中(zhong)華(hua)狼蛛廣泛分布在(zai)山(shan)西丶山(shan)東、遼寧(ning)、吉林、天津、河北、甘肅、寧(ning)夏(xia)、河南(nan)、陜西、黑龍江等中(zhong)國北方(fang)田間,蒙古也有(you)發現(xian),但不是中(zhong)華(hua)狼蛛,為穴居狼蛛。
中華(hua)狼蛛身長(雌蛛19—30毫(hao)米,雄蛛15—21毫(hao)米)、體態(tai)粗壯、活動敏(min)捷、捕食兇(xiong)猛。全(quan)身為(wei)土(tu)灰色、背甲上向(xiang)外擴散(san)黑色花(hua)紋、螯肢為(wei)黃色、眼睛排列為(wei)4、2、2。仔細觀察發現外型有(you)些類似(si)中國(guo)民間工(gong)藝品布老虎(hu)。
中華狼蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)我國北方棉區的(de)(de)(de)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)居性狼蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。多棲息于(yu)平原(yuan)(yuan)地區和山區平原(yuan)(yuan)棉田(tian),在離村莊遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)大洼,不(bu)積水的(de)(de)(de)地塊、田(tian)畦(qi)、溝渠上挖(wa)(wa)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)筑室。幼(you)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和成蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在挖(wa)(wa)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)前(qian),一般(ban)先利用其它(ta)昆蟲的(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)為(wei)(wei)基礎(chu),用螯肢掘土(tu)并用觸(chu)肢及前(qian)對步足將土(tu)粒送出外(離洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)4-7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi))。初筑新穴(xue)(xue)(xue),洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)周圍(wei)有新土(tu)顆。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)并不(bu)高于(yu)土(tu)面。幼(you)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)直徑(jing)與其個體(ti)大小有關,成蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)直徑(jing)一般(ban)在2.50-3.00厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);幼(you)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)直徑(jing)因(yin)蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)齡(ling)期不(bu)同(tong)而(er)異,一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)1-4厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。隨著(zhu)蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)齡(ling)期的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)長或季節氣溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua),洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)深度逐漸(jian)增(zeng)(zeng)加,成蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)早(zao)春的(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)深度一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)20厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左右;夏季可達(da)35厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)底的(de)(de)(de)直徑(jing)與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)直徑(jing)相同(tong)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)與洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁(bi)都罩以蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲;幼(you)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)口(kou)及洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁(bi)網薄,而(er)成蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網壁(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)厚成障,能(neng)防(fang)止洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁(bi)坍(tan)塌。
中華狼蛛(zhu)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)日(ri)落后(hou)出(chu)洞活動和尋食(shi),可(ke)(ke)取食(shi)多種農(nong)(nong)林害蟲(chong)(chong),故在(zai)(zai)魯(lu)西南地區又有“地俠”之稱。在(zai)(zai)其洞穴內經常可(ke)(ke)以(yi)挖出(chu)金(jin)龜卿、夜蛾(e)類(lei)成蟲(chong)(chong)的殘體。室(shi)內飼養,可(ke)(ke)取食(shi)蝗埔、粘蟲(chong)(chong)、玉米螟、地老(lao)虎(hu)、棉鈴蟲(chong)(chong)、煙(yan)青蟲(chong)(chong)、柳毒蛾(e)、擠蠟、蟋蟀、葉蟬、飛虱、蠅類(lei)等(deng)。三齡以(yi)上若蛛(zhu)其捕(bu)食(shi)量大于成蛛(zhu)。一頭雌成蛛(zhu)一天可(ke)(ke)取食(shi)三齡粘蟲(chong)(chong)7頭。田間施(shi)藥(yao)對其影響較大,菊(ju)脂類(lei)、有機磷農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)尤甚。施(shi)藥(yao)后(hou),常可(ke)(ke)見到中毒死亡的蜘蛛(zhu)。不施(shi)藥(yao)田中華狼蛛(zhu)存(cun)量一般(ban)高于施(shi)藥(yao)田3-5倍。
中(zhong)華狼蛛(zhu)(zhu)幼蛛(zhu)(zhu)共蛻皮6次,有(you)7個齡(ling)期。在(zai)山東(dong)省(sheng)以成(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)或亞成(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)子(zi)11月(yue)在(zai)洞內越冬,翌年3月(yue)開始(shi)活動,并開始(shi)挖穴筑巢,4月(yue)上旬開始(shi)交配產(chan)卵,4月(yue)下旬奎5月(yue)上旬越冬成(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)開始(shi)產(chan)卵。在(zai)該地區,一年發生一個世代。
中華狼(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)多系(xi)秋季發育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu),以亞成(cheng)(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)越冬(dong)者則(ze)(ze)于翌年春末(mo)夏(xia)初發育(yu)為成(cheng)(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。正常(chang)情(qing)況(kuang)下,雄(xiong)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)性成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)則(ze)(ze)先(xian)于雌(ci)(ci)(ci)。剛成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)的(de)雄(xiong)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在洞口外織片(pian)狀雨(yu)不(bu)規則(ze)(ze)精網,平鋪于洞口附近的(de)地面(mian)上(shang),將(jiang)精液(ye)射入精網,再以觸肢器吸入生(sheng)殖球。然后尋找雌(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。求(qiu)偶(ou)時(shi),雄(xiong)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)先(xian)以第1對(dui)步足和觸肢交(jiao)(jiao)替(ti)舞動,雌(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)許諾后,便迅速從雌(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)前(qian)面(mian)爬到頭(tou)胸部背面(mian),雌(ci)(ci)(ci)雄(xiong)頭(tou)腹(fu)呈相反(fan)方(fang)向(xiang),雄(xiong)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)將(jiang)觸肢沿雌(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)腹(fu)側向(xiang)下插入雌(ci)(ci)(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)殖孔進(jin)行授精。左右觸肢器可交(jiao)(jiao)替(ti)授精。交(jiao)(jiao)配多在夜(ye)晚(wan)進(jin)行。
在黃河中(zhong)卞游及(ji)華(hua)北地區,中(zhong)華(hua)狼(lang)蛛凡越冬前交(jiao)配(pei)授精(jing)(jing)者,則于(yu)翌年(nian)4月下旬(xun)(xun)至5月中(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan);年(nian)后授精(jing)(jing)者,則于(yu)5月中(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)至6月中(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)。這與當年(nian)氣溫(wen)回升情況、食(shi)源及(ji)土壤濕度有直接關系。越冬亞成蛛于(yu)年(nian)后蛻(tui)皮成熟者,常于(yu)6-7月產(chan)(chan)卵(luan),氣溫(wen)一(yi)般(ban)持續在15-28℃。孕蛛產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)前一(yi)周左右,抽絲結網封住洞(dong)口,將(jiang)自身(shen)掩在洞(dong)內,此期間(jian)不(bu)再出(chu)洞(dong)取食(shi)和飲水。臨近(jin)排卵(luan)前夕,先織(zhi)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)網墊于(yu)洞(dong)底(di),直徑約(yue)20-28毫米,歷(li)(li)時(shi)75-92分(fen)鐘(zhong),隨后猛收腹部,將(jiang)卵(luan)從生殖孔處一(yi)滴滴(每滴含卵(luan)3-5粒(li))排擠(ji)出(chu)來,一(yi)般(ban)約(yue)10-40滴,歷(li)(li)時(shi)6-8分(fen)鐘(zhong)。然后織(zhi)網覆蓋。將(jiang)卵(luan)全(quan)部包裹,歷(li)(li)時(shi)30-39分(fen)鐘(zhong),最后用螯肢、觸肢及(ji)第1步足相互配(pei)合動(dong)作,進行(xing)收邊整(zheng)理成球形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)卵(luan)囊,歷(li)(li)時(shi)80-109分(fen)鐘(zhong)。
中華狼蛛具(ju)護卵(luan)行為,若蛛孵(fu)出之前,雌(ci)蛛隨時將卵(luan)囊攜帶于紡器上,白天將卵(luan)囊推出洞口曬太陽,使其受溫(wen)。直至若蛛全部孵(fu)出,方肯丟棄。
雌蛛受精后(hou)(hou),可先后(hou)(hou)產生2個(ge)卵囊。每個(ge)卵袋內平均(jun)含卵量在100粒(li)左右(43-313粒(li))。單雌一生產卵量在200-300粒(li)。