紅(hong)衣綠(lv)裳是菊(ju)花(hua)(hua)品種。花(hua)(hua)玫(mei)紅(hong),兼(jian)有(you)(you)綠(lv)、黃、白色,初開(kai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)較(jiao)綠(lv)。平瓣。瓣端少(shao)許(xu)尖,瓣面玫(mei)紅(hong)色呈暈染(ran)色樣(yang),根部深,至稍部漸淺(qian)淡,稍關邊沿呈白色玉邊樣(yang),背尖色黃綠(lv)。外(wai)圍瓣開(kai)足多呈扭曲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。花(hua)(hua)瓣上有(you)(you)深淺(qian)條溝。芍藥型。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪花(hua)(hua),花(hua)(hua)徑13-15厘米,開(kai)足不露心(xin)或(huo)有(you)(you)露心(xin)者。長(chang)正(zheng)葉,葉不大,邊緣有(you)(you)尖圓瞪狀(zhuang)(zhuang);葉片淺(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裂(lie),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)偏(pian)(pian)長(chang),葉柄(bing),基部有(you)(you)托葉。莖梗紫褐色,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)偏(pian)(pian)細、矮。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)。
紅衣綠裳菊(ju)花生長(chang)勢弱,技(ji)術(shu)管理(li)要求高(gao)。適宜三本(ben)、多本(ben)菊(ju)等培植(zhi)。為(wei)短日(ri)照植(zhi)物,適應性很強,喜涼,較耐(nai)寒(han),生長(chang)適溫18-21℃,最高(gao)32℃,最低10℃,地下根莖(jing)耐(nai)低溫極(ji)限(xian)一般(ban)為(wei)-10℃。花期(qi)最低夜溫17℃,開花期(qi)(中、后)可降至15-13℃。喜充足(zu)陽光,但也(ye)稍耐(nai)陰。較耐(nai)干,最忌(ji)積(ji)澇。喜地勢高(gao)燥、土(tu)層深厚(hou)、富(fu)含腐殖質(zhi)、輕松(song)肥沃而(er)排(pai)水良好(hao)的沙壤土(tu)。在(zai)微酸性到中性的土(tu)中均能生長(chang),而(er)以PH6.2-6.7較好(hao)。忌(ji)連作。
宜選用(yong)肥沃的(de)砂質土壤,先(xian)小(xiao)盆(pen)后(hou)大盆(pen),經2-3次(ci)換盆(pen),7月可定盆(pen);定盆(pen)可選用(yong)6份(fen)腐葉土、3份(fen)砂土和1份(fen)餅肥渣配制成混(hun)合土壤。澆(jiao)透水后(hou)放陰(yin)涼處,待植株生長正常后(hou)移至向(xiang)陽(yang)處。
春季(ji)菊(ju)苗幼(you)小,澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)宜少(shao)(shao);夏季(ji)菊(ju)苗長大(da),天(tian)氣炎熱,蒸(zheng)(zheng)發量(liang)大(da),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)充(chong)足,可(ke)在清晨(chen)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一次,傍晚再補(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一次,并(bing)要(yao)(yao)用噴(pen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壺(hu)向(xiang)菊(ju)花(hua)枝葉及周圍地面(mian)噴(pen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),以增加(jia)環境濕度;立(li)秋(qiu)前要(yao)(yao)適當控(kong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、控(kong)肥,以防止(zhi)植株(zhu)竄(cuan)高瘋長。立(li)秋(qiu)后開(kai)花(hua)前,要(yao)(yao)加(jia)大(da)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)并(bing)開(kai)始施肥,肥水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)逐(zhu)漸加(jia)濃;冬季(ji)花(hua)枝基本停(ting)止(zhi)生長,植株(zhu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分消耗量(liang)明顯減少(shao)(shao),蒸(zheng)(zheng)發量(liang)也(ye)小,須嚴(yan)格控(kong)制澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)最(zui)好用噴(pen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壺(hu)緩緩噴(pen)灑,不(bu)可(ke)用猛水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沖澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)除要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)季(ji)節決(jue)定量(liang)和次數外,還要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)天(tian)氣變(bian)化而變(bian)化。陰(yin)雨天(tian)要(yao)(yao)少(shao)(shao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)或不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao);氣溫高蒸(zheng)(zheng)發量(liang)大(da)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)多(duo)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),反之則(ze)要(yao)(yao)少(shao)(shao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。一般(ban)在給(gei)花(hua)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi),要(yao)(yao)見盆(pen)土變(bian)干時(shi)再澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),不(bu)干不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)則(ze)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透。但不(bu)要(yao)(yao)使花(hua)盆(pen)汪(wang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),否(fou)則(ze)會造成爛根(gen)、葉枯(ku)黃,引起植株(zhu)死亡(wang)。
在(zai)菊花植株(zhu)定(ding)植時(shi),盆中要施(shi)足(zu)底肥(fei)。以后(hou)可(ke)(ke)隔10天(tian)施(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次氮肥(fei)。立秋后(hou)自菊花孕蕾到現蕾時(shi),可(ke)(ke)每周(zhou)施(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次稍濃(nong)(nong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)的肥(fei)水;含苞待放時(shi),再(zai)施(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次濃(nong)(nong)肥(fei)水后(hou),即暫停施(shi)肥(fei)。如果此時(shi)能給菊花施(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次過磷酸鈣或0.1%磷酸二氫(qing)鉀溶(rong)液,則(ze)花可(ke)(ke)開得(de)更鮮艷(yan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)。
當菊花(hua)(hua)植(zhi)株(zhu)長至10多厘米高(gao)時(shi),即開始摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)。摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)時(shi)只(zhi)留(liu)植(zhi)株(zhu)基部4-5片(pian)葉,上部葉片(pian)全部摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)除。待長出5-6片(pian)新葉時(shi),再將心(xin)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)去,使植(zhi)株(zhu)保留(liu)4-7個主枝(zhi),以后長出的(de)枝(zhi)、芽(ya)要及(ji)時(shi)摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)除。摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)能使植(zhi)株(zhu)發(fa)生分枝(zhi),有效控(kong)制植(zhi)株(zhu)高(gao)度和株(zhu)型。最后一次摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)心(xin)時(shi),要對(dui)菊花(hua)(hua)植(zhi)株(zhu)進(jin)行定型修剪,去掉過(guo)多枝(zhi)、過(guo)旺及(ji)過(guo)弱枝(zhi),保留(liu)3-5個枝(zhi)即可。9月現蕾時(shi),要摘(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)去植(zhi)株(zhu)下端的(de)花(hua)(hua)蕾,每個分枝(zhi)上只(zhi)留(liu)頂端一個花(hua)(hua)蕾。
在秋冬切(qie)取植株(zhu)(zhu)外部腳芽桿插(cha)。選芽的標準(zhun)是距(ju)植株(zhu)(zhu)較遠,芽頭(tou)豐滿。芽選好后(hou),剝(bo)去下部葉片(pian),按株(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)3-4厘(li)米、行距(ju)4-5厘(li)米,插(cha)于(yu)溫室或大棚內的花盆或插(cha)床粗砂中,保持7-8℃室溫,春(chun)暖后(hou)栽(zai)于(yu)室外。嫩枝插(cha):此(ci)法應用(yong)最廣。多(duo)(duo)于(yu)4-5月(yue)扦插(cha)。截取嫩技8-10厘(li)米作為插(cha)穗,插(cha)后(hou)善(shan)加(jia)管理。在18-21℃的溫度下,多(duo)(duo)數品種3周左右生根,約4周即可移(yi)苗上盆。
介質可(ke)用園土配(pei)上(shang)(shang)1/3的(de)礱(long)糠灰(hui)。在高(gao)床(chuang)上(shang)(shang)搭蘆簾棚遮蔭。全(quan)光(guang)照的(de)插(cha)床(chuang),如有自動噴霧設備(bei),不需遮蔭。葉芽插(cha):從枝條上(shang)(shang)剪取(qu)1張(zhang)帶(dai)腋芽的(de)葉片插(cha)之。此法僅用于繁殖(zhi)珍稀品(pin)種。分(fen)(fen)株:一般在清明前后,把植(zhi)株掘出,依根(gen)的(de)自然形態帶(dai)根(gen)分(fen)(fen)開,另植(zhi)盆(pen)中。
為使菊(ju)花(hua)生長強健,用以做成"十樣(yang)錦"或大立菊(ju),可用黃蒿(hao)或青蒿(hao)作砧木進(jin)行嫁接。秋末采蒿(hao)種,冬(dong)季在溫室播(bo)種,或3月(yue)間(jian)(jian)在溫床育苗,4月(yue)下旬苗高(gao)3-4厘米時(shi)移于盆中或田間(jian)(jian),在晴天進(jin)行劈(pi)接。
此病容易發生在(zai)雨水多(duo)的七八(ba)月份,病菌在(zai)土壤內存活傳播,植株(zhu)受(shou)害后,病菌分泌有毒物質,破壞(huai)組織細胞和堵塞導管(guan),使水分供(gong)應受(shou)阻,很快萎蔫枯死。
防治方法:①盆土消毒(du)。用(yong)40倍福爾馬林溶液或(huo)其(qi)他(ta)藥劑(ji)(如高錳酸鉀)消毒(du)。②合理施(shi)肥和澆水(shui)。肥要(yao)充分腐(fu)熟,并(bing)注(zhu)意增施(shi)磷、鉀肥。澆水(shui)要(yao)見干見濕,并(bing)做好(hao)排水(shui)工作。③注(zhu)意隔離。重病植(zhi)株(zhu)應立即拔除,遠離健(jian)康植(zhi)株(zhu)并(bing)燒毀,輕(qing)病植(zhi)株(zhu)可用(yong)50%多菌靈(ling)直(zhi)接(jie)澆灌根際周圍(wei)土壤,連續數次。
真菌傳染發(fa)病。8-9月到入冬,在(zai)濕度大、光照弱(ruo)、通(tong)風不良、晝夜溫差在(zai)10℃左右時最易感(gan)染發(fa)病。灰白色菌絲著(zhu)生(sheng)在(zai)上部嫩枝新(xin)葉(xie)背面和花蕾上,形(xing)成一層粉霜,使花、葉(xie)變形(xing),嚴重影響植(zhi)株的正常生(sheng)長(chang)和觀賞效果。防治(zhi)方法(fa):8月上中旬(xun)噴(pen)(pen)灑甲基(ji)托布津或(huo)多菌靈(ling),每半個月一次(ci),連(lian)噴(pen)(pen)3至4次(ci)。
為紅色或紅黃(huang)色細(xi)小螨類害蟲,通常(chang)潛伏(fu)于葉背面,刺吸汁(zhi)液(ye),造成葉片(pian)干黃(huang)枯死,多(duo)發生在5-6月份。防治(zhi)方(fang)法:用(yong)40%氧化樂(le)果和(he)80%敵敵畏(wei)800-1000倍(bei)液(ye),最(zui)好使用(yong)三氯殺螨醇800倍(bei)液(ye)噴灑,具有特效。
成蟲(chong)為2毫(hao)米左右的白色小蛾子(zi),5月間(jian)(jian)在(zai)葉(xie)(xie)子(zi)上產卵(luan),幼蟲(chong)孵化(hua)后(hou)即(ji)鉆到葉(xie)(xie)肉里(li)蛀食(shi),把葉(xie)(xie)肉吃(chi)光(guang),蛀成一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)條(tiao)(tiao)蜿蜒(yan)曲折的干(gan)空隧道(dao),嚴(yan)重時每片(pian)葉(xie)(xie)子(zi)上有(you)四五(wu)個,導致全葉(xie)(xie)枯黃干(gan)死。1年繁(fan)殖(zhi)三四代,到10月間(jian)(jian)仍有(you)發生。防治方法(fa):可(ke)于早期摘除(chu)被害(hai)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian),4至5月間(jian)(jian)用氧化(hua)樂果等(deng)內吸式殺蟲(chong)劑噴灑(sa)防治。