25厘米,整平耙(pa)細(xi),做(zuo)成長10-20米、寬1.2-1.5米的(de)畦待播。
播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)方法:窄苞蒲(pu)公英采用種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)繁殖(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)無休眠(mian)期(qi),從(cong)春到秋可隨時播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。根(gen)據市場需求,冬季也可在(zai)溫(wen)室(shi)內播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。露地直播(bo)(bo)(bo)可條播(bo)(bo)(bo)或(huo)撒播(bo)(bo)(bo),條播(bo)(bo)(bo)是(shi)先在(zai)畦面上按行距25-30厘(li)米(mi)開淺橫溝(gou),播(bo)(bo)(bo)幅約10厘(li)米(mi),種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)下后覆土(tu)1厘(li)米(mi),然后稍加鎮壓,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量50克/畝。平畦撒播(bo)(bo)(bo),每畝用種(zhong)(zhong)50-100克,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后蓋草保(bao)溫(wen)保(bao)濕,出苗(miao)時揭去蓋草,約10天即(ji)可出苗(miao)。
窄苞蒲(pu)公(gong)英的抗病(bing)能力極強,常見病(bing)害主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)霜霉(mei)病(bing)和蚜(ya)蟲。防治霜霉(mei)病(bing)可(ke)用(yong)72%克(ke)(ke)(ke)露或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)霉(mei)氰或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)克(ke)(ke)(ke)抗靈可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑800倍液(ye)(ye),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)69%安克(ke)(ke)(ke)錳鋅可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑1000倍液(ye)(ye),也(ye)(ye)可(ke)每畝噴施5%百菌清(qing)粉(fen)劑300克(ke)(ke)(ke),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)用(yong)25%百菌清(qing)可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑500倍液(ye)(ye)噴霧。采收前(qian)10天停止用(yong)藥。防治蚜(ya)蟲可(ke)用(yong)50%辟蚜(ya)霧可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)水分(fen)散(san)粒劑2000-3000倍液(ye)(ye),該藥對(dui)蚜(ya)蟲有(you)特(te)效。也(ye)(ye)可(ke)用(yong)50%馬拉硫(liu)磷乳油或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)20%二嗪農乳油,21%滅斃乳油3000倍液(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)70%滅蚜(ya)松可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑2500倍液(ye)(ye)噴灑。
全草可(ke)以入藥,清(qing)熱解毒、消腫散(san)結。花葶治創傷。