刨子
[plane] 推刮木料等使平滑(hua)的(de)工(gong)具
刨子(zi)傳說由中國古(gu)代(dai)工匠魯班(ban)所制(zhi)造
用(yong)來刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)平、刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)光、刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)直(zhi)、削薄木材的一種木工工具。一般由刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)身(刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)堂、槽(cao)口)、刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)刀片(也叫刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)刃)、楔木等部(bu)分組成。按刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)身長短、形狀(zhuang)、使(shi)用(yong)功能(neng)可分長刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、中(zhong)刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、短刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、光刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(細刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao))、彎刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、線(xian)刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),槽(cao)口刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、座刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、橫刨(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)等。
平(ping)(ping)(ping)推(tui)刨子(zi)(zi)在羅(luo)馬(ma)時期就(jiu)已經廣泛(fan)使用,在山東菏澤發(fa)現的元代(dai)沉(chen)船中發(fa)現與現代(dai)樣(yang)式差不多(duo)的平(ping)(ping)(ping)推(tui)刨子(zi)(zi)。刨子(zi)(zi)的發(fa)明(ming)有(you)很多(duo)種說法(fa),但因缺乏具體的歷史(shi)依據考究,無(wu)法(fa)證明(ming)刨子(zi)(zi)是國(guo)外傳入還是元朝(chao)以(yi)前我國(guo)先民就(jiu)發(fa)明(ming)了刨子(zi)(zi)。但古代(dai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)木工具早在唐朝(chao)時期就(jiu)已經存在。
平推刨子的發明(ming)對中(zhong)(zhong)國家具的變化(hua)起到技術上的支持,這種(zhong)變化(hua)從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)國古代一系列的繪畫作品中(zhong)(zhong)均有反映。
中國無論器具還(huan)是(shi)建筑,應用木(mu)材最(zui)多(duo),并且(qie)工(gong)(gong)藝也最(zui)精美。木(mu)材質存(cun)世極難,但就可見漢唐(包括出土(tu))遺存(cun)的工(gong)(gong)藝而言,就證明(ming)使用了刨子這(zhe)種工(gong)(gong)具。
認為中(zhong)國(guo)的刨子(zi)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)推(tui)沒有后(hou)拉,那就錯(cuo)了。刨子(zi)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)成為大件(jian)制做中(zhong)受歡迎才漸漸淘汰或(huo)者漸漸少有使(shi)用前后(hou)滾刀(dao)刨,在民間依然(ran)存在雙刃(ren)或(huo)多刃(ren)滾刀(dao)刨,比(bi)如有的地區手工匠人制做傳(chuan)統小(xiao)木器,甚(shen)至包(bao)括(kuo)家(jia)具(ju)及寺廟建筑中(zhong)的細活小(xiao)件(jian),都支使(shi)用,記(ji)得曾(ceng)經見過(guo)三(san)種,一是(shi)(shi)(shi)與歐式(shi)(shi)刨不同,只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一把上(shang)多刃(ren)線的刨刀(dao)(稱(cheng)刨刀(dao)或(huo)刨子(zi)),二是(shi)(shi)(shi)硬木(基本是(shi)(shi)(shi)紅木中(zhong)的黑檀(tan)(tan)木,紫(zi)檀(tan)(tan)木等)套夾,具(ju)體式(shi)(shi)樣結構已(yi)經記(ji)不清楚,刀(dao)刃(ren)在中(zhong)間,手柄處用絲麻或(huo)皮繩(sheng)纏繞并以(yi)木楔叫緊,三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)硬木夾具(ju)中(zhong)間是(shi)(shi)(shi)刀(dao),手控(kong)制。可(ke)惜,難見這種舊工具(ju),已(yi)經基本被(bei)新工刨子(zi)取代(dai),所以(yi)我們才會因幾乎難見而認為不曾(ceng)存在。
不(bu)管魯班(ban)造工(gong)(gong)具是(shi)否包括刨(bao)(bao)子,我(wo)(wo)們(men)只可以說沒有歐式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)刨(bao)(bao)子,卻不(bu)能(neng)說沒有刨(bao)(bao)子或(huo)都(dou)肯定(ding)地(di)枉下結論(lun)沒有。尤其(qi)在字義上(shang)出(chu)錯,刮削是(shi)什么歐式(shi)刨(bao)(bao)子與中(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)具只是(shi)結構問題。并且,中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統(tong)刨(bao)(bao)刀才是(shi)做細活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de),是(shi)我(wo)(wo)們(men)一代(dai)不(bu)如一代(dai)精工(gong)(gong),貧窮讓我(wo)(wo)們(men)更加浮躁(zao)地(di)簡化工(gong)(gong)藝過(guo)(guo)程,我(wo)(wo)們(men)驚嘆(tan)古(gu)人時想過(guo)(guo)我(wo)(wo)們(men)為什么不(bu)比從前,所以就(jiu)總會為西方工(gong)(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)炫目誤導(dao)。中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統(tong)刨(bao)(bao)刀工(gong)(gong)具是(shi)真正幫細活(huo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de),尤其(qi)是(shi)硬料,如果看到央視報道金(jin)絲楠(nan)木工(gong)(gong)匠處理那(nei)些比金(jin)子貴無數倍的(de)(de)(de)(de)木料,就(jiu)會看到其(qi)中(zhong)刨(bao)(bao)刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用了(le),絕對不(bu)能(neng)用西洋快餐民族的(de)(de)(de)(de)那(nei)些外(wai)形(xing)整齊的(de)(de)(de)(de)刨(bao)(bao)子。
木工工具,可以看看中國古人(ren)的(de)震驚世(shi)界的(de)建筑結(jie)構用工藝,中國的(de)木材質器具同樣是世(shi)界上不多見的(de)精工,怎(zen)么(me)可能沒(mei)有需要大(da)力度刨料的(de)工具。
刨(bao)子(zi)應用(yong)前(qian)的其它朝代,則很少用(yong)硬木來做家具,因(yin)為最難的是平整,所以(yi)多(duo)用(yong)漆(qi)器(qi),用(yong)漆(qi)等來掩蓋木面的不(bu)平整。