七星瓢(piao)蟲(學名:Coccinella septempunctata)是瓢(piao)蟲科、瓢(piao)蟲屬昆蟲。成蟲體(ti)長(chang)5.2-6.5毫米,寬(kuan)4.0-5.6毫米;身體(ti)卵圓形(xing),背(bei)部拱起,呈水(shui)瓢(piao)狀;頭黑(hei)色、復(fu)眼黑(hei)色,內側(ce)凹入(ru)處各有(you)一淡黃色點;觸(chu)角(jiao)褐色;口器黑(hei)色;上(shang)額外側(ce)為黃色;前胸背(bei)板黑(hei),前上(shang)角(jiao)各有(you)1個(ge)(ge)較大的近(jin)方形(xing)的淡黃地(di);小盾片黑(hei)色;鞘翅紅色或橙黃色,兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)共有(you)7個(ge)(ge)黑(hei)斑,左右兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)各有(you)3個(ge)(ge)黑(hei)點,接合處前方尚(shang)有(you)一個(ge)(ge)更(geng)大的黑(hei)點;翅基(ji)部在小盾片兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)各有(you)1個(ge)(ge)三角(jiao)形(xing)白斑;體(ti)腹及足黑(hei)色。
七(qi)星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)一生要經過卵、幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)、蛹和成蟲(chong)(chong)4個不同發育階(jie)段(duan),各蟲(chong)(chong)態的(de)發育歷期,主(zhu)要受食(shi)物(wu)和溫度的(de)影響。七(qi)星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)是遷(qian)飛(fei)性昆蟲(chong)(chong),成蟲(chong)(chong)和幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)覓食(shi)行(xing)為(wei)屬(shu)于廣域(yu)搜(sou)索與(yu)區域(yu)集中搜(sou)索行(xing)為(wei)的(de)轉換。七(qi)星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)主(zhu)要以蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)為(wei)食(shi),有(you)時還(huan)取(qu)食(shi)小(xiao)土粒、真菌(jun)孢(bao)子(zi)和一些小(xiao)型昆蟲(chong)(chong),秋天還(huan)常常取(qu)食(shi)植物(wu)的(de)花粉(fen)。廣泛分布于非洲(zhou)、歐(ou)洲(zhou)、亞洲(zhou)。
七星瓢蟲的(de)名稱(cheng)由其(qi)鞘翅上的(de)7個黑色斑點而來,但是(shi)(shi)其(qi)身上的(de)斑點數量是(shi)(shi)各不相同(tong)的(de)。
七(qi)星瓢蟲幼(you)蟲與異色(se)(se)(se)(se)瓢蟲幼(you)蟲相似。區別在于七(qi)星瓢蟲幼(you)蟲淡藍灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se),異色(se)(se)(se)(se)瓢蟲幼(you)蟲灰(hui)黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)。七(qi)星瓢蟲幼(you)蟲腹部背面和(he)側面,每節(jie)(jie)生有六個(ge)短(duan)刺;第一(yi)(yi)、四兩(liang)節(jie)(jie)背面兩(liang)側,各有一(yi)(yi)對黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)短(duan)刺;其(qi)余各節(jie)(jie)短(duan)刺皆(jie)為黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)。異色(se)(se)(se)(se)瓢蟲幼(you)蟲腹部背面兩(liang)側,每節(jie)(jie)生有六個(ge)分枝(zhi)的枝(zhi)刺,第四兩(liang)節(jie)(jie)的背面兩(liang)側,各有一(yi)(yi)對桔紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)枝(zhi)刺,其(qi)中第一(yi)(yi)節(jie)(jie)的兩(liang)個(ge)枝(zhi)刺基部相連,形成一(yi)(yi)個(ge)桔紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)大斑。
某(mou)些(xie)金花(hua)蟲類的卵(luan)(luan),如柳葉甲(jia)的卵(luan)(luan)和七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢(piao)蟲的卵(luan)(luan)很相似,常(chang)被誤認為七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢(piao)蟲卵(luan)(luan),但兩(liang)(liang)者(zhe)是(shi)有明(ming)顯(xian)區別的:①兩(liang)(liang)者(zhe)產卵(luan)(luan)習性不同,柳葉甲(jia)常(chang)在柳葉上產卵(luan)(luan),而七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢(piao)蟲通常(chang)不在樹葉上產卵(luan)(luan);②柳葉甲(jia)卵(luan)(luan)粒(li)(li)是(shi)長(chang)圓形(xing),卵(luan)(luan)塊排(pai)列疏松而不整齊,七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢(piao)蟲的卵(luan)(luan)粒(li)(li)是(shi)梭(suo)形(xing),排(pai)列緊密而整齊。
七星瓢蟲廣泛分布于北(bei)(bei)美洲(zhou)、歐洲(zhou)、亞洲(zhou)。在中國(guo)分布于東北(bei)(bei)、華北(bei)(bei)、華中、西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)、華東和西(xi)(xi)南(nan)地區。
中(zhong)文(wen)名 拉丁(ding)學名 命名者(zhe)及年(nian)代
七星瓢蟲日本亞種(zhong) Coccinella septempunctata brucki Mulsant,1866
七星瓢蟲指名亞種 Coccinella septempunctata septempunctata Linnaeus,1758
七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)體(ti)長5.2-7.0毫米,寬4.0-5.6毫米。蟲(chong)體(ti)卵圓形,背(bei)面光滑并拱(gong)超呈半球狀。剛(gang)羽(yu)化的成蟲(chong)柔軟(ruan),嫩黃色,2-3小時(shi)后,整個(ge)體(ti)軀(qu)和鞘翅變(bian)(bian)硬(ying),顏色由黃變(bian)(bian)紅,同時(shi)鞘翅上出現7個(ge)黑(hei)色斑點。
七星瓢蟲(chong)和(he)其(qi)它(ta)昆蟲(chong)一(yi)樣,體軀分(fen)為(wei)頭(tou)(tou)、胸、腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)三(san)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。各部(bu)(bu)分(fen)均由若干(gan)個體節(jie)(jie)組成。頭(tou)(tou)部(bu)(bu)生有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)對(dui)觸角(jiao),一(yi)對(dui)復眼和(he)口器,口器兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)對(dui)下顎(e)須。頭(tou)(tou)部(bu)(bu)較小(xiao),經常(chang)后縮在發達的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)胸背板之(zhi)下,胸部(bu)(bu)生有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)對(dui)翅(chi)(chi),三(san)對(dui)足(zu)。腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部(bu)(bu)八節(jie)(jie),但(dan)(dan)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)面只能看到(dao)6一(yi)7節(jie)(jie)。腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部(bu)(bu)末(mo)端有(you)(you)(you)外生殖器和(he)肛門。胸部(bu)(bu)和(he)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部(bu)(bu)側(ce)面生有(you)(you)(you)氣孔,是呼吸時氣體進出的(de)(de)(de)通道,七星瓢蟲(chong)和(he)許(xu)多有(you)(you)(you)硬翅(chi)(chi)鞘的(de)(de)(de)昆蟲(chong)(分(fen)類學上(shang)稱鞘翅(chi)(chi)目)一(yi)樣,有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)對(dui)角(jiao)質堅硬的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)。平(ping)時,這一(yi)對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)翅(chi)(chi)并合,覆蓋在胸腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)背上(shang)。后翅(chi)(chi)為(wei)半(ban)透明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)膜質,平(ping)時折疊,匿(ni)于前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)之(zhi)下。七星瓢蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)下顎(e)須末(mo)節(jie)(jie)呈斧狀,足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)咐節(jie)(jie)是四節(jie)(jie),但(dan)(dan)第三(san)節(jie)(jie)特別小(xiao),并匿(ni)于第二節(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)個分(fen)葉(xie)之(zhi)間,粗看很象是三(san)節(jie)(jie)。
七星瓢蟲雌雄(xiong)形態(tai),斑(ban)紋相同,雌蟲常(chang)較雄(xiong)蟲大些。兩者可靠的鑒別(bie)特征是雄(xiong)蟲腹部(bu)腹面末端,有一小的橫(heng)的凹陷,而(er)雌蟲則平坦(tan)而(er)光滑,無此(ci)凹陷。
七(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)幼蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)表有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層較堅硬的(de)表皮(pi)(pi),它的(de)伸(shen)展(zhan)性有(you)限(xian),所以生長(chang)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)定階段,必須蛻(tui)(tui)去老皮(pi)(pi),著(zhu)生新皮(pi)(pi),才(cai)能繼續成長(chang)。每蛻(tui)(tui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)皮(pi)(pi),就(jiu)增加(jia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個齡(ling)(ling)(ling)期,幼蟲(chong)(chong)共蛻(tui)(tui)三次(ci)皮(pi)(pi),有(you)四(si)個齡(ling)(ling)(ling)期。初(chu)孵幼蟲(chong)(chong)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)齡(ling)(ling)(ling))身體(ti)(ti)很(hen)(hen)小,只有(you)2-3毫米,孵化后,就(jiu)聚(ju)集在原卵塊(kuai)的(de)殘殼上,約(yue)經8-12小時(shi),開始分散(san)取食。約(yue)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)天后,蛻(tui)(tui)皮(pi)(pi)變(bian)為二齡(ling)(ling)(ling),此時(shi)體(ti)(ti)長(chang)已增大一(yi)(yi)(yi)倍多,腹部第一(yi)(yi)(yi)節背面(mian)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側,出現兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個黃色(se)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu),三齡(ling)(ling)(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)除體(ti)(ti)長(chang)加(jia)大外,腹部第一(yi)(yi)(yi)、四(si)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)節的(de)背面(mian)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側,各有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)對(dui)黃色(se)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu),但第四(si)節的(de)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)不很(hen)(hen)明顯,要用放大鏡才(cai)能看清楚(chu),到四(si)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)時(shi),這兩(liang)(liang)(liang)對(dui)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)都(dou)非(fei)常明顯。當幼蟲(chong)(chong)老熟時(shi),體(ti)(ti)形(xing)變(bian)粗(cu),最后以尾端固著(zhu)在植(zhi)株(zhu)等附著(zhu)物上,準備化蛹。
體(ti)(ti)長7毫(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)5毫(hao)米(mi)。體(ti)(ti)黃(huang)色。前胸(xiong)背(bei)(bei)(bei)板前緣有(you)4個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)點,中央(yang)2個(ge)呈三(san)角(jiao)形,前胸(xiong)背(bei)(bei)(bei)板后(hou)緣中央(yang)有(you)2個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)點,兩側(ce)角(jiao)有(you)2個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)斑。中胸(xiong)背(bei)(bei)(bei)板有(you)2個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)斑。腹部(bu)第2-6節背(bei)(bei)(bei)面左右有(you)4個(ge)黑(hei)(hei)斑。腹末帶有(you)末齡幼蟲(chong)的黑(hei)(hei)色蛻皮。
七(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)下(xia)顎須是它的(de)(de)主(zhu)要觸覺和(he)嗅覺器(qi)(qi)官。七(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)經常在(zai)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)寄主(zhu)植物(wu)上(shang)爬(pa)動、搜索(suo),當下(xia)顎須觸到蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)時(shi),能迅速地用上(shang)顎咬住,將(jiang)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)吞食(shi)(shi)(shi)。如果下(xia)顎須沒有觸到,即使蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)就(jiu)在(zai)它的(de)(de)眼前,似(si)乎也不(bu)能發現。七(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)成蟲(chong)(chong)和(he)幼蟲(chong)(chong)雖(sui)都(dou)取(qu)(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong),但(dan)因(yin)蟲(chong)(chong)態不(bu)同,口器(qi)(qi)結構不(bu)同,取(qu)(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)方法也有差(cha)別(bie)。成蟲(chong)(chong)取(qu)(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi),通常將(jiang)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)咬住,經過口器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)簡單咀嚼后,將(jiang)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)軀體、附肢等完全吞下(xia)。大齡(ling)(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)取(qu)(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)基本(ben)上(shang)和(he)成蟲(chong)(chong)一(yi)樣。但(dan)初齡(ling)(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)因(yin)口器(qi)(qi)小(xiao),吞食(shi)(shi)(shi)力差(cha),取(qu)(qu)食(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)常在(zai)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)體上(shang)咬一(yi)個(ge)孔,吸食(shi)(shi)(shi)汁液,最后留下(xia)蚜(ya)體殘殼。一(yi)頭(tou)(tou)七(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)成蟲(chong)(chong),平均一(yi)天吃(chi)棉蚜(ya)100-120頭(tou)(tou),吃(chi)菜蚜(ya)147頭(tou)(tou),吃(chi)杏蚜(ya)59頭(tou)(tou)。幼蟲(chong)(chong)食(shi)(shi)(shi)蚜(ya)量則(ze)因(yin)齡(ling)(ling)期的(de)(de)大小(xiao)而不(bu)同,齡(ling)(ling)期小(xiao)吃(chi)的(de)(de)少,齡(ling)(ling)期大吃(chi)的(de)(de)多。
七(qi)星瓢蟲有(you)吃卵(luan)和(he)互相捕食的(de)習性。在食物不足的(de)情況下(xia),七(qi)星瓢蟲成(cheng)蟲很容(rong)易吃掉(diao)已產下(xia)的(de)卵(luan)塊(kuai)。即使有(you)充足的(de)蚜蟲,它們也(ye)喜歡吃卵(luan);幼(you)(you)蟲則常互相捕食。同(tong)一卵(luan)塊(kuai)早(zao)孵(fu)出的(de)個(ge)體,常吃掉(diao)尚未(wei)孵(fu)化的(de)卵(luan)粒。大(da)(da)齡幼(you)(you)蟲常吃掉(diao)小齡幼(you)(you)蟲。蛹也(ye)常被成(cheng)蟲和(he)大(da)(da)齡幼(you)(you)蟲吃掉(diao)。
七(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)雖然(ran)主要是吃蚜(ya)蟲(chong),但并不(bu)(bu)僅僅限于(yu)以蚜(ya)蟲(chong)為食。中國(guo)北(bei)京的金山腳下,在(zai)秋(qiu)天(tian)蒿草和荊條上并沒有蚜(ya)蟲(chong),七(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)卻(que)群集(ji)其(qi)上,數量很(hen)多。經過仔細觀察和消化道解削并在(zai)顯(xian)微鏡下檢查,發(fa)現七(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)在(zai)早春不(bu)(bu)僅吃蚜(ya)蟲(chong),還取(qu)食小(xiao)土粒、真菌孢子(zi)和一些小(xiao)型(xing)昆蟲(chong)。秋(qiu)天(tian),七(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)則常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)取(qu)食植物的花粉。
七星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)一生經(jing)過(guo)卵、幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)、蛹、成蟲(chong)等四(si)個發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)階段(duan)。七星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)各蟲(chong)態的發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)歷期(qi)(qi),主要受食物和(he)溫度(du)的影響。在適宜的食物條(tiao)件下,溫度(du)不同,發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)的速率也(ye)不相同。幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)期(qi)(qi)在15℃條(tiao)件下,長達44.1天,而(er)在24-26℃時(shi)只有8-9.4天。高于30℃發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)速率又逐(zhu)漸降(jiang)低,33℃時(shi)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)期(qi)(qi)又延長到16.2天。溫度(du)不適宜時(shi)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)(yu)緩慢的原因,除直接受溫度(du)影響外(wai),取食速率低也(ye)有關系(xi)。一頭(tou)四(si)齡幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)在25℃左右時(shi),每天取食一百多頭(tou)蚜蟲(chong),而(er)在15℃時(shi),僅取食十幾(ji)頭(tou)。
七(qi)(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)以成(cheng)蟲(chong)越冬,多選擇(ze)較干燥、溫暖的(de)枯枝落葉下、雜(za)草(cao)基(ji)部(bu)近地面的(de)土塊(kuai)下、土縫(feng)中、樹皮裂縫(feng)處(chu)潛(qian)伏,蟄伏越冬后,若(ruo)遇(yu)溫度回暖,又爬出越冬場所活(huo)動。出蟄后的(de)七(qi)(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)迅速(su)在林木、雜(za)草(cao)和(he)作物(wu)(wu)之間活(huo)動,特別是帶蚜蟲(chong)的(de)作物(wu)(wu)與(yu)開花果木上。七(qi)(qi)星瓢蟲(chong)是遷飛性(xing)昆蟲(chong),成(cheng)蟲(chong)和(he)幼蟲(chong)的(de)覓食(shi)行(xing)為屬(shu)于廣域(yu)搜索(suo)(suo)與(yu)區(qu)域(yu)集中搜索(suo)(suo)行(xing)為的(de)轉換(huan)。
七星瓢蟲有著驚人的(de)避敵本(ben)領。只要(yao)有天敵來擾或受到(dao)(dao)外界突然的(de)刺(ci)激(ji),它(ta)就(jiu)會發生一(yi)種叫做“神(shen)經休克(ke)”現象,有點像(xiang)失去知覺似的(de)一(yi)動(dong)不動(dong)。“休克(ke)”過(guo)后,受到(dao)(dao)刺(ci)激(ji)的(de)神(shen)經系統(tong)恢復正(zheng)常,它(ta)又清醒過(guo)來,開始爬行。這種“死(si)去活來”的(de)舉止,人們稱它(ta)“假(jia)死(si)”。如(ru)果用(yong)手去捏它(ta),它(ta)就(jiu)會使出(chu)第二招(zhao)避敵本(ben)領,在它(ta)6條足(zu)上的(de)各關(guan)節中間(jian),滲(shen)出(chu)一(yi)種黃色汁液(ye)來,這些汁液(ye)散發出(chu)來的(de)辣臭味,可使人聞(wen)之感(gan)到(dao)(dao)膩(ni)煩,就(jiu)連鳥(niao)類聞(wen)到(dao)(dao)這種怪味,也“退(tui)避三(san)舍”。
七星(xing)(xing)(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)季節的(de)活動(dong)場所不(bu)(bu)一(yi)樣。冬(dong)(dong)天,七星(xing)(xing)(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)小麥和油菜的(de)根(gen)莖間越冬(dong)(dong),也有(you)的(de)在(zai)(zai)向陽的(de)土塊、土縫中(zhong)過(guo)(guo)冬(dong)(dong)。春天,一(yi)旦氣溫(wen)升(sheng)到(dao)(dao)10℃以上,越冬(dong)(dong)的(de)七星(xing)(xing)(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就蘇(su)醒過(guo)(guo)來,開始(shi)活動(dong),在(zai)(zai)麥類和油菜植物(wu)(wu)株上能找到(dao)(dao)它。夏(xia)天,隨著氣溫(wen)升(sheng)高(gao)和食(shi)物(wu)(wu)增多,七星(xing)(xing)(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)大量繁殖,凡(fan)是有(you)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和蚧蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄生的(de)植物(wu)(wu),如棉花、柳樹、槐樹、榆樹、豆類等植株上,都能找到(dao)(dao)七星(xing)(xing)(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),有(you)時甚至出現大批七星(xing)(xing)(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)聚集的(de)景(jing)象(xiang)。秋天,田間七星(xing)(xing)(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)數量減(jian)少,它常在(zai)(zai)玉米(mi)、蘿卜和白菜等處產卵,這(zhe)時候,早晚的(de)氣溫(wen)較(jiao)低(di),七星(xing)(xing)(xing)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)往往隱蔽起來,不(bu)(bu)易發現,需在(zai)(zai)上午7點(dian)鐘(zhong)以后至太陽下(xia)山之前采集。
越冬的(de)(de)七星瓢(piao)蟲不(bu)食不(bu)動(dong),只(zhi)要找到,捕捉很方(fang)便,用(yong)(yong)手就能(neng)(neng)捉住。其他季節的(de)(de)七星瓢(piao)蟲善爬能(neng)(neng)飛,可以利用(yong)(yong)它假死習性(xing),用(yong)(yong)塑料袋(dai)迅速套(tao)住棲息著(zhu)(zhu)七星瓢(piao)蟲的(de)(de)枝(zhi)條,抖(dou)動(dong)一下,七星瓢(piao)蟲立即掉落(luo)在(zai)袋(dai)里,接著(zhu)(zhu),把(ba)枝(zhi)條抽出(chu),扎(zha)緊口袋(dai),就可以帶回(hui)實驗室。
人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)飼(si)養七(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢蟲(chong),首先要解決(jue)飼(si)料問(wen)題。可以(yi)(yi)到野(ye)外(wai)采集天(tian)(tian)然飼(si)料蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong),但這(zhe)種方法(fa)費(fei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)多,有時(shi)還不易(yi)采到。所以(yi)(yi)用(yong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)培(pei)養大量蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong),滿(man)足七(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)食用(yong)。可用(yong)蠶豆苗人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)培(pei)養蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)。當分栽的蠶豆苗長(chang)出3-4厘米高時(shi),把野(ye)外(wai)采集的少量蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)放在豆苗上,在室溫20-30℃、相對濕(shi)度60-70%的條件下培(pei)養10-15天(tian)(tian),蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)就能大量繁殖,這(zhe)時(shi)就可用(yong)蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)作七(qi)(qi)星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)的飼(si)料。
將(jiang)蛹或(huo)成(cheng)蟲(chong)放(fang)入(ru)成(cheng)蟲(chong)飼養籠(long)(long)(long)(long)內(nei),每(mei)(mei)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)放(fang)雌蟲(chong)500-750頭(tou),并(bing)搭配(pei)1/4的(de)雄蟲(chong)。成(cheng)蟲(chong)喂人工飼料或(huo)蚜蟲(chong),每(mei)(mei)天(tian)喂飼料和(he)加(jia)水。新羽化的(de)成(cheng)蟲(chong),經過(guo)幾天(tian)的(de)取食,逐步(bu)達到(dao)性成(cheng)熟,便交(jiao)尾產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)。產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)時(shi)間多在晚(wan)上(shang)7-9點鐘。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)在籠(long)(long)(long)(long)頂(ding)和(he)內(nei)側的(de)紙上(shang),收(shou)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)時(shi),將(jiang)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)內(nei)的(de)紙取出,換(huan)上(shang)新鮮(xian)的(de)紙就成(cheng)了。收(shou)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)每(mei)(mei)天(tian)1-2次,同時(shi)換(huan)飼料和(he)水。收(shou)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)時(shi)先(xian)準備一批空飼養籠(long)(long)(long)(long),籠(long)(long)(long)(long)底(di)打開,頂(ding)面向光(guang)(guang),然后將(jiang)有(you)蟲(chong)的(de)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)底(di)面紗布拆(chai)開,籠(long)(long)(long)(long)底(di)對準籠(long)(long)(long)(long)底(di),成(cheng)蟲(chong)馬(ma)上(shang)向有(you)光(guang)(guang)的(de)方向集(ji)中,進入(ru)新的(de)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)內(nei)。
成(cheng)蟲飼養時,如食料不足,就不產卵。成(cheng)蟲在(zai)黑暗條件下活躍,晚上可適(shi)當加(jia)光照(zhao),減少(shao)成(cheng)蟲活動,避免相互碰傷。
七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)大量(liang)繁殖后,可以(yi)(yi)放到田間,幫助人類消滅(mie)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和蚧蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。如棉(mian)田出現大量(liang)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)危害,這時(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)把七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)散(san)(san)放到棉(mian)田里,它(ta)就能(neng)將蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)吃(chi)掉。散(san)(san)發(fa)時(shi)(shi),在棉(mian)田邊走邊放七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),走幾(ji)步(bu)放幾(ji)只,以(yi)(yi)求散(san)(san)放均勻(yun):①掌握好散(san)(san)放時(shi)(shi)間,以(yi)(yi)傍(bang)晚時(shi)(shi)散(san)(san)放為(wei)宜(yi)。因(yin)為(wei)傍(bang)晚氣溫(wen)較低(di),光線(xian)較暗(an),七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)活(huo)動(dong)性較弱,不(bu)(bu)易遷(qian)(qian)(qian)飛(fei);②采用(yong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)混放。因(yin)為(wei)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)沒有遷(qian)(qian)(qian)飛(fei)能(neng)力,不(bu)(bu)會(hui)逃逸,而它(ta)也有吃(chi)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的本領;③散(san)(san)發(fa)前(qian)一(yi)天(tian)停止喂食,再進行散(san)(san)放,可以(yi)(yi)降低(di)七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)飛(fei)活(huo)動(dong)能(neng)力;④散(san)(san)放后兩天(tian)內,不(bu)(bu)進行中(zhong)耕和其他田間管理,以(yi)(yi)免使七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)受(shou)驚遷(qian)(qian)(qian)逃。
七(qi)星(xing)瓢蟲卵通常成塊(kuai)地產(chan)(chan)在莖(jing)葉或土塊(kuai)上。卵粒(li)梭形(xing),豎立,整齊地排(pai)列成塊(kuai)。每(mei)個卵塊(kuai)一般30粒(li)左右(you)。最多可達百余(yu)粒(li),少的(de)則僅(jin)有幾粒(li)。剛產(chan)(chan)下的(de)卵淡(dan)黃(huang)(huang)色,后逐漸變為杏(xing)黃(huang)(huang)色。將孵(fu)化(hua)時,呈黑渴色。
新(xin)羽化(hua)的(de)七星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),待體軀和翅鞘硬(ying)化(hua)后,便開始(shi)活(huo)動取食(shi)(shi),3-4天(tian)后交尾。七星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)有多(duo)次交尾習性,但(dan)經一(yi)次交尾,雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)所產(chan)(chan)的(de)卵(luan)(luan)就(jiu)(jiu)都能(neng)孵化(hua)。秋季越(yue)冬代成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)交尾后,雖活(huo)動取食(shi)(shi),但(dan)卵(luan)(luan)巢并不發育(yu),翌春(chun)活(huo)動取食(shi)(shi)后才(cai)開始(shi)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)。非越(yue)冬代成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)交尾3-5天(tian)后,便開始(shi)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)。產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)開始(shi)以后,幾天(tian)內(nei)就(jiu)(jiu)達到了(le)(le)高峰,產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)盛(sheng)期(qi)持續一(yi)個月(yue)左右。在盛(sheng)期(qi)的(de)33天(tian)里,產(chan)(chan)下了(le)(le)全部卵(luan)(luan)粒的(de)95%以上。產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)盛(sheng)期(qi),一(yi)頭雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)天(tian)可產(chan)(chan)好幾個卵(luan)(luan)塊。七星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)因取食(shi)(shi)的(de)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)種類不同,產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)量大小也(ye)不同。取食(shi)(shi)它喜歡(huan)吃的(de)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)時,產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)量就(jiu)(jiu)大,取食(shi)(shi)不害歡(huan)吃的(de)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)時,產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)量就(jiu)(jiu)小。
七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)卵期(qi)長(chang)短(duan)和溫度(du)有關系,當16-17℃時(shi),卵期(qi)8天,24-26℃時(shi),卵期(qi)僅2-3天。七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)壽命因世代(dai)(dai)不同而有較(jiao)大差異。越(yue)冬代(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)壽命一般(ban)(ban)都較(jiao)長(chang),可達8-10個月,非越(yue)冬代(dai)(dai)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)一般(ban)(ban)可活2-3個月。
七星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)滯育(yu)(yu)突出(chu)地表現于(yu)2個方面:①種群中(zhong)產卵雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)所占的(de)比(bi)例,簡稱為(wei)產卵率,無滯育(yu)(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)達(da)100%;如(ru)越(yue)冬后蚜蟲(chong)(chong)充足時(shi)(shi)(shi)便是(shi)如(ru)此。而其第二代則因有生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)滯育(yu)(yu),產卵率下降。②成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)羽化后產卵前期延長的(de)程度(du),這(zhe)(zhe)主要由(you)卵巢發(fa)育(yu)(yu)緩慢或暫時(shi)(shi)(shi)停(ting)頓所造成(cheng)(cheng)。顯示出(chu)這(zhe)(zhe)種差異的(de)是(shi)雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)。而雄蟲(chong)(chong)在滯育(yu)(yu)期間其行(xing)為(wei)、趨性和生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)附腺的(de)分泌活動雖(sui)與生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)期有所不(bu)同,但仍(reng)可交尾(wei),睪丸中(zhong)有成(cheng)(cheng)熟精(jing)子。雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)滯育(yu)(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)卵巢管停(ting)止于(yu)原卵區(qu)階段,濾(lv)泡(pao)不(bu)進(jin)行(xing)發(fa)育(yu)(yu)。這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)咽(yan)側體(ti)及其細胞體(ti)積均小(xiao),無合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)幼激(ji)素的(de)活性。體(ti)內積累較多的(de)營養物質,脂肪(fang)體(ti)雖(sui)很發(fa)達(da),但不(bu)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)卵黃原蛋白(bai)。
早(zao)春田(tian)間采集的(de)(de)越冬代七(qi)星(xing)瓢蟲(chong),因(yin)其發育階段不同(tong),一般采回飼養1-7天后即開始產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)。瓢蟲(chong)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)沒有(you)(you)固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間,產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)地點(dian)也沒有(you)(you)嚴格的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇性(xing),在(zai)(zai)盒(he)(he)(he)壁(bi)(bi)及(ji)植物(wu)(wu)上(shang)都可產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan),為(wei)了集卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)方(fang)便,可以裁一長22厘米、寬5厘米的(de)(de)薄紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),卷成紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)筒,襯(chen)在(zai)(zai)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盒(he)(he)(he)內(nei)或玻璃器內(nei),使其盡量緊貼在(zai)(zai)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盒(he)(he)(he)內(nei)壁(bi)(bi),這樣卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)多產在(zai)(zai)襯(chen)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)。采卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)時(shi)(shi)(shi),可將襯(chen)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取出,將有(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒(li)部(bu)位(wei)的(de)(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)剪下,放另外(wai)的(de)(de)空紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盒(he)(he)(he)中,然(ran)后再用(yong)(yong)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)片(pian)補好襯(chen)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),仍放盒(he)(he)(he)內(nei)再用(yong)(yong)。取卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應仔細(xi)檢查盒(he)(he)(he)內(nei)植物(wu)(wu)上(shang)有(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒(li),特別在(zai)(zai)氣候干燥時(shi)(shi)(shi),植物(wu)(wu)常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)干縮,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒(li)常(chang)(chang)隱藏(zang)其中,如發現卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒(li),應將帶有(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒(li)的(de)(de)部(bu)位(wei)剪下。如果用(yong)(yong)瓶養,瓢蟲(chong)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產在(zai)(zai)瓶壁(bi)(bi)上(shang),取卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可用(yong)(yong)毛(mao)(mao)筆沾(zhan)少(shao)許清水,將卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)濕(shi)潤,經數秒鐘(zhong)后,再用(yong)(yong)毛(mao)(mao)筆尖輕輕將卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)撥下,放在(zai)(zai)涂有(you)(you)少(shao)許稀漿糊的(de)(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),只要卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒(li)保(bao)持完整(zheng),仍然(ran)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)孵化。但這樣取卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan),很難保(bao)證(zheng)全部(bu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)粒(li)完整(zheng)無(wu)(wu)損,且操作費時(shi)(shi)(shi),因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)大規模(mo)飼養瓢蟲(chong)寸(cun),仍以紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盒(he)(he)(he)為(wei)宜。
瓢蟲成蟲有取(qu)食(shi)卵(luan)粒(li)的(de)習性,產(chan)卵(luan)后,應及時(shi)(shi)(shi)將卵(luan)粒(li)取(qu)走。每日取(qu)卵(luan)的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),可結合兩次(ci)喂(wei)食(shi)同時(shi)(shi)(shi)進行,邊換(huan)飼料、邊取(qu)卵(luan)。產(chan)卵(luan)高(gao)峰期,最好(hao)能每日取(qu)卵(luan)三次(ci)。
七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)卵(luan)是一粒(li)粒(li)豎立成排,形成整齊的(de)卵(luan)塊(kuai),由(you)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)盒中取(qu)出以(yi)后(hou)堆(dui)放在(zai)一起,很容易彼此摩擦(ca),影響孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)率。七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)卵(luan)在(zai)20℃時(shi)(shi),只需5-6天即可孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)。25℃時(shi)(shi)只需3天即可孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)。如果(guo)長時(shi)(shi)間堆(dui)放在(zai)一起,不(bu)僅(jin)降低孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)率,而(er)且幼蟲(chong)(chong)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)以(yi)后(hou),也不(bu)便(bian)于收集飼(si)養(yang)(yang)。因(yin)此,每次取(qu)出卵(luan)粒(li)以(yi)后(hou),應及時(shi)(shi)進行處理。可通過制取(qu)卵(luan)卡解決以(yi)上問題。
七星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)期(qi)可(ke)長達(da)20-30天(tian),產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的高(gao)(gao)峰期(qi)亦有7-10天(tian),因此,收(shou)集的卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)塊必須立即進行(xing)低(di)溫保存(cun),以防止逐日孵(fu)化(hua)不便集中使用。加之(zhi)自(zi)然氣(qi)候的變(bian)化(hua)或人(ren)工飼(si)養瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的條(tiao)件改變(bian),都會造成瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)高(gao)(gao)峰期(qi)、卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的孵(fu)化(hua)期(qi)與田間(jian)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)發生的時間(jian)不相配合(he),也常需要對卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)做低(di)溫保存(cun)。保存(cun)的時間(jian)長短(duan),溫度(du)高(gao)(gao)低(di)都有一定(ding)的限度(du)。在0℃時保存(cun)3天(tian),其(qi)孵(fu)化(hua)率仍能達(da)到70%以上。超過3天(tian),孵(fu)化(hua)率大(da)為(wei)降低(di)。如(ru)在4℃時,可(ke)保存(cun)7天(tian),孵(fu)化(hua)率在70%以上。在11-13℃之(zhi)間(jian),卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)可(ke)保存(cun)20天(tian),其(qi)孵(fu)化(hua)率仍然達(da)到80%左右。實驗表明(ming),七星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)發育起點(dian)溫度(du)為(wei)10℃左右,低(di)于這(zhe)個溫度(du),瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)雖(sui)可(ke)短(duan)時間(jian)保存(cun),但其(qi)成活率不高(gao)(gao)。如(ru)保存(cun)在發育起點(dian)溫度(du)之(zhi)上,保存(cun)天(tian)數較長,孵(fu)化(hua)率亦高(gao)(gao)。因此,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的保存(cun)溫度(du)以10-12℃為(wei)宜。
卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)要求有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)條(tiao)件。在(zai)(zai)(zai)發育起點溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)以(yi)上(shang),卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)雖然可以(yi)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua),但(dan)其最適宜的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)是(shi)20-25℃,相(xiang)對濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)70-80%。因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)需(xu)要孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi),應由貯存(cun)處(chu)取回,放于室(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)中進行(xing)。一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)棉蚜開始遷飛棉田(tian)時(shi)(shi)(shi),日(ri)平均溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)皆(jie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)15℃左(zuo)右(you),均能滿足(zu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)條(tiao)件,孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵條(tiao)件就在(zai)(zai)(zai)于濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)。如濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)80%以(yi)上(shang),小(xiao)幼蟲(chong)(chong)很容易由卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)殼內(nei)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)出(chu)(chu),但(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)干燥低(di)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下,小(xiao)幼蟲(chong)(chong)常在(zai)(zai)(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)口處(chu)掙扎,不易脫出(chu)(chu)。嚴重時(shi)(shi)(shi),甚(shen)至不孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)。因(yin)此大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)需(xu)要孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi),應創造高濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件。孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可在(zai)(zai)(zai)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)地面潑水,掛濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)布(bu)(bu)等,增加(jia)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度(du)(du);亦(yi)可同時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)盛放卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)卡的(de)(de)(de)容器內(nei)放濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉球,容器頂部再蓋以(yi)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)布(bu)(bu),增加(jia)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)卡周圍水分的(de)(de)(de)蒸(zheng)發條(tiao)件,經過(guo)這(zhe)樣處(chu)理以(yi)后,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間較快,孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)出(chu)(chu)后小(xiao)幼蟲(chong)(chong)生命力較強。
卵孵(fu)化時,應加(jia)強檢(jian)查(cha)與管理,每日至少檢(jian)查(cha)4次(ci),發現幼(you)蟲孵(fu)出后,應及時取出。在(zai)卵的孵(fu)化高(gao)峰時,應3-4小時檢(jian)查(cha)一(yi)次(ci),并且要求日夜有人看管。