海(hai)軍(jun)岸(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(Naval Coast Defence Arm),是(shi)(shi)(shi)部署(shu)在沿海(hai)重(zhong)要地(di)段,以火力參加(jia)對海(hai)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)作戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)軍(jun)兵種(zhong),它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)海(hai)岸(an)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)的(de)(de)(de)火力骨干。海(hai)軍(jun)岸(an)防(fang)(fang)兵能充分利用島、岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)有利條件,預先(xian)構筑多(duo)種(zhong)陣(zhen)地(di),儲備大量(liang)作戰(zhan)物資,進行持久作戰(zhan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)近岸(an)堅守防(fang)(fang)御(yu)戰(zhan)中的(de)(de)(de)主要兵力之一。
海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)中部(bu)(bu)署(shu)于(yu)沿海(hai)(hai)重要地(di)(di)段(duan)、島嶼(yu),主要以火力遂行海(hai)(hai)岸防(fang)御任(ren)務(wu)的兵種。通(tong)常由海(hai)(hai)岸導彈部(bu)(bu)隊(dui)(dui)和海(hai)(hai)岸炮兵部(bu)(bu)隊(dui)(dui)組(zu)成。編有(you)海(hai)(hai)岸導彈團(tuan)(營)、海(hai)(hai)岸炮兵團(tuan)(營)等,分屬于(yu)海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)基(ji)地(di)(di)或水警區(qu)。有(you)的國家(jia)設(she)有(you)岸防(fang)司(si)令部(bu)(bu),編有(you)旅。能(neng)獨立作戰(zhan)(zhan),也可協同其他(ta)兵種遂行作戰(zhan)(zhan)任(ren)務(wu)。主要編配岸對艦(jian)(jian)導彈和大中口徑火炮。海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)岸防(fang)兵能(neng)充分利用島岸的有(you)利條件,進行持久(jiu)作戰(zhan)(zhan),是海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)海(hai)(hai)岸防(fang)御的陸(lu)上骨(gu)干力量。基(ji)本任(ren)務(wu)是:封鎖海(hai)(hai)峽、航道(dao),消滅(mie)敵(di)方艦(jian)(jian)船,掩護近岸海(hai)(hai)區(qu)交通(tong)線和艦(jian)(jian)船;支援海(hai)(hai)岸、要塞的守備部(bu)(bu)隊(dui)(dui)作戰(zhan)(zhan),參加抗登陸(lu)作戰(zhan)(zhan),保衛基(ji)地(di)(di)、港口和沿海(hai)(hai)重要地(di)(di)段(duan)的安(an)全等。
早在(zai)公元前,一(yi)些瀕海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)就有(you)了(le)(le)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)設(she)施和(he)(he)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)力。14~15世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji),岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)隨(sui)著(zhu)配備岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)火(huo)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)的(de)(de)(de)瀕海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)要(yao)塞的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現開(kai)始(shi)形成(cheng)(cheng)。18世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)后,許(xu)多(duo)(duo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)先后將岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)列(lie)入海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)序列(lie)。19世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji),各軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)瀕海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)段要(yao)地(di)多(duo)(duo)筑有(you)較(jiao)為完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)火(huo)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)陣地(di),至20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)初(chu)達(da)到(dao)最(zui)盛(sheng)時(shi)期(qi)。在(zai)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)次世(shi)(shi)界(jie)大(da)戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)達(da)達(da)尼爾海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)峽戰(zhan)役和(he)(he)第(di)(di)(di)二次世(shi)(shi)界(jie)大(da)戰(zhan)蘇(su)德戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)都發(fa)揮(hui)了(le)(le)重要(yao)作(zuo)用。第(di)(di)(di)二次世(shi)(shi)界(jie)大(da)戰(zhan)后,隨(sui)著(zhu)導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)武器的(de)(de)(de)使用,許(xu)多(duo)(duo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)建(jian)(jian)立了(le)(le)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)部隊(dui)。蘇(su)聯海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)把海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)火(huo)箭炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)作(zuo)為一(yi)個兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)種。80年代(dai)末,世(shi)(shi)界(jie)各國(guo)(guo)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)部隊(dui)名稱(cheng)不(bu)一(yi),規(gui)模裝備差異也較(jiao)大(da)。蘇(su)聯稱(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),營(ying)為最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)編制單位。越南(nan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)編1個岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)旅。瑞典(dian)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)編5個海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)團(tuan)(含(han)若干(gan)導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隊(dui))。海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),受國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事戰(zhan)略和(he)(he)地(di)理環境等因素的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)甚大(da)。進(jin)入21世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji),以(yi)信息技術(shu)為主的(de)(de)(de)高新技術(shu)廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)部隊(dui),導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)的(de)(de)(de)射程(cheng)和(he)(he)精度都大(da)大(da)提高,但岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)用依然重大(da)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)有(you)悠久的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)歷史。宋元時(shi)期(qi),在(zai)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)建(jian)(jian)城設(she)防(fang)(fang),防(fang)(fang)御(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)盜。明朝開(kai)始(shi)在(zai)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)設(she)有(you)衛、所,并在(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)要(yao)地(di)修城筑堡,屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)戍守。如戚繼(ji)光、俞大(da)猷統(tong)率步師和(he)(he)水(shui)師,抗(kang)擊(ji)倭寇。嘉靖(1522~1566)年間,編配銅炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao),“大(da)彈(dan)發(fa)及七百步”。清(qing)(qing)初(chu),建(jian)(jian)水(shui)師,造炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺,防(fang)(fang)守海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)口。道光(1821~1850)年間,海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)禁大(da)開(kai),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)益重。鴉片(pian)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)利用在(zai)虎(hu)門設(she)立的(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺和(he)(he)設(she)置的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)障礙(ai)陣地(di),抗(kang)擊(ji)了(le)(le)英軍(jun)(jun)(jun)戰(zhan)艦的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)攻。此后,清(qing)(qing)朝在(zai)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)要(yao)地(di)構筑新式炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺130多(duo)(duo)座。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期(qi),炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)臺幾(ji)經整修,后在(zai)抗(kang)日戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)揮(hui)了(le)(le)一(yi)定作(zuo)用。如1932年一(yi)?二八抗(kang)戰(zhan),吳淞要(yao)塞阻日艦于(yu)黃浦江口達(da)月(yue)余之久。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人民(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)立后,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人民(min)解放(fang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)于(yu)1950年8月(yue),將東(dong)北軍(jun)(jun)(jun)區炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)第(di)(di)(di)6師和(he)(he)西南(nan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)區特種炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)第(di)(di)(di)10團(tuan)改編為海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學(xue)校(后改稱(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學(xue)校),突(tu)擊(ji)培訓技術(shu)骨(gu)干(gan)。同年10月(yue),組建(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)個海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)營(ying)。1951年,組建(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)10多(duo)(duo)個海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)團(tuan)。1952年,成(cheng)(cheng)立海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部(后改稱(cheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部)。1955年,組建(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)列(lie)車(機動)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)團(tuan)和(he)(he)獨立岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)營(ying),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、艦隊(dui)、基地(di)均設(she)有(you)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)領導(dao)(dao)機構。20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)(ji)60年代(dai)初(chu)期(qi),岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)開(kai)始(shi)編配部隊(dui)。70年代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)岸(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)艦導(dao)(dao)彈(dan)部隊(dui)迅速(su)發(fa)展(zhan),成(cheng)(cheng)為初(chu)具規(gui)模、較(jiao)為現代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)力量。
海軍(jun)岸防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)自建立以來,曾單獨和協同(tong)其他(ta)兵(bing)種參加作(zuo)戰400余(yu)次,擊(ji)沉、擊(ji)傷敵艦船70余(yu)艘,擊(ji)落、擊(ji)傷敵機(ji)40余(yu)架,在鞏固海防(fang)(fang)、保(bao)衛近岸交通和漁業(ye)生(sheng)產等任務(wu)中發(fa)揮了重要作(zuo)用。隨著(zhu)信(xin)息(xi)技術和武器裝(zhuang)備的不斷發(fa)展(zhan),海軍(jun)岸防(fang)(fang)兵(bing)將進一(yi)步改進裝(zhuang)備性能,增(zeng)(zeng)大射程(cheng),實施(shi)精確制(zhi)導,提高指揮控制(zhi)水平;完善海岸防(fang)(fang)御配系,增(zeng)(zeng)大海上防(fang)(fang)御縱深和打擊(ji)威力;增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)與其他(ta)兵(bing)種、軍(jun)種的協同(tong)作(zuo)戰能力。