沁源綿黃芪根呈圓柱形(xing),有(you)的(de)有(you)分枝(zhi),上(shang)端較粗且中心偶呈枯朽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或黑(hei)褐色(se)(se),長(chang)50~90 cm,直徑1~3.5 cm,表(biao)面淡棕(zong)黃色(se)(se),有(you)不整齊的(de)縱(zong)皺(zhou)紋(wen)或縱(zong)溝,質柔(rou)韌,不易折斷,斷面纖維性(xing)強,并具粉性(xing),皮部(bu)黃白色(se)(se),木部(bu)淡黃色(se)(se),有(you)有(you)放射狀(zhuang)(zhuang)紋(wen)理及裂(lie)隙,氣微(wei),味微(wei)甜,嚼之有(you)豆腥味。以條長(chang)、質柔(rou)、粉性(xing)足、豆腥味濃為主要特(te)征。
山(shan)(shan)西省長治市沁源縣(xian),轄沁河鎮、郭道(dao)鎮、靈空山(shan)(shan)鎮、王(wang)和鎮、李元鎮、中(zhong)峪鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、法中(zhong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、交口鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、聰子峪鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、韓洪鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、官(guan)灘鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、景鳳鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、赤石橋鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、王(wang)陶鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、沁源經(jing)濟技術開(kai)發區(qu),共計5個鎮、9個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),1個開(kai)發區(qu)。
外在感官特征
沁源綿黃(huang)芪(qi)根呈圓柱形,有(you)的(de)(de)有(you)分枝,上端較粗且中心偶呈枯朽狀或黑褐色,表面淡棕黃(huang)色,有(you)不整齊的(de)(de)縱皺(zhou)紋或縱溝,質(zhi)(zhi)柔韌,不易折斷(duan),斷(duan)面纖維性(xing)(xing)強(qiang),并具粉(fen)性(xing)(xing),皮部黃(huang)白色,木部淡黃(huang)色,有(you)有(you)放射(she)狀紋理及裂隙,氣微,味微甜,嚼之有(you)豆腥(xing)味。以條(tiao)長、質(zhi)(zhi)柔、粉(fen)性(xing)(xing)足、豆腥(xing)味濃(nong)為(wei)主要(yao)特(te)征。
內在品質指標
黃芪甲苷(gan)(C41H68O14)≥0.230%,毛(mao)蕊異黃酮葡萄(tao)糖苷(gan)(C22H22O10)≥0.020%。(均以干燥品計(ji))。
土壤地貌情況
沁(qin)源縣(xian)境屬黃土(tu)高(gao)原區(qu),地(di)理單元屬沁(qin)水盆地(di)西部隆(long)起(qi)(qi)區(qu)太岳山系(xi)主脈,西北(bei)隆(long)起(qi)(qi),東南(nan)傾低,海(hai)拔(ba)900~2500 m,平(ping)均海(hai)拔(ba)1400 m左右。境內(nei)山巒起(qi)(qi)伏,迭彩翠嶺,山地(di)、丘陵(ling)占總面積的(de)95.7%,土(tu)壤(rang)以富含腐殖(zhi)質(zhi)沙(sha)質(zhi)壤(rang)土(tu)為(wei)主,土(tu)質(zhi)呈酸性,背(bei)坡迎風,土(tu)壤(rang)濕潤,對綿黃芪(qi)生(sheng)長提高(gao)品(pin)質(zhi)和增加產量(liang)有(you)利。
水文情況
沁(qin)源(yuan)縣水系(xi)(xi)以(yi)才子平山嶺為分(fen)(fen)水嶺,其(qi)北的(de)王風(feng)河(he)(he)和王淘(tao)河(he)(he)于古塞(sai)匯成(cheng)龍鳳河(he)(he)向西注入汾(fen)河(he)(he)屬(shu)汾(fen)河(he)(he)水系(xi)(xi),其(qi)南有沁(qin)河(he)(he)及其(qi)支流聰(cong)子河(he)(he)和紫紅河(he)(he),屬(shu)沁(qin)河(he)(he)水系(xi)(xi),兩者均屬(shu)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)支流,年平均降雨量656.7 mm,春(chun)季易旱(han),秋季多雨,與黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)喜溫、耐(nai)寒,耐(nai)旱(han)、怕澇等生物學(xue)特性吻合度高,有利于黃(huang)(huang)芪(qi)苷、浸出物等有效成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)積累(lei)。
氣候情況
沁(qin)源縣屬暖溫帶大陸性(xing)季(ji)風氣(qi)候區,氣(qi)候溫和,空氣(qi)濕(shi)潤,平(ping)均(jun)溫度8.6℃,年(nian)相對濕(shi)度平(ping)均(jun)65%,年(nian)均(jun)氣(qi)溫8.7℃,無霜期90~150天,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)日照時(shi)數(shu)2519小時(shi),氣(qi)候冷涼、光照充足、晝夜溫差大,適宜綿黃芪(qi)(qi)生長發育,生產出的綿黃芪(qi)(qi)色鮮質優。
產地(di)(di)周圍(wei)應(ying)當無污染(ran)源,遠離市區,環(huan)境應(ying)當符(fu)合國家標準。 綿黃芪為(wei)深根性植物(wu),選(xuan)擇地(di)(di)勢高(gao)燥,排水(shui)良好,疏松(song)而肥(fei)沃(wo)的(de)沙壤土,背風(feng)向陽(yang)的(de)山坡或(huo)荒地(di)(di)栽(zai)種。選(xuan)地(di)(di)后進行整(zheng)地(di)(di),深耕30cm~45cm,結合翻(fan)地(di)(di)施(shi)基肥(fei),注意(yi)土壤保墑(di),耙細(xi)整(zheng)平,作畦或(huo)打壟。
選地與整地
選擇土層深厚疏(shu)松、排水良好、陽光充足(zu)的地塊(kuai)。秋、冬季翻(fan)地,整地要深翻(fan)30~40 cm,并(bing)結合翻(fan)地施足(zu)基肥(fei),耙細(xi)整平。每畝施有機肥(fei)或腐熟的農家肥(fei)2500~3O00 kg、過磷酸鈣25~30 kg。
種子處理
選取當年采收的(de)、無(wu)蟲蛀或(huo)(huo)病變(bian)的(de)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)黃褐色或(huo)(huo)棕(zong)黑色、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仁(ren)飽(bao)滿(剝開種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)可(ke)見自色的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仁(ren))的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),進行催(cui)芽處理。 溫(wen)湯浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)放(fang)人水溫(wen)40℃的(de)水中浸(jin)泡2 h,將水倒出,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)加覆(fu)蓋物燜8~12 h,待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)膨大或(huo)(huo)外(wai)皮(pi)(pi)破(po)裂時,可(ke)拌(ban)土(tu)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。機械處理:將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)置于石(shi)碾(nian)上,放(fang)厚些(xie),快速碾(nian)數(shu)遍,待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)碾(nian)至(zhi)外(wai)皮(pi)(pi)由(you)棕(zong)黑色變(bian)為灰(hui)棕(zong)色時即可(ke)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。或(huo)(huo)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)拌(ban)入2倍的(de)細砂(sha)揉搓(cuo),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)擦(ca)傷即可(ke)帶砂(sha)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
播種
以春播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)為主,氣溫穩定在5℃以上(shang)時,于(yu)(yu)4月中旬至5月上(shang)旬進行,分穴播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)、條(tiao)(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)和撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種深(shen)度2.5~3 cm,每畝播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種量2.5~3 kg。穴播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)按(an)行距33 cm、穴距27 cm挖淺穴;條(tiao)(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)按(an)行距15 cm開淺溝,溝深(shen)1 cm,將種子均(jun)勻撒于(yu)(yu)溝內,覆(fu)土(tu)約1 cm稍加鎮(zhen)壓即可。
田間管理
中(zhong)(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao):苗出(chu)齊后即可(ke)松(song)土除(chu)草(cao),一般進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)2~3次。當(dang)苗高7~10 cm時進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)疏苗,按15~20 cm株(zhu)距定苗。以后每年于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長期視土壤板(ban)結(jie)和雜(za)草(cao)長勢,進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)松(song)土除(chu)草(cao)。 肥水(shui):播種1~2年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)綿黃芪(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長旺(wang)盛,根部發育較(jiao)快,可(ke)結(jie)合中(zhong)(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao)適(shi)當(dang)追施磷鉀肥料。出(chu)苗和返青(qing)期需水(shui)分較(jiao)多(duo),如(ru)遇干旱,應及時進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)灌水(shui);雨季濕(shi)度過(guo)大,易導致根部腐(fu)爛,造成幼苗死亡,期間應注意(yi)排水(shui),充分降低土壤濕(shi)度,以利根部正常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長。
病蟲害防治
常見(jian)病(bing)害(hai)有(you)白粉病(bing)、白絹病(bing)、根結線(xian)蟲(chong)病(bing)、枯萎病(bing)、銹病(bing)、紫(zi)紋(wen)羽病(bing)等,常見(jian)的(de)蟲(chong)害(hai)有(you)食心蟲(chong)、芫(yan)菁、蚜蟲(chong)等。堅持“預(yu)防(fang)為主,綜合防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)原則,采用(yong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)、生(sheng)物防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)和化學防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)結合,做好病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)的(de)預(yu)測預(yu)報和藥效試驗,提高防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)效果,禁(jin)止使用(yong)國家禁(jin)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥。收獲(huo)前30天禁(jin)止使用(yong)化學農(nong)(nong)藥。
產品收獲及產后處理的(de)(de)規定(ding) 黃芪生長3~4年即可采收。秋(qiu)末采挖的(de)(de)質量(liang)優于春(chun)季(ji)采挖的(de)(de),一般在10~11月間地上部枯萎后采挖。
應在晴天進行(xing),挖時必須挖深,以防把根(gen)弄斷或損傷外(wai)皮,降(jiang)低產品質(zhi)量。
根(gen)挖出后(hou)除去泥土(tu)等雜質(zhi),去除病、爛根(gen),趁鮮剪(jian)掉殘莖、須根(gen),在自然(ran)陽光下晾曬,曬至半干(gan)時(shi)將根(gen)理直,依據長度和粗度分(fen)類捆(kun)成(cheng)小捆(kun),曬至全干(gan)后(hou),分(fen)級。
選用不易破損、干燥(zao)、清潔、無(wu)異味及不影響黃芪品質的包(bao)裝袋進行(xing)包(bao)裝。
包裝(zhuang)袋(dai)應有保證記錄:品名、批號、規格、重量、產地、采收日期(qi)等(deng)。貯存于(yu)倉庫干燥處,溫度30℃以(yi)下,相對濕度70%~75%。
運(yun)輸(shu)時不能與其他有(you)毒、有(you)害物質混裝,運(yun)輸(shu)工(gong)具(ju)必須清潔、干燥、無(wu)異味、無(wu)污(wu)染(ran)。