海南熱(re)帶雨林是我國分布集(ji)中、類型多(duo)樣(yang)、保存完好、連片面積較大(da)的(de)大(da)陸性島嶼(yu)型熱(re)帶雨林,是島嶼(yu)型熱(re)帶雨林的(de)代表(biao)(biao)、熱(re)帶生物多(duo)樣(yang)性和遺傳(chuan)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)寶庫和海南島生態安全(quan)屏障,具有國家代表(biao)(biao)性和全(quan)球(qiu)保護意(yi)義。
海南(nan)熱帶雨(yu)林國家(jia)公園范圍(wei)內海拔(ba)高(gao)度排在前(qian)五的山(shan)(shan)峰(feng)有:海南(nan)最高(gao)峰(feng)五指山(shan)(shan)(1867m)、鸚哥嶺(ling)(1812m)、獼猴(hou)嶺(ling)(1655m)、黑嶺(ling)(1560m)、雅(ya)加大嶺(ling)(1505m)。
黎母山是海南(nan)島綿延最長的(de)(de)一(yi)組山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di),整(zheng)組山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)位(wei)于島中部偏西南(nan)一(yi)帶(dai)。以瓊中黎(li)(li)族(zu)(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)與白沙(sha)黎(li)(li)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)、五指(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)市交(jiao)界地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)的(de)(de)鸚哥嶺(ling)(ling)為主體,其余部分(fen)向東(dong)北延伸至瓊中境內的(de)(de)黎(li)(li)母(mu)嶺(ling)(ling),向西南(nan)延伸至樂東(dong)黎(li)(li)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)與昌江(jiang)黎(li)(li)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)及東(dong)方市交(jiao)界地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)的(de)(de)毫肉,長約(yue)80千米(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)13千米(mi)。黎(li)(li)母(mu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)古以來被譽為黎(li)(li)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)圣地(di)(di)(di),黎(li)(li)族(zu)(zu)同胞(bao)的(de)(de)始祖山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),黎(li)(li)母(mu)神話傳說形(xing)成(cheng)了黎(li)(li)母(mu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)深厚的(de)(de)文(wen)化底蘊。林(lin)(lin)區野(ye)生動植(zhi)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)豐富,現已查(cha)明(ming)的(de)(de)動植(zhi)物(wu)物(wu)種達4300多(duo)種。林(lin)(lin)區主要景(jing)點有(you):黎(li)(li)母(mu)廟(miao)、黎(li)(li)母(mu)石(shi)像、石(shi)臼、曲林(lin)(lin)古林(lin)(lin)等(deng)旅游資(zi)源(yuan),這里山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)高林(lin)(lin)密,雨水(shui)豐富,風(feng)光奇特(te),四季如春,素(su)有(you)“黎(li)(li)人之祖”、“海島之心”、“三江(jiang)之源(yuan)”、“沉香之冠”等(deng)美稱。
五指山是海南(nan)(nan)第一高山,素(su)有“海南(nan)(nan)屋脊”之稱,是(shi)海南(nan)(nan)的象征,海南(nan)(nan)的名(ming)片,其(qi)中五(wu)指山二峰1867米,是(shi)海南(nan)(nan)島(dao)的最高峰。位于海南(nan)(nan)島(dao)中部(bu),整個(ge)山體(ti)南(nan)(nan)北長40余(yu)公(gong)(gong)里(li),東西寬30公(gong)(gong)里(li),峰巒起伏成鋸齒狀,形似人的五(wu)指,故得名(ming)。
吊羅山座落在海南島東南部(bu),位于海南熱帶雨(yu)林國家公(gong)園(yuan)東區(qu),地處東經109°40′41.5″~110°4′42.3″、北緯18°38′58.9″~18°51′0.1″之間,地跨(kua)陵水、萬寧(ning)、保亭、瓊中四個市縣,面(mian)積447平方公(gong)里,占國家公(gong)園(yuan)總面(mian)積10.47%,其中核(he)心保護區(qu)262平方公(gong)里,一般(ban)控制區(qu)185平方公(gong)里。森林覆(fu)蓋率96.26%。
霸王嶺位于海南島(dao)西南部(bu)(bu),北部(bu)(bu)東部(bu)(bu)與(yu)白沙縣(xian)接壤,西部(bu)(bu)與(yu)昌江縣(xian)相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian),南部(bu)(bu)和東方(fang)市相(xiang)(xiang)鄰(lin)。景(jing)區內不(bu)僅山、水、石、林巧合成(cheng)景(jing),巖、溪、樹、藤自然成(cheng)趣,雨(yu)林奇(qi)觀獨(du)具(ju)特色,而(er)且生態環境優(you)越,負氧離子含(han)量高,被(bei)人(ren)們稱為(wei)“天然氧吧”。
尖峰嶺(ling)位于海南島(dao)西南部(bu),北部(bu)與東(dong)方(fang)(fang)市接壤,西部(bu)和東(dong)部(bu)與樂東(dong)縣相鄰。地理座(zuo)標為東(dong)經10836’~10905’,北緯1823’~1852’,地跨樂東(dong)縣、東(dong)方(fang)(fang)市二個(ge)市縣,面積(ji)679平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里,占公(gong)園總面積(ji)15.91%,其(qi)中核心保護區505平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里,一般控制區174平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里。森林(lin)覆蓋率98%。
海(hai)南熱帶雨(yu)林(lin)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公園森林(lin)覆蓋率為95.56%,植被有(you)(you)熱帶雨(yu)林(lin)、南亞松林(lin)、橡膠林(lin)、桉(an)樹林(lin)、馬占相思林(lin)、加(jia)勒(le)比松林(lin)等(deng)(deng)類型(xing)。有(you)(you)野生維管(guan)束植物(wu)220科1142屬3577種,其中國(guo)家(jia)(jia)一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)護植物(wu)坡壘、伯樂(le)樹、海(hai)南蘇(su)鐵、葫蘆蘇(su)鐵、龍尾蘇(su)鐵、臺灣蘇(su)鐵等(deng)(deng)6種,國(guo)家(jia)(jia)二(er)級(ji)保(bao)護植物(wu)桫欏(luo)、土沉香、降香黃檀、海(hai)南紫(zi)荊木、蝴蝶(die)樹等(deng)(deng)34種,特有(you)(you)植物(wu)有(you)(you)尖峰青岡、霸王玉(yu)蘭、吊(diao)羅山(shan)蘿(luo)芙木、五指山(shan)含(han)笑、海(hai)南菊、海(hai)南翠柏(bo)、雅(ya)加(jia)松等(deng)(deng)428種。
海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)熱帶(dai)雨(yu)林國家(jia)公園有(you)脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)5綱38目145科414屬(shu)627種,其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)國家(jia)一級保(bao)護動(dong)(dong)物(wu)海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)長臂猿(yuan)、坡鹿(lu)、云(yun)豹(bao)、蟒蛇(she)、圓鼻巨蜥、海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)山鷓(zhe)鴣、海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)孔雀雉、黿8種,有(you)國家(jia)二級保(bao)護動(dong)(dong)物(wu)獼猴、水鹿(lu)、黑熊、中(zhong)華穿山甲(jia)、小爪水獺、原(yuan)雞、白鷴等67種,海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)特有(you)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)有(you)海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)長臂猿(yuan)、鸚(ying)哥嶺樹(shu)蛙(wa)、霸王嶺瞼虎(hu)、海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)山鷓(zhe)鴣、海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)孔雀雉、海(hai)(hai)南(nan)(nan)新毛(mao)猬等33種。
海(hai)南(nan)熱帶(dai)雨林(lin)(lin)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)位于(yu)海(hai)南(nan)島中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部,區劃總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)4269km2。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)核心保護(hu)區面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)2331km2,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)54.6%,一般控(kong)制區面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)1938km2,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)45.4%。土地利用(yong)類(lei)型(xing)以林(lin)(lin)地為主,面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)3829km2,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)89.7%。園(yuan)區內(nei)森林(lin)(lin)覆蓋率高(gao)達95.86%,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天然林(lin)(lin)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)3267.93km2,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)76.56%;人工(gong)林(lin)(lin)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)824km2,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)19.3%。人工(gong)林(lin)(lin)主要以橡膠、桉樹、馬占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)相思、加勒比松(song)、檳榔等經(jing)濟林(lin)(lin)種(zhong)或用(yong)材林(lin)(lin)種(zhong)為主。
海南熱帶雨林國(guo)家公(gong)(gong)園范圍內(nei)形成了以G9811中線高(gao)(gao)速為軸線,國(guo)道(dao)干線公(gong)(gong)路(lu)G224和省(sheng)道(dao)S314(東河(he)-江(jiang)邊(bian)-抱由)、S310(牙叉-什(shen)運)、S215(吊羅山-本號)為骨架,縣道(dao)X705、X546等為支撐的公(gong)(gong)路(lu)網絡,能夠(gou)與環島(dao)高(gao)(gao)速公(gong)(gong)路(lu)和環島(dao)高(gao)(gao)速鐵(tie)路(lu)連(lian)通(tong),實現海南熱帶雨林國(guo)家公(gong)(gong)園與全島(dao)交通(tong)的融(rong)合。
海南(nan)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)雨(yu)(yu)林(lin)國家公園霸王(wang)嶺雨(yu)(yu)林(lin)文化(hua)體驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)→五指山熱(re)(re)帶(dai)雨(yu)(yu)林(lin)探秘區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)→尖峰嶺原生(sheng)風景觀(guan)賞區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)→大廣壩(ba)生(sheng)態親水區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)→南(nan)高嶺森(sen)林(lin)生(sheng)境展示區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)→吊羅山熱(re)(re)帶(dai)雨(yu)(yu)林(lin)休閑區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)→鸚哥嶺智(zhi)慧科普(pu)教育區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)→黎(li)母山黎(li)族(zu)文化(hua)體驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。