中華(hua)狼蛛廣泛分布在山(shan)西丶山(shan)東、遼寧(ning)、吉林、天津、河(he)(he)北(bei)、甘(gan)肅、寧(ning)夏、河(he)(he)南、陜(shan)西、黑龍江等中國(guo)北(bei)方田間,蒙古也(ye)有發現(xian),但不是中華(hua)狼蛛,為(wei)穴居狼蛛。
中(zhong)華狼(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)身長(雌(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)19—30毫(hao)米,雄蛛(zhu)(zhu)15—21毫(hao)米)、體態粗壯、活動(dong)敏捷、捕食兇猛。全身為(wei)土(tu)灰色(se)、背甲上(shang)向(xiang)外擴散(san)黑色(se)花紋、螯肢(zhi)為(wei)黃(huang)色(se)、眼睛排列為(wei)4、2、2。仔細觀察發現(xian)外型有些類(lei)似中(zhong)國民間工藝(yi)品布老虎(hu)。
中華狼(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為我國(guo)北方棉區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穴(xue)(xue)居性狼(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。多棲息于(yu)平原地(di)區和山(shan)區平原棉田,在(zai)(zai)離村莊(zhuang)遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大洼,不積(ji)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)塊、田畦(qi)、溝渠上挖穴(xue)(xue)筑室。幼(you)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和成蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)挖穴(xue)(xue)前(qian)(qian),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)先(xian)利用其它昆蟲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)為基礎,用螯(ao)肢(zhi)掘(jue)土(tu)(tu)并用觸肢(zhi)及前(qian)(qian)對步足將土(tu)(tu)粒送出外(wai)(離洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)4-7厘米)。初筑新(xin)穴(xue)(xue),洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)周(zhou)圍有新(xin)土(tu)(tu)顆(ke)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)并不高于(yu)土(tu)(tu)面(mian)。幼(you)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)直(zhi)(zhi)徑與其個(ge)體大小(xiao)有關,成蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)直(zhi)(zhi)徑一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)2.50-3.00厘米;幼(you)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑因蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)齡(ling)期不同(tong)(tong)而(er)異,一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)為1-4厘米。隨著蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)齡(ling)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增長或(huo)季(ji)節氣溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua),洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度逐漸增加,成蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)早春的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)深(shen)度一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)為20厘米左右;夏季(ji)可(ke)達35厘米。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)底的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)徑與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)徑相同(tong)(tong)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁都罩以(yi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si);幼(you)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)及洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁網薄,而(er)成蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網壁增厚成障,能(neng)防止洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁坍塌。
中(zhong)華狼蛛一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)日落后出(chu)洞(dong)(dong)活(huo)動和(he)尋食(shi)(shi)(shi),可(ke)取食(shi)(shi)(shi)多種農(nong)林害蟲(chong),故在(zai)魯西南(nan)地區又(you)有(you)“地俠(xia)”之稱。在(zai)其(qi)洞(dong)(dong)穴內(nei)(nei)經(jing)常可(ke)以(yi)挖出(chu)金龜(gui)卿(qing)、夜蛾類成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)的殘體(ti)。室內(nei)(nei)飼養,可(ke)取食(shi)(shi)(shi)蝗埔、粘蟲(chong)、玉米螟、地老虎、棉(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)、煙(yan)青(qing)蟲(chong)、柳毒蛾、擠(ji)蠟(la)、蟋蟀、葉蟬、飛虱、蠅類等(deng)。三齡以(yi)上若蛛其(qi)捕食(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)大于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)蛛。一(yi)頭雌成(cheng)(cheng)蛛一(yi)天可(ke)取食(shi)(shi)(shi)三齡粘蟲(chong)7頭。田(tian)間施(shi)藥對其(qi)影響較大,菊脂類、有(you)機磷農(nong)藥尤甚。施(shi)藥后,常可(ke)見到中(zhong)毒死亡的蜘蛛。不(bu)施(shi)藥田(tian)中(zhong)華狼蛛存量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)高于(yu)施(shi)藥田(tian)3-5倍。
中華狼蛛幼蛛共蛻皮6次,有7個齡(ling)期。在(zai)山東省以成(cheng)蛛或亞成(cheng)蛛子(zi)11月(yue)在(zai)洞內(nei)越(yue)冬,翌年3月(yue)開(kai)始活動,并開(kai)始挖(wa)穴筑(zhu)巢,4月(yue)上旬(xun)開(kai)始交配(pei)產卵,4月(yue)下旬(xun)奎5月(yue)上旬(xun)越(yue)冬成(cheng)蛛開(kai)始產卵。在(zai)該地區,一(yi)年發生(sheng)一(yi)個世代。
中華狼蛛(zhu)(zhu)多系(xi)秋季發育(yu)成(cheng)熟(shu),以亞成(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)越冬者則(ze)于(yu)翌(yi)年春末夏(xia)初發育(yu)為成(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)。正常(chang)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia),雄(xiong)蛛(zhu)(zhu)性成(cheng)熟(shu)則(ze)先(xian)于(yu)雌(ci)。剛成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)雄(xiong)蛛(zhu)(zhu)在洞口外(wai)織片(pian)狀雨不規則(ze)精(jing)(jing)網(wang),平鋪于(yu)洞口附近的(de)地面(mian)上,將(jiang)精(jing)(jing)液射入(ru)精(jing)(jing)網(wang),再以觸肢(zhi)器(qi)吸入(ru)生殖(zhi)球(qiu)。然(ran)后尋找雌(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)。求偶時,雄(xiong)蛛(zhu)(zhu)先(xian)以第1對步足和觸肢(zhi)交替(ti)(ti)舞動,雌(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)許諾(nuo)后,便迅速從雌(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)前面(mian)爬(pa)到頭胸部背(bei)面(mian),雌(ci)雄(xiong)頭腹呈相反方向,雄(xiong)蛛(zhu)(zhu)將(jiang)觸肢(zhi)沿雌(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)腹側向下(xia)插入(ru)雌(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)生殖(zhi)孔進行授(shou)精(jing)(jing)。左(zuo)右觸肢(zhi)器(qi)可交替(ti)(ti)授(shou)精(jing)(jing)。交配多在夜晚進行。
在(zai)黃河中(zhong)(zhong)卞游及(ji)(ji)華北地區,中(zhong)(zhong)華狼蛛(zhu)凡(fan)越冬前(qian)交配授精(jing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),則(ze)于(yu)翌年4月(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)至5月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)產卵(luan)(luan);年后(hou)授精(jing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),則(ze)于(yu)5月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)至6月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)產卵(luan)(luan)。這與(yu)當(dang)年氣溫(wen)回(hui)升情(qing)況、食源及(ji)(ji)土壤濕度有直(zhi)接關系。越冬亞成蛛(zhu)于(yu)年后(hou)蛻皮成熟(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),常于(yu)6-7月(yue)(yue)產卵(luan)(luan),氣溫(wen)一(yi)般持續在(zai)15-28℃。孕蛛(zhu)產卵(luan)(luan)前(qian)一(yi)周左右,抽絲(si)結網(wang)封住洞(dong)(dong)口,將(jiang)自(zi)身(shen)掩(yan)在(zai)洞(dong)(dong)內,此期(qi)間不再出洞(dong)(dong)取食和飲(yin)水(shui)。臨近排(pai)(pai)卵(luan)(luan)前(qian)夕,先織圓形網(wang)墊(dian)于(yu)洞(dong)(dong)底,直(zhi)徑約20-28毫米,歷(li)時(shi)75-92分鐘(zhong)(zhong),隨后(hou)猛收腹(fu)部,將(jiang)卵(luan)(luan)從生殖孔處一(yi)滴(di)(di)滴(di)(di)(每滴(di)(di)含卵(luan)(luan)3-5粒(li))排(pai)(pai)擠出來,一(yi)般約10-40滴(di)(di),歷(li)時(shi)6-8分鐘(zhong)(zhong)。然后(hou)織網(wang)覆蓋。將(jiang)卵(luan)(luan)全部包裹,歷(li)時(shi)30-39分鐘(zhong)(zhong),最(zui)后(hou)用螯(ao)肢、觸肢及(ji)(ji)第1步(bu)足相互配合動作,進行收邊整(zheng)理(li)成球形或橢圓形卵(luan)(luan)囊(nang),歷(li)時(shi)80-109分鐘(zhong)(zhong)。
中(zhong)華狼蛛具護卵(luan)(luan)行為,若(ruo)蛛孵出之(zhi)前,雌蛛隨時將卵(luan)(luan)囊(nang)攜帶于(yu)紡(fang)器上(shang),白天將卵(luan)(luan)囊(nang)推出洞口曬太陽,使(shi)其受溫。直至(zhi)若(ruo)蛛全部孵出,方(fang)肯(ken)丟棄。
雌蛛(zhu)受精后,可先后產生(sheng)2個(ge)卵(luan)囊。每個(ge)卵(luan)袋內平均含卵(luan)量(liang)在100粒(li)左右(43-313粒(li))。單雌一(yi)生(sheng)產卵(luan)量(liang)在200-300粒(li)。