刨子
[plane] 推(tui)刮木料等使平(ping)滑的工(gong)具(ju)
刨(bao)子傳說由中國古代工(gong)匠魯(lu)班所制造
用來刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)平(ping)、刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)光、刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)直(zhi)、削薄木材的一(yi)種(zhong)木工(gong)工(gong)具。一(yi)般由刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)身(shen)(刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)堂、槽(cao)口(kou))、刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)刀片(也叫刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)刃)、楔木等(deng)(deng)部分(fen)組成。按刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)身(shen)長短、形狀、使用功能可分(fen)長刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、中刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、短刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、光刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(細刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao))、彎刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、線刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),槽(cao)口(kou)刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、座(zuo)刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、橫刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)等(deng)(deng)。
平推刨(bao)(bao)子(zi)在羅(luo)馬(ma)時期(qi)就(jiu)已(yi)經廣泛使用,在山東菏澤發(fa)(fa)現的元代沉船中發(fa)(fa)現與現代樣式差不多的平推刨(bao)(bao)子(zi)。刨(bao)(bao)子(zi)的發(fa)(fa)明(ming)有很多種說法,但(dan)因缺乏(fa)具(ju)(ju)體的歷史依據考究,無法證(zheng)明(ming)刨(bao)(bao)子(zi)是國外(wai)傳入(ru)還是元朝以前我(wo)國先民就(jiu)發(fa)(fa)明(ming)了刨(bao)(bao)子(zi)。但(dan)古代平木工具(ju)(ju)早(zao)在唐朝時期(qi)就(jiu)已(yi)經存在。
平推刨(bao)子的(de)發明對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)國家具的(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)起到技術上的(de)支持,這(zhe)種(zhong)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)國古代一系(xi)列(lie)的(de)繪畫作品中(zhong)(zhong)均有反映。
中國無(wu)論器具(ju)(ju)還是建筑,應(ying)用(yong)木材最(zui)多,并且工(gong)藝也最(zui)精美(mei)。木材質存世極(ji)難,但就(jiu)可見漢唐(包(bao)括出土)遺存的工(gong)藝而言,就(jiu)證(zheng)明使用(yong)了(le)刨子這種(zhong)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)。
認為中(zhong)國的刨(bao)子(zi)只是(shi)推沒有(you)后拉(la),那就錯了(le)。刨(bao)子(zi)只是(shi)成為大件(jian)制做(zuo)中(zhong)受歡迎才漸(jian)漸(jian)淘汰或(huo)(huo)者漸(jian)漸(jian)少有(you)使用前后滾(gun)刀(dao)(dao)刨(bao),在(zai)(zai)民間(jian)依然存在(zai)(zai)雙刃(ren)或(huo)(huo)多刃(ren)滾(gun)刀(dao)(dao)刨(bao),比如有(you)的地區(qu)手工匠人制做(zuo)傳統(tong)小(xiao)木(mu)(mu)器,甚至包括(kuo)家具(ju)及寺廟建筑中(zhong)的細活小(xiao)件(jian),都支使用,記得曾(ceng)經(jing)見過三(san)種,一是(shi)與歐式(shi)刨(bao)不同,只是(shi)一把(ba)上(shang)多刃(ren)線的刨(bao)刀(dao)(dao)(稱刨(bao)刀(dao)(dao)或(huo)(huo)刨(bao)子(zi)),二是(shi)硬木(mu)(mu)(基(ji)本是(shi)紅木(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的黑檀(tan)木(mu)(mu),紫檀(tan)木(mu)(mu)等)套夾,具(ju)體式(shi)樣結構已經(jing)記不清楚,刀(dao)(dao)刃(ren)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)間(jian),手柄處用絲麻(ma)或(huo)(huo)皮繩纏繞并以(yi)木(mu)(mu)楔叫緊,三(san)是(shi)硬木(mu)(mu)夾具(ju)中(zhong)間(jian)是(shi)刀(dao)(dao),手控制。可惜(xi),難(nan)見這種舊工具(ju),已經(jing)基(ji)本被(bei)新(xin)工刨(bao)子(zi)取(qu)代,所以(yi)我們才會因幾乎難(nan)見而認為不曾(ceng)存在(zai)(zai)。
不管魯(lu)班(ban)造工(gong)(gong)具是(shi)否包括刨(bao)(bao)子(zi),我們(men)(men)只(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)以說沒有歐式的(de)(de)刨(bao)(bao)子(zi),卻不能說沒有刨(bao)(bao)子(zi)或都肯(ken)定地枉下(xia)結論沒有。尤其(qi)在字義上出(chu)錯,刮削(xue)是(shi)什(shen)(shen)么歐式刨(bao)(bao)子(zi)與中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)具只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)結構問題。并(bing)且,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)(tong)刨(bao)(bao)刀才是(shi)做細活的(de)(de),是(shi)我們(men)(men)一代(dai)(dai)不如一代(dai)(dai)精工(gong)(gong),貧窮讓我們(men)(men)更加浮躁地簡化工(gong)(gong)藝過(guo)程,我們(men)(men)驚嘆古人時想過(guo)我們(men)(men)為什(shen)(shen)么不比(bi)從(cong)前,所以就總(zong)會(hui)為西方工(gong)(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)炫目誤(wu)導(dao)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)(tong)刨(bao)(bao)刀工(gong)(gong)具是(shi)真(zhen)正幫細活用(yong)的(de)(de),尤其(qi)是(shi)硬料,如果看到央視(shi)報(bao)道(dao)金(jin)絲楠木工(gong)(gong)匠處理那(nei)些(xie)比(bi)金(jin)子(zi)貴(gui)無(wu)數倍的(de)(de)木料,就會(hui)看到其(qi)中(zhong)刨(bao)(bao)刀的(de)(de)作用(yong)了,絕對不能用(yong)西洋(yang)快(kuai)餐民族的(de)(de)那(nei)些(xie)外形整齊的(de)(de)刨(bao)(bao)子(zi)。
木工(gong)工(gong)具(ju)(ju),可(ke)以看(kan)看(kan)中國(guo)古人(ren)的(de)震驚世界的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)結構用(yong)工(gong)藝,中國(guo)的(de)木材(cai)質器具(ju)(ju)同樣是世界上不多(duo)見的(de)精(jing)工(gong),怎么可(ke)能沒有(you)需要大力度(du)刨料的(de)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)。
刨子應用(yong)前的(de)其它朝代(dai),則(ze)很少用(yong)硬木來(lai)做家具,因(yin)為(wei)最難(nan)的(de)是(shi)平(ping)整(zheng),所(suo)以多用(yong)漆(qi)器(qi),用(yong)漆(qi)等來(lai)掩(yan)蓋木面的(de)不平(ping)整(zheng)。