家桑(sang)蠶(can)(Bombyx mori L.)是(shi)一種以桑(sang)葉(xie)為食料的(de)鱗(lin)翅目泌絲昆蟲,屬無脊(ji)椎動物(wu),節肢(zhi)動物(wu)門蠶(can)蛾科蠶(can)蛾屬桑(sang)蠶(can)種。栽桑(sang)養蠶(can)的(de)主要目的(de)物(wu)是(shi)蠶(can)繭和(he)絲綢,蠶(can)一生(sheng)經過卵、幼蟲、蛹、成蟲4個形(xing)態(tai)上和(he)生(sheng)理機能上完全(quan)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)發育階段(duan),每一個發育階段(duan)的(de)不(bu)同(tong)部位及(ji)其代謝物(wu)都(dou)有廣泛的(de)藥用價(jia)值(zhi)。
漢語發(fa)音:sāngcán
桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)又稱(cheng)家蠶(can),簡稱(cheng)蠶(can),是以桑(sang)(sang)葉為(wei)食料(liao)的吐絲結繭的經濟昆蟲之一。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)屬鱗翅目,蠶(can)蛾科,學(xue)名(ming)為(wei)Bombyx mori Linnaeus。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)起源(yuan)于中(zhong)國,由(you)古代(dai)棲息于桑(sang)(sang)樹的原始蠶(can)馴(xun)化而來,與中(zhong)國現今食害桑(sang)(sang)樹的野桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)同源(yuan),染色體都是28對(dui)。
蠶蛾(e)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong),吃桑葉(xie),在化蛹(yong)(yong)前吐出作繭(jian)用的(de)大量蠶絲是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)紡織原料。桑蠶是(shi)完(wan)全變態昆蟲(chong),一生經(jing)過(guo)(guo)卵、幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)、蛹(yong)(yong)、成蟲(chong)等四(si)個形(xing)態上(shang)和生理(li)機能上(shang)完(wan)全不同的(de)發育階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。卵是(shi)胚胎發生、發育形(xing)成幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)的(de)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan),幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)是(shi)攝(she)取(qu)食物營(ying)養的(de)生長階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan),蛹(yong)(yong)是(shi)從幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)向成蟲(chong)過(guo)(guo)渡的(de)變態階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan),成蟲(chong)是(shi)交(jiao)配產卵繁殖后代的(de)生殖階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。整個世代只幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)期攝(she)食,并為蛹(yong)(yong)和成蟲(chong)期的(de)生命活動積貯(zhu)營(ying)養。
吐絲(si)結繭是(shi)桑蠶(can)適應環境而生存的(de)(de)一(yi)種本(ben)能。“中國綢都”四川南充的(de)(de)絲(si)綢是(shi)中國西部絲(si)綢文化的(de)(de)中心地帶。
物種名稱:桑蠶
別名:家蠶(can)(Bombyx mori L.),簡(jian)稱蠶(can)。昆蟲(chong)綱(gang)鱗(lin)翅目(Lepidoptera)蠶(can)蛾科(Bombycidae)。
雌(ci)雄鑒別:雌(ci)蠶(can)在蠶(can)的尾部第八和第九(jiu)腹節腹面(mian),左(zuo)右對稱地各(ge)有一對乳白色(se)的小圓點(dian)(共四點(dian)),稱石(shi)渡(du)氏腺,又分(fen)別稱生殖(zhi)前(qian)盤和生殖(zhi)后盤,雄蠶(can)則在第九(jiu)腹節的腹面(mian)前(qian)緣中央有一個(ge)橢圓形(xing)的乳白色(se)小點(dian),稱赫氏腺,又稱小囊體、囊狀體。
栽桑養(yang)蠶(can)的主要(yao)目的物是蠶(can)繭和(he)絲綢,蠶(can)一(yi)生(sheng)經(jing)過卵、幼(you)蟲(chong)、蛹、成蟲(chong)4個形(xing)態上(shang)和(he)生(sheng)理(li)機能(neng)上(shang)完全(quan)不(bu)同的發育階段。
長(chang)圓(yuan)筒形,由頭、胸(xiong)、腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)3部分構成(cheng)。頭部外(wai)包灰褐(he)色(se)骨質頭殼,胸(xiong)部3個(ge)(ge)環(huan)節(jie)(jie)各有(you)(you)1對(dui)胸(xiong)足(zu);腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)部10個(ge)(ge)環(huan)節(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)4對(dui)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)足(zu)和(he)(he)1對(dui)尾足(zu),第(di)8腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)背面(mian)中央有(you)(you)1個(ge)(ge)尾角;第(di)1胸(xiong)節(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)第(di)1至(zhi)第(di)8腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)體(ti)側各有(you)(you)1對(dui)氣門。剛(gang)孵(fu)化(hua)的(de)(de)幼(you)蟲,遍(bian)體(ti)著生(sheng)(sheng)黑褐(he)色(se)剛(gang)毛,體(ti)軀細小似螞蟻(yi),稱蟻(yi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。蟻(yi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)借攝(she)食(shi)(shi)桑葉(xie)而迅(xun)速長(chang)大,體(ti)色(se)逐漸(jian)轉成(cheng)青白。其體(ti)壁的(de)(de)表皮(pi)要發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)多次脫換,這種現(xian)象稱蛻皮(pi),是(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)體(ti)內咽(yan)側體(ti)分泌的(de)(de)保幼(you)激(ji)素與前(qian)(qian)胸(xiong)腺分泌的(de)(de)蛻皮(pi)激(ji)素共(gong)同作用(yong)的(de)(de)結果(guo)。蛻皮(pi)前(qian)(qian),幼(you)蟲停(ting)止食(shi)(shi)桑,吐絲于蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)座上,用(yong)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)足(zu)和(he)(he)尾足(zu)固定蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)體(ti),靜止不(bu)動,稱眠(mian)(mian)。眠(mian)(mian)是(shi)分齡的(de)(de)界限,每眠(mian)(mian)一次增加(jia)1齡。體(ti)重和(he)(he)體(ti)積隨齡期(qi)增進而顯(xian)著增大。蛻皮(pi)次數的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)稱眠(mian)(mian)性(xing),受遺傳控制(zhi),但(dan)生(sheng)(sheng)活條(tiao)件的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)也能使眠(mian)(mian)性(xing)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)變化(hua)。桑蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)眠(mian)(mian)性(xing)有(you)(you)三(san)眠(mian)(mian)、四眠(mian)(mian)、五眠(mian)(mian)等;生(sheng)(sheng)產上常用(yong)的(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)品種是(shi)四眠(mian)(mian)5齡蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。幼(you)蟲生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)到5齡第(di)2~3日,可(ke)按特(te)征(zheng)鑒別雌雄(xiong):雌蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)在(zai)第(di)8和(he)(he)第(di)9腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)面(mian)各有(you)(you)1對(dui)乳白色(se)圓(yuan)點,稱石渡氏腺;雄(xiong)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)在(zai)第(di)9腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)(jie)腹(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)面(mian)前(qian)(qian)緣中央有(you)(you)一乳白色(se)囊(nang)狀體(ti),稱赫氏腺(圖(tu)2)。5齡生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)至(zhi)極度時(shi),體(ti)重約比蟻(yi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)增加(jia)1萬倍。此后(hou)逐漸(jian)減少食(shi)(shi)桑量以(yi)至(zhi)停(ting)食(shi)(shi)。至(zhi)前(qian)(qian)半身(shen)呈透明時(shi),稱熟蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),即開始吐絲結繭。結繭過程約需2~3日。幼(you)蟲期(qi)的(de)(de)長(chang)短因蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)品種和(he)(he)飼(si)育條(tiao)件而異,一般春蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)在(zai)24~25℃下約為24~26日,夏秋蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)在(zai)26~28℃下約為21~23日。
蟻蠶出殼時間:5~10點(dian)。趨光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)性(xing),趨黃光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)、綠(lv)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)、白光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)較強。5齡四天后(hou),體長(chang)不再增長(chang),范(fan)圍為6~8cm5齡第(di)1.5~2天長(chang)度生長(chang)快(kuai)。5齡兩天后(hou),雌蠶在第(di)8、9腹節的(de)腹面各有一對乳白色或透明的(de)小圓點(dian),明顯程度個體不同(tong)。一般雌比雄蠶體大。結繭1~2天,蠶吐絲喜暗。
適宜溫(wen)度:22~28℃,最適溫(wen)度23.8~25℃,自孵(fu)化至(zhi)吐絲結(jie)繭,一(yi)般春(chun)期(qi)24~30天,夏秋期(qi)20~24天。
熟(shu)蠶吐絲畢,體軀縮小略(lve)呈紡(fang)錘形(xing),靜止不(bu)動,這時稱潛蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)(預蛹(yong)(yong)(yong))。潛蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)真皮(pi)(pi)層與舊(jiu)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)表皮(pi)(pi)分離并(bing)形(xing)成蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)表皮(pi)(pi)的(de)時期,約(yue)需2日(ri)。化蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)蛻(tui)皮(pi)(pi)是(shi)(shi)蛻(tui)皮(pi)(pi)激(ji)素(su)作用的(de)結果。剛蛻(tui)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)呈紡(fang)錘形(xing),乳白色,后(hou)(hou)轉深褐色。蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)體分頭、胸(xiong)、腹3部分。雌蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)腹部大而末端鈍(dun)圓,第(di)8腹節腹面(mian)正中線(xian)上有1條縱線(xian);雄蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)腹部小而末端尖,在第(di)9腹節腹面(mian)中央有1褐色小點(dian)(圖3)。一般蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)體重1.5~2.5克。蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)期體內(nei)劇烈地進行著幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)組織器(qi)官的(de)破(po)壞,成蟲(chong)(chong)組織器(qi)官的(de)發生、形(xing)成,以及生殖細(xi)胞的(de)發育、成熟(shu)等生理過程。化蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)后(hou)(hou)約(yue)14日(ri)完成成蟲(chong)(chong)發育,這時由腦神經(jing)分泌(mi)細(xi)胞合成并(bing)貯(zhu)存在咽側體內(nei)的(de)羽(yu)化激(ji)素(su),因光的(de)刺激(ji)而分泌(mi)至血液中,約(yue)40分鐘后(hou)(hou)蛹(yong)(yong)(yong)便羽(yu)化。
蠶蛹(yong)適宜溫(wen)(wen)度22.8~26.7℃,最適溫(wen)(wen)度23.9~24.4℃,溫(wen)(wen)度最好(hao)不要超(chao)過28℃。化蛹(yong)需1~2天,蛹(yong)期15~18天,剖開繭后需10~11天。化蛹(yong)第(di)二日高溫(wen)(wen)28℃24小時保護,易(yi)產非滯育(yu)卵(luan)。
蠶蛹冷(leng)藏宜在化蛹第三天(tian)冷(leng)藏,冷(leng)藏適(shi)溫(wen)2.5~10℃,最適(shi)溫(wen)度(du)5~7.5℃,發育(yu)起點溫(wen)度(du)10℃。
雌蛹腹(fu)(fu)(fu)部肥大(da),在(zai)第(di)8腹(fu)(fu)(fu)節腹(fu)(fu)(fu)面(mian)的正(zheng)中線上,有一(yi)條縱線,雄蛹在(zai)第(di)8、9腹(fu)(fu)(fu)節腹(fu)(fu)(fu)面(mian)正(zheng)中線的交界處,有一(yi)小(xiao)點。
羽化(hua)后(hou)的(de)(de)成蟲,吐出(chu)堿性(xing)腸(chang)液,以濕潤和(he)(he)松解頭(tou)端(duan)繭層(ceng),并用胸(xiong)足撥開繭絲,從繭內鉆出(chu)。翅(chi)初柔軟褶(zhe)疊,隨蛾(e)(e)(e)(e)體干(gan)燥(zao)而展(zhan)開。全身(shen)被覆白(bai)色鱗片(pian),頭(tou)部(bu)兩側有1對復眼(yan)和(he)(he)1對具觸覺(jue)和(he)(he)嗅覺(jue)的(de)(de)雙櫛(zhi)狀觸角,口器(qi)(qi)已退化(hua)。胸(xiong)部(bu)前、中、后(hou)3個胸(xiong)節腹面各有1對胸(xiong)足,中胸(xiong)和(he)(he)后(hou)胸(xiong)背面各有1對翅(chi)。腹部(bu)雌蛾(e)(e)(e)(e)7節,雄蛾(e)(e)(e)(e)8節。雄蛾(e)(e)(e)(e)外(wai)(wai)生(sheng)殖器(qi)(qi)由(you)幼蟲的(de)(de)第9、10腹節變成,雌蛾(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)生(sheng)殖器(qi)(qi)由(you)第8、9、10腹節變成。交(jiao)配時雌蛾(e)(e)(e)(e)伸出(chu)產(chan)卵(luan)器(qi)(qi),由(you)誘惑(huo)腺釋放出(chu)性(xing)信(xin)息(xi)激素(桑蠶醇和(he)(he)桑蠶醛)引誘雄蛾(e)(e)(e)(e),交(jiao)配1.5~2小(xiao)時即可產(chan)受(shou)精(jing)卵(luan)。一頭(tou)雌蛾(e)(e)(e)(e)約(yue)產(chan)卵(luan)400~700粒,其中絕(jue)大(da)多(duo)數在羽化(hua)當日(ri)產(chan)下,至第3日(ri)結束。成蟲不攝食,交(jiao)配產(chan)卵(luan)后(hou)約(yue)經10日(ri)左右自然死亡(wang)。
發(fa)蛾5~10點,一般交(jiao)配2小時,交(jiao)配后(hou)3~4小時產卵,5~12天(tian)死亡,適宜(yi)溫度21~27℃。
橢(tuo)圓形略扁平(ping),長約1.3mm,寬1.1~1.2mm,厚(hou)0.5~0.6mm,一(yi)端(duan)(duan)稍(shao)鈍,另一(yi)端(duan)(duan)稍(shao)尖,尖端(duan)(duan)有卵(luan)(luan)孔(kong),為(wei)受精孔(kong)道。卵(luan)(luan)粒大(da)小因(yin)蠶品種、飼養(yang)(yang)條件及蛹期溫度(du)而異。卵(luan)(luan)粒重一(yi)般為(wei)500~600微(wei)克(ke)。剛產下(xia)時呈(cheng)(cheng)淡黃(huang)色,表面(mian)(mian)隆(long)起(qi),后因(yin)卵(luan)(luan)內水分蒸發(fa)和(he)營養(yang)(yang)物質消耗,卵(luan)(luan)面(mian)(mian)中央(yang)出現凹陷,稱卵(luan)(luan)渦。正常卵(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)渦橢(tuo)圓形,死卵(luan)(luan)呈(cheng)(cheng)三角形。卵(luan)(luan)殼(ke)表面(mian)(mian)有凹凸不平(ping)呈(cheng)(cheng)多角形的(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)紋(wen),還有無數針狀呼吸氣孔(kong)。卵(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)內容物有卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)膜、漿膜、卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)和(he)胚胎等。卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)膜緊貼在卵(luan)(luan)殼(ke)下(xia)面(mian)(mian),是一(yi)層非細胞的(de)(de)透明薄(bo)膜;漿膜在其(qi)內側,是一(yi)層大(da)而扁平(ping)的(de)(de)多角形細胞。卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)是胚胎發(fa)育的(de)(de)營養(yang)(yang)源。胚胎在卵(luan)(luan)黃(huang)中偏于卵(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)一(yi)方,頭向卵(luan)(luan)孔(kong)一(yi)端(duan)(duan),不斷攝(she)取養(yang)(yang)分而逐漸(jian)發(fa)育。
蠶(can)卵(luan)(luan)分滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)性(xing)卵(luan)(luan)(越年(nian)卵(luan)(luan))和非滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)性(xing)卵(luan)(luan)(不(bu)越年(nian)卵(luan)(luan))兩種。非滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)性(xing)卵(luan)(luan)產下后胚(pei)(pei)胎不(bu)斷發(fa)育(yu),約經(jing)10日即(ji)形(xing)成(cheng)蟻蠶(can)孵(fu)化;滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)性(xing)卵(luan)(luan)胚(pei)(pei)胎發(fa)育(yu)至(zhi)一定程度即(ji)進(jin)入滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)期(qi),經(jing)冬(dong)季低(di)溫(wen)解除滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu),到翌年(nian)春暖(nuan)時(shi)才(cai)孵(fu)化。蠶(can)卵(luan)(luan)是(shi)否滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)取決(jue)于蛹期(qi)中雌蛹的咽下神經(jing)節能否分泌滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)激(ji)素(su)(su);心側體(ti)激(ji)素(su)(su)對滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)也有輔(fu)助作用(yong)。滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)性(xing)卵(luan)(luan)在進(jin)入滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)期(qi)時(shi)漿膜(mo)細(xi)胞內形(xing)成(cheng)并沉積色(se)素(su)(su)粒,呈黑褐色(se);非滯(zhi)(zhi)育(yu)性(xing)卵(luan)(luan)漿膜(mo)細(xi)胞內不(bu)形(xing)成(cheng)色(se)素(su)(su),仍(reng)為淡黃色(se)。
蠶卵(luan)(luan)孵化適(shi)宜溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)20~30℃,最適(shi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)22~25.5℃,需(xu)(xu)9~11天(tian)。經過(guo)(guo)催青的,需(xu)(xu)2~9天(tian)。春天(tian)自然(ran)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)12℃以(yi)(yi)上,需(xu)(xu)22~27天(tian)。滯育(yu)(yu)卵(luan)(luan)解除滯育(yu)(yu)需(xu)(xu)30~100天(tian),滯育(yu)(yu)期適(shi)宜溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)25~30℃,30℃以(yi)(yi)上會對(dui)孵化率有影響(xiang)。催青時溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)不能(neng)超過(guo)(guo)35℃,孵化前的幾天(tian)要(yao)保持(chi)一定濕度(du)(du)(du)(du)。卵(luan)(luan)產下(xia)(xia)3h內溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)不要(yao)超過(guo)(guo)30℃,以(yi)(yi)免影響(xiang)受精率。卵(luan)(luan)產下(xia)(xia)1天(tian)內,如果溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)偏高(gao)(30℃),易轉化成非滯育(yu)(yu)卵(luan)(luan)。
桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)屬寡食(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)昆(kun)蟲,除喜(xi)食(shi)(shi)桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)(xie)外,也能(neng)(neng)吃柘葉(xie)(xie)、榆葉(xie)(xie)、鴉蔥、蒲公英(ying)和(he)萵苣葉(xie)(xie)等。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)所必需的(de)(de)(de)營養,有(you)(you)蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)、碳水化(hua)(hua)(hua)合物、脂類、維生(sheng)(sheng)素、無機鹽(yan)和(he)水分等。桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)(xie)是蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)最適(shi)合的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)食(shi)(shi)料(liao)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)食(shi)(shi)桑(sang)(sang)后,幼(you)蟲生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)迅(xun)速,在(zai)(zai)適(shi)溫條件下(xia),一(yi)(yi)(yi)頭蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)自孵化(hua)(hua)(hua)至吐絲結(jie)繭(jian)(jian),大(da)約(yue)6~9天(tian)蛻一(yi)(yi)(yi)次皮,共需約(yue)24~32天(tian),約(yue)食(shi)(shi)下(xia)桑(sang)(sang)葉(xie)(xie)20~30g(合干物5~6.2g),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般經四次眠和(he)蛻皮,至生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)極度(du)(du)時,體(ti)重約(yue)增加1萬倍(bei)。吐絲結(jie)繭(jian)(jian)是桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)適(shi)應環境(jing)而生(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種本能(neng)(neng)。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)可(ke)繅絲,絲是珍貴的(de)(de)(de)紡(fang)織(zhi)原料(liao),在(zai)(zai)軍工(gong)、交電等方面也有(you)(you)廣泛用途。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)蛹、蛾和(he)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)糞(fen)也可(ke)以綜(zong)合利用,是多(duo)種化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)和(he)醫藥工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)原料(liao),也可(ke)以作植物的(de)(de)(de)養料(liao)。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)是全(quan)變(bian)態昆(kun)蟲,一(yi)(yi)(yi)個世(shi)代(dai)(dai)中,歷經卵、幼(you)蟲、蛹、成蟲4個發(fa)育(yu)階段。在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年內自然(ran)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)代(dai)(dai)數稱化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing),一(yi)(yi)(yi)年發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)1代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)稱一(yi)(yi)(yi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing),發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)2代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)稱二(er)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing),發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)3代(dai)(dai)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)稱多(duo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)。熱帶地(di)區(qu)還有(you)(you)終年不(bu)滯育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)品種。發(fa)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)范(fan)圍隨發(fa)育(yu)時期而不(bu)同(tong),大(da)致在(zai)(zai)7~40℃之間(jian),能(neng)(neng)正常發(fa)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)范(fan)圍為20~30℃。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)對全(quan)年的(de)(de)(de)氣象(xiang)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應性(xing)(xing)直接體(ti)現在(zai)(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)健程度(du)(du)上(shang),生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)良好(hao),體(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)健的(de)(de)(de)野桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)可(ke)以結(jie)出好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian),因此以繭(jian)(jian)質(zhi)(zhi)作為衡(heng)量野桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)體(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)健度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)指標(biao)。
塑(su)料薄(bo)膜(mo)覆蓋(gai)育:用于(yu)1~3齡蠶飼育。1~2齡上(shang)(shang)(shang)蓋(gai)下(xia)墊(dian)聚乙烯塑(su)料薄(bo)膜(mo),四周包折(zhe)。眠(mian)中(zhong)不(bu)蓋(gai),蠶餉食后繼續覆蓋(gai)。3齡只(zhi)蓋(gai)不(bu)墊(dian),薄(bo)膜(mo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)如凝有(you)霧滴,給(gei)桑(sang)前擦拭后,再使用。有(you)條件的(de)(de)地區應采用1~3齡蠶的(de)(de)小(xiao)蠶期(qi)共育。采集桑(sang)葉(xie)應按(an)照葉(xie)位和從(cong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)至下(xia)的(de)(de)順(shun)序進(jin)行。采摘桑(sang)葉(xie)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間宜在上(shang)(shang)(shang)午(wu)10時(shi)(shi)前和下(xia)午(wu)3時(shi)(shi)后,避免(mian)在高溫烈日下(xia)采葉(xie)。1~2齡稚蠶給(gei)桑(sang)要(yao)切葉(xie),切葉(xie)通常以蠶體2倍見方為標準。每(mei)齡少(shao)食期(qi)和將熟期(qi)適當地控制給(gei)桑(sang)量,盛食期(qi)充分(fen)飽食。塑(su)料薄(bo)膜(mo)覆蓋(gai)育每(mei)日可(ke)給(gei)桑(sang)4次(ci)。每(mei)次(ci)給(gei)桑(sang)量的(de)(de)多少(shao),主要(yao)根據蠶的(de)(de)發育、食欲(yu)及(ji)殘桑(sang)程度(du)靈活(huo)掌握,如果上(shang)(shang)(shang)次(ci)給(gei)的(de)(de)桑(sang)吃盡(jin),下(xia)次(ci)量可(ke)稍增(zeng),反之則減少(shao)給(gei)桑(sang)量。小(xiao)蠶期(qi)吃桑(sang)只(zhi)占全齡食桑(sang)的(de)(de)5%。
給(gei)(gei)(gei)桑方法:給(gei)(gei)(gei)桑前(qian)(qian)先勻(yun)蠶(can)(can)、整座(zuo),使蠶(can)(can)分布均(jun)勻(yun)。1盒蠶(can)(can)種最大蠶(can)(can)座(zuo)面積:1齡0.07~1.2㎡,2齡1.6~4㎡,3齡4~10㎡。除(chu)(chu)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)就是將(jiang)蠶(can)(can)座(zuo)上的(de)殘桑、蠶(can)(can)的(de)排泄物等(deng)除(chu)(chu)掉。在眠(mian)前(qian)(qian)的(de)一(yi)次(ci)除(chu)(chu)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)稱為(wei)眠(mian)除(chu)(chu),眠(mian)起(qi)后第(di)一(yi)次(ci)除(chu)(chu)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)為(wei)起(qi)除(chu)(chu),其他時間的(de)除(chu)(chu)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)叫中除(chu)(chu)。眼(yan)前(qian)(qian)處(chu)理包括適(shi)時加眠(mian)網、進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)眠(mian)除(chu)(chu),使環境干燥。蠶(can)(can)兒(er)發育不齊時要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)提青和分批,并將(jiang)青頭(tou)蠶(can)(can)放溫度偏高處(chu),勤(qin)給(gei)(gei)(gei)良(liang)桑,使其趕上大批。起(qi)蠶(can)(can)適(shi)時餉(xiang)食(shi),90%~95%的(de)起(qi)蠶(can)(can)頭(tou)部(bu)呈淡褐色,即為(wei)餉(xiang)食(shi)適(shi)量。餉(xiang)食(shi)葉適(shi)熟偏嫩、新鮮。小蠶(can)(can)期(qi)在給(gei)(gei)(gei)桑前(qian)(qian)將(jiang)生石灰粉均(jun)勻(yun)地撒在蠶(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)座(zuo)上,起(qi)蠶(can)(can)、將(jiang)眠(mian)各(ge)一(yi)次(ci)。
4齡(ling)至(zhi)多齡(ling)稱為(wei)大(da)(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。大(da)(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期(qi)需防(fang)高溫、高濕,加強通風(feng)換氣并(bing)飽(bao)食良桑。桑葉(xie)(xie)須儲存在(zai)陰涼(liang)、保(bao)濕、清潔衛(wei)生(sheng)的儲桑室內,平攤于地(di)面上。宜(yi)早晨采桑,儲備一(yi)天用(yong)(yong)量為(wei)宜(yi)。4、5齡(ling)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)吃片葉(xie)(xie)或芽葉(xie)(xie),每晝夜給桑4~5次(ci)。4齡(ling)占(zhan)全齡(ling)用(yong)(yong)桑量的10%,5齡(ling)占(zhan)85%,尤其是(shi)5齡(ling)第三天后吃桑很猛,要(yao)(yao)達到良桑飽(bao)食。當遇(yu)高溫干(gan)燥天氣,桑葉(xie)(xie)含水(shui)(shui)率低,往(wang)桑葉(xie)(xie)上噴水(shui)(shui)后喂蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),水(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)清潔,有明顯(xian)的增產效果。大(da)(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期(qi)要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)擴座和分匾。除(chu)沙是(shi)大(da)(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)期(qi)衛(wei)生(sheng)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)的重要(yao)(yao)工作,要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)網除(chu)沙,不要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)手(shou)抓蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。小蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)一(yi)號在(zai)收(shou)蟻及2、3齡(ling)起(qi)(qi),大(da)(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)一(yi)號在(zai)4、5齡(ling)起(qi)(qi)及見熟(shu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)時(shi),各撒(sa)(sa)藥(yao)(yao)粉1次(ci)。如有蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)發生(sheng),每天撒(sa)(sa)1次(ci)。用(yong)(yong)法:給桑前(qian)將(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)粉均(jun)勻地(di)撒(sa)(sa)在(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)座上,10分鐘(zhong)后給桑。生(sheng)石(shi)(shi)灰在(zai)1齡(ling)起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)消(xiao)(xiao)毒。2~4齡(ling)起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、將(jiang)眠蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)各消(xiao)(xiao)毒1次(ci)。5齡(ling)起(qi)(qi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、齡(ling)中、將(jiang)熟(shu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)各消(xiao)(xiao)毒1次(ci)。在(zai)給桑前(qian)將(jiang)生(sheng)石(shi)(shi)灰粉均(jun)勻地(di)撒(sa)(sa)在(zai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)體、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)座上。要(yao)(yao)求與大(da)(da)、小蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)一(yi)號使用(yong)(yong)間(jian)隔3小時(shi)以上。
蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室門口每天(tian)撒生石灰(hui)粉,進出更衣換鞋,病死蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)不(bu)能亂丟,要(yao)放入(ru)石灰(hui)罐(guan)中集(ji)中燒(shao)毀。喂(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、除(chu)(chu)沙前后要(yao)洗手。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)沙放到(dao)遠離蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室的(de)(de)地方(fang)發酵,不(bu)可直接(jie)施(shi)入(ru)桑園。編(bian)織布蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)(tai)育,可在蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)架(jia)上(shang)放小木(mu)條(tiao),在木(mu)條(tiao)上(shang)鋪編(bian)織布養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)(tai)養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)除(chu)(chu)沙時,用(yong)卷網除(chu)(chu)沙效果(guo)很好。方(fang)法(fa)是蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)網卷至蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)一(yi)半,將底下的(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)沙掃除(chu)(chu)倒掉,然(ran)后放開卷網,再對另一(yi)半除(chu)(chu)沙。條(tiao)桑育是將伐下的(de)(de)桑條(tiao)連同葉片一(yi)起放到(dao)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)座上(shang)喂(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。可在蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)喂(wei)養(yang)(yang),也可在地面上(shang)成畦狀喂(wei)養(yang)(yang)(地面先撒2.5%樂果(guo)粉防(fang)螞蟻,并撒一(yi)層(ceng)石灰(hui)粉)。塑料(liao)大棚(peng)養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),即節省蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室,也可加(jia)大棚(peng)室利(li)用(yong)率。一(yi)般3.3米×10米的(de)(de)大棚(peng),可搭(da)兩排各5層(ceng)的(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)臺(tai)(tai),每期養(yang)(yang)2盒(he)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種。8米×2.5米的(de)(de)大棚(peng)一(yi)期可養(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)一(yi)盒(he)。
適(shi)時上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu),按照隨(sui)熟(shu)(shu)隨(sui)捉,先熟(shu)(shu)先上(shang)(shang)的(de)原則。上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)密度:折蔟(cu)380~400頭,方格蔟(cu)以孔格80%~85%計算上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)頭數(shu)。上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)可(ke)采(cai)取人工拾取和自(zi)動上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)相結合的(de)方法。蔟(cu)中(zhong)溫度保(bao)持在(zai)22~25℃。濕度以干濕差2.5℃為宜(yi),光線均勻,環(huan)境靜寂,避(bi)免強風直吹,要加強通(tong)風換氣,保(bao)持0.5~1.0米/秒的(de)風速(su)。適(shi)時采(cai)繭,采(cai)繭應在(zai)蠶結繭化蛹(yong)后(hou),蛹(yong)體皮色(se)轉(zhuan)為黃(huang)色(se)時進行。在(zai)上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)后(hou)第6~7天采(cai)繭。采(cai)繭時先將蔟(cu)中(zhong)的(de)死蠶和爛繭拾去,按照分批上(shang)(shang)蔟(cu)先后(hou),先上(shang)(shang)先采(cai),后(hou)上(shang)(shang)后(hou)采(cai),輕采(cai)輕放(fang),避(bi)免蛹(yong)體損傷出血。采(cai)下的(de)繭不(bu)可(ke)堆積過(guo)厚,以2~3粒厚為宜(yi),放(fang)置于涼爽(shuang)、通(tong)風、干燥的(de)場(chang)地,避(bi)免強光暴曬。
蠶(can)(can)(can)只在(zai)幼蟲期取(qu)(qu)食(shi)。1條(tiao)蠶(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)食(shi)桑量(liang)約(yue)為新鮮桑葉21克(ke)(干物(wu)(wu)5.25克(ke)),其中(zhong)85~88%在(zai)5齡期食(shi)下,消化率(lv)約(yue)為40%。幼蟲階段的(de)(de)營養狀(zhuang)況直接影響蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)、以及繭絲(si)和蠶(can)(can)(can)卵(luan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)。桑蠶(can)(can)(can)所(suo)必需的(de)(de)營養素(su)有:蛋白(bai)質(zhi)、碳(tan)水(shui)(shui)化合(he)物(wu)(wu)、脂類、維生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)、無(wu)機鹽和水(shui)(shui)分等(deng)。蛋白(bai)質(zhi)不但是蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)各器(qi)官細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要組成(cheng)成(cheng)分,而且是絲(si)腺細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)合(he)成(cheng)絲(si)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)和卵(luan)巢生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)卵(luan)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)原料(liao)。碳(tan)水(shui)(shui)化合(he)物(wu)(wu)是生(sheng)(sheng)命活(huo)動的(de)(de)主要能(neng)源(yuan)。脂類中(zhong)的(de)(de)甾醇是蛻皮激素(su)的(de)(de)前軀物(wu)(wu),體(ti)(ti)內(nei)不能(neng)合(he)成(cheng),必須從食(shi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)攝取(qu)(qu)。維生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)是調(diao)(diao)節(jie)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)代謝不可缺(que)少(shao)的(de)(de)一(yi)類生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質(zhi),多(duo)數為酶(mei)的(de)(de)輔基(ji)。無(wu)機鹽是細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)成(cheng)分之一(yi),并對細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內(nei)外液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)滲(shen)透(tou)壓(ya)和酸堿度(du)起調(diao)(diao)節(jie)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。水(shui)(shui)分約(yue)占蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)的(de)(de)85%,是蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)主要組成(cheng)成(cheng)分,對體(ti)(ti)內(nei)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)溶解、運(yun)輸以及調(diao)(diao)節(jie)并保持(chi)內(nei)環境的(de)(de)相對恒定(ding)等(deng)具有重(zhong)要作(zuo)用(yong)(yong);血液(ye)(ye)含水(shui)(shui)率(lv)低時滲(shen)透(tou)壓(ya)升高,有礙(ai)代謝的(de)(de)正常進行;血液(ye)(ye)含水(shui)(shui)率(lv)過高則滲(shen)透(tou)壓(ya)下降,pH降低,也導致(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)障(zhang)礙(ai)。水(shui)(shui)分來(lai)自食(shi)料(liao),因而食(shi)料(liao)水(shui)(shui)分的(de)(de)含量(liang)與蠶(can)(can)(can)體(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)分的(de)(de)含量(liang)有密切關(guan)系。
上述營養成(cheng)分(fen)在桑葉(xie)(xie)(xie)中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)量(liang)均極豐富。除此以外(wai),桑葉(xie)(xie)(xie)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)含(han)有:①誘食因素(su),如檸檬醛、青(qing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)醇(chun)、青(qing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)醛以及(ji)里那醇(chun)等(deng)揮發(fa)性(xing)萜烯類物質;②咬(yao)食因素(su),如β-谷甾醇(chun)、異槲皮苷和桑色素(su)等(deng);③吞(tun)咽因素(su),如纖維素(su)、磷酸鹽(yan)、硅酸鹽(yan)、肌醇(chun)和維生素(su)C等(deng),能刺激幼蟲產生趨食、咬(yao)食和吞(tun)咽的要求和動作(zuo)。因此桑葉(xie)(xie)(xie)是(shi)最好的天然飼料。人工飼料也是(shi)按桑葉(xie)(xie)(xie)的化(hua)學組分(fen)配制而成(cheng)。
桑(sang)蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)眠(mian)和(he)起(qi)是蠶(can)生(sheng)長發育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)理(li)過程。蠶(can)蛻皮(pi)之前(qian)停止食桑(sang),蠶(can)體固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)桑(sang)葉上,逐漸形成(cheng)新皮(pi)。這(zhe)一不(bu)(bu)食不(bu)(bu)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)稱作(zuo)眠(mian)。蠶(can)的(de)(de)(de)一生(sheng)需4次蛻皮(pi),它的(de)(de)(de)眠(mian)和(he)起(qi)是生(sheng)理(li)上的(de)(de)(de)轉折點(dian)。表面上看不(bu)(bu)食不(bu)(bu)動(dong),其(qi)實它的(de)(de)(de)內部在(zai)(zai)進行激(ji)烈的(de)(de)(de)組織更新。如蠶(can)在(zai)(zai)眠(mian)期(qi)護(hu)理(li)不(bu)(bu)好,病菌(jun)極易侵入(ru)而發生(sheng)蛻皮(pi)困(kun)難,給后期(qi)飼養帶(dai)來(lai)不(bu)(bu)便(bian)和(he)經濟(ji)損失。所以蠶(can)在(zai)(zai)眠(mian)期(qi)管理(li)十分重要。
其(qi)方法(fa)有以下幾(ji)種。
一、眠前(qian)除(chu)沙。這是為了避(bi)免蠶糞堆(dui)積過多,病菌極易滋生和(he)蔓(man)延,進(jin)而在(zai)蠶眠期侵入(ru)蠶體。
二、蠶(can)在眠期不食不動,主要靠眠前吃桑吸(xi)收的養分(fen)來維(wei)持生命活動。所(suo)以一定要飽食就眠。如果過早停止給桑,會(hui)造成餓眠,而餓眠蠶(can)體質弱,抗性(xing)差,易生病。
三、蠶在眠期對外來(lai)的各種干(gan)擾抵抗力較弱,所以一定要注意眠中(zhong)保護。
當蠶(can)95%眠(mian)(mian)定(ding)后,要撒上新鮮石灰粉和蠶(can)藥“防病(bing)一號(hao)”,以防病(bing)菌(jun)侵(qin)入。如果有少量蠶(can)不吃桑又不眠(mian)(mian),這(zhe)是因(yin)為它沒找到眠(mian)(mian)定(ding)的(de)地方。這(zhe)時要放點桑葉,提青分批眠(mian)(mian)定(ding)。
四、蠶(can)(can)是(shi)變溫動物,適應范(fan)圍在(zai)20~30℃。春蠶(can)(can)期常(chang)遇(yu)低溫多(duo)濕的氣(qi)候,重點是(shi)補(bu)溫排(pai)濕。夏蠶(can)(can)期高(gao)溫多(duo)濕,重點是(shi)降溫排(pai)濕,保持蠶(can)(can)室(shi)空氣(qi)流通(tong),清除悶熱。秋(qiu)蠶(can)(can)期若遇(yu)高(gao)溫干燥,則要在(zai)室(shi)內補(bu)濕,結合消毒進(jin)行,即用新鮮石灰粉(fen)和(he)漂白粉(fen)對(dui)水噴(pen)灑地面(mian)(mian)和(he)墻面(mian)(mian);也可把布(bu)濕透掛在(zai)蠶(can)(can)架上,保持蠶(can)(can)室(shi)濕潤,避免(mian)蠶(can)(can)發生蛻(tui)(tui)皮(pi)困難和(he)半(ban)蛻(tui)(tui)皮(pi)。
吐絲(si)(si)(si)(si)和(he)結繭是桑蠶適應(ying)環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)本能。生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)分(fen)泌(mi)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)(xian),是1對半(ban)透明(ming)多(duo)屈曲的(de)(de)(de)管狀(zhuang)器官(圖4),在(zai)胚胎發育(yu)后期(qi)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。絲(si)(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)蟻蠶時(shi)僅(jin)0.01mg左右,隨(sui)齡期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)進而(er)長大。但在(zai)5齡第3日(ri)以前,由于保(bao)(bao)幼激素(su)的(de)(de)(de)抑制作用(yong),重量(liang)不(bu)超(chao)過體(ti)重的(de)(de)(de)5%。5齡第3日(ri)起保(bao)(bao)幼激素(su)停止(zhi)分(fen)泌(mi),食下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)大量(liang)桑葉主要(yao)用(yong)于長大絲(si)(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)物(wu)質(zhi),到5齡末(mo)期(qi)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)可達1.6克,約(yue)(yue)占體(ti)重的(de)(de)(de)45~50%。與蟻蠶的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)重量(liang)相比(bi),增(zeng)加約(yue)(yue)16萬(wan)倍(bei),而(er)體(ti)重僅(jin)增(zeng)約(yue)(yue)1萬(wan)倍(bei)。絲(si)(si)(si)(si)物(wu)質(zhi)包括(kuo)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)素(su)和(he)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)膠,均為由18種(zhong)氨基酸構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)。中部(bu)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)膠,后部(bu)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)素(su)。絲(si)(si)(si)(si)素(su)分(fen)泌(mi)到腺(xian)(xian)(xian)腔內向中部(bu)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)推進時(shi),才為絲(si)(si)(si)(si)膠所分(fen)層包圍。每條5齡蠶在(zai)保(bao)(bao)幼激素(su)終止(zhi)分(fen)泌(mi)后的(de)(de)(de)4~6日(ri)內,約(yue)(yue)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)0.35~0.6g。
繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)絲(si)(si)(si)一般無(wu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)透明,但也有結黃(huang)(huang)(huang)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、紅(hong)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或綠繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等的(de)(de)(de)蠶品種(zhong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)、紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)直(zhi)接(jie)來源于(yu)桑葉中的(de)(de)(de)胡蘿卜素(su)(su)等色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su);綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)則以桑葉中的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)酮系色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)如異槲(hu)皮苷、槲(hu)皮酮、蕓香(xiang)苷等為原料(liao),由消化管生(sheng)成(cheng)。繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)絲(si)(si)(si)著(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)與否和著(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)程度,決定(ding)于(yu)消化管透過和合成(cheng)色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)能力(li),以及進入血液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)被(bei)中部絲(si)(si)(si)腺吸(xi)收的(de)(de)(de)程度。白(bai)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)種(zhong)不著(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)(se),是由于(yu)無(wu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)進入血液(ye),或不被(bei)中部絲(si)(si)(si)腺吸(xi)收。此外(wai),環(huan)境對繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)色(se)(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)濃淡也有影響。一般絲(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)存(cun)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在于(yu)絲(si)(si)(si)膠中,繅(sao)制后隨絲(si)(si)(si)膠溶失而成(cheng)為白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)生(sheng)絲(si)(si)(si);但綠繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)(su)在絲(si)(si)(si)素(su)(su)中也有存(cun)在,繅(sao)絲(si)(si)(si)后仍帶(dai)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)。
桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)起源于(yu)中國(guo)。由古代(dai)棲息(xi)于(yu)桑(sang)(sang)樹的原始(shi)蠶(can)馴化(hua)而來,形態和(he)(he)(he)習(xi)性(xing)與(yu)今天食害(hai)桑(sang)(sang)葉的野(ye)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(Bombyxmandarina)(見桑(sang)(sang)樹害(hai)蟲)十分(fen)相(xiang)似(si),血(xue)清沉淀反應強(qiang)度也相(xiang)同(tong),雜(za)交能產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)正常子代(dai)。桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)的染色體是(shi)(shi)28對(dui)(dui),野(ye)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)則有27對(dui)(dui)和(he)(he)(he)28對(dui)(dui)兩種類(lei)(lei)型,一般認(ren)為桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)與(yu)中國(guo)的28對(dui)(dui)型野(ye)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)同(tong)源。人類(lei)(lei)最初可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)從(cong)桑(sang)(sang)林中采(cai)集原始(shi)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蠶(can)繭取絲利(li)用;隨著(zhu)人類(lei)(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的定居和(he)(he)(he)對(dui)(dui)蠶(can)絲用途的進一步了解而試行在室內養(yang)蠶(can)。經過長期的培育(yu)和(he)(he)(he)選擇(ze),野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蠶(can)才逐漸馴化(hua)成(cheng)為具有今天這樣(yang)經濟性(xing)狀(zhuang)的桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)種。目前(qian),我國(guo)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產遍布26個(ge)省份的1000多(duo)個(ge)縣。根據2006年統計資料,全國(guo)共有桑(sang)(sang)園面積1283.5萬畝,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產蠶(can)繭73.9萬噸(dun)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)代最主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟昆蟲之(zhi)(zhi)一。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟價(jia)值在(zai)于(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)是主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織原料之(zhi)(zhi)一。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是最早(zao)利(li)用蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家。古(gu)(gu)史(shi)上(shang)有(you)伏犧(xi)“化(hua)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”,嫘(lei)祖“教民(min)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說,又說黃帝元(yuan)(yuan)妃西陵氏為“先蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”,即最早(zao)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。新石器時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)表明(ming)(ming),公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)2750年(nian)以前(qian),今浙江吳(wu)興錢山漾地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先民(min)已(yi)利(li)用蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)織成絹片(pian)、絲(si)帶(dai)和絲(si)線。公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)十三(san)世紀(ji),桑(sang)、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)、絲(si)、帛等(deng)名稱(cheng)已(yi)見于(yu)甲(jia)骨卜辭。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)和大麻、苧麻,以及(ji)后來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)棉花一道,為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衣著原料,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)也(ye)就(jiu)成為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)業(ye)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)組成部分。在(zai)長達數千(qian)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)積累了豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)經驗(yan)(yan),這(zhe)個經驗(yan)(yan)比較集中(zhong)(zhong)地(di)體現(xian)(xian)在(zai)對(dui)于(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方面(mian)。商周(zhou)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)已(yi)在(zai)室(shi)內飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。戰國(guo)(guo)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)475~221年(nian)),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)已(yi)有(you)專(zhuan)用蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)室(shi),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)受到(dao)重視(shi),并采用了浴蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)技術(shu),公元(yuan)(yuan)三(san)世紀(ji)后期(qi)(qi)(qi),出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了小蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)恒溫飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),說明(ming)(ming)當于(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長與溫度之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)已(yi)有(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識,但直到(dao)元(yuan)(yuan)代《士農(nong)必用》中(zhong)(zhong)才(cai)對(dui)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各階段所需(xu)溫度有(you)詳細說明(ming)(ming)。晉代對(dui)于(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微粒子病(bing)(bing)和軟化(hua)病(bing)(bing)已(yi)有(you)所認識,時(shi)稱(cheng)“黑瘦”和“偽蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)”。公元(yuan)(yuan)六(liu)世紀(ji)三(san)十年(nian)代,據《齊民(min)要(yao)(yao)術(shu)》記(ji)載,人(ren)(ren)們還從(cong)種(zhong)繭(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)和鹽(yan)腌貯藏來(lai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)。宋元(yuan)(yuan)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi),對(dui)于(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)更進一步(bu),貯繭(jian)方法除鹽(yan)漬之(zhi)(zhi)外,復又出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)日(ri)曬和籠蒸。與此同時(shi),做(zuo)為防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)手(shou)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浴蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)方法也(ye)得(de)以改進,早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)浴蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)川中(zhong)(zhong)進行,宋代出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了朱砂溫水浴法,元(yuan)(yuan)代出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了天(tian)浴,利(li)用低溫選(xuan)優汰(tai)劣。《陳旉農(nong)書》中(zhong)(zhong)探(tan)討了蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)生僵病(bing)(bing)與濕(shi)熱風冷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi),《農(nong)桑(sang)輯要(yao)(yao)》則總結(jie)了蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)病(bing)(bing)與葉(xie)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。明(ming)(ming)代(1368~1664)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)了天(tian)露、石灰水、鹽(yan)水浴種(zhong)等(deng)方法。并采用了雜(za)交方法培育(yu)嘉(jia)種(zhong),以提高蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)病(bing)(bing)能力(li),還出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)淘(tao)汰(tai)病(bing)(bing)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)蔓(man)延的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技術(shu)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)處于(yu)世界(jie)領先地(di)位,并對(dui)世界(jie)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)發展作出(chu)(chu)巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻。公元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)十一世紀(ji),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技術(shu)隨(sui)箕子傳入(ru)朝鮮,隨(sui)后復又傳到(dao)了日(ri)本。秦漢以后,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)技術(shu)通過舉世著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路傳入(ru)到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)亞、南亞及(ji)西亞地(di)區,六(liu)世紀(ji)世紀(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)葉(xie),君士坦丁堡國(guo)(guo)王通過印(yin)度僧侶從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)私運蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)至該國(guo)(guo),是為西方有(you)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)始。
中(zhong)國(guo)人是(shi)世界上最早養(yang)蠶、織絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家。在(zai)浙江(jiang)省吳興的(de)(de)(de)(de)郊外,發現五千(qian)(qian)年(nian)人人類遺留的(de)(de)(de)(de)東西,其中(zhong)有古(gu)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)織品(pin),證明很(hen)早以前(qian)中(zhong)國(guo)就會(hui)(hui)養(yang)蠶,傳說黃帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)妃子螺,教人民種(zhong)桑樹、養(yang)蠶、抽絲(si)(si)、織布,讓大家有好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)衣服穿。二千(qian)(qian)多(duo)年(nian)前(qian),中(zhong)國(guo)人制(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)織品(pin)傳到歐洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),當(dang)時歐洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人還不(bu)會(hui)(hui)養(yang)蠶抽絲(si)(si),不(bu)知道(dao)這么美麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)布料是(shi)怎(zen)麼(ma)做(zuo)出來的(de)(de)(de)(de),由于歐洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人很(hen)喜(xi)歡買絲(si)(si)織品(pin),商人要運送(song)很(hen)多(duo)絲(si)(si)織品(pin)到歐洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),於是(shi)開辟一條運送(song)絲(si)(si)織品(pin)到歐洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu),這條路(lu)稱作絲(si)(si)綢之路(lu)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)原野上(shang)生(sheng)長著(zhu)許多(duo)(duo)桑樹(shu),有(you)(you)喬木,也有(you)(you)灌(guan)木。在(zai)(zai)桑樹(shu)上(shang)生(sheng)息著(zhu)好幾(ji)種昆蟲(chong),它們(men)(men)(men)取(qu)食桑葉(xie)或蛀食樹(shu)干。在(zai)(zai)些昆蟲(chong)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)一種吐絲作繭(jian)的(de)(de)鱗翅目昆蟲(chong)引起(qi)了(le)(le)先民(min)的(de)(de)注(zhu)意,這就是桑蠶(can)(can)(can)。桑蠶(can)(can)(can)取(qu)食桑葉(xie)后吐絲結繭(jian),然后鉆(zhan)出繭(jian)殼羽化為蛾子(zi)。人(ren)們(men)(men)(men)發現(xian)這種繭(jian)殼浸濕(shi)后,可(ke)以拉(la)出長長的(de)(de)銀色(se)絲縷(lv),這絲縷(lv)可(ke)捻成(cheng)線,也可(ke)織成(cheng)綢。這比(bi)起(qi)當時的(de)(de)衣服原料麻布(bu)和(he)葛布(bu)來(lai),要漂亮得(de)多(duo)(duo)了(le)(le)。隨著(zhu)先民(min)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)定(ding)居,人(ren)們(men)(men)(men)為了(le)(le)獲得(de)更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian),即開始(shi)了(le)(le)人(ren)工(gong)飼養(yang),并把蠶(can)(can)(can)移到(dao)室內來(lai)馴養(yang)。中(zhong)(zhong)國除桑蠶(can)(can)(can)外,還有(you)(you)柞(zuo)蠶(can)(can)(can)、樟蠶(can)(can)(can)、樗蠶(can)(can)(can)、天蠶(can)(can)(can)等。柞(zuo)蠶(can)(can)(can)(AntheraeapernyiGuerin-Meneville)屬大蠶(can)(can)(can)蛾科(ke)(Saturniidae),原產(chan)(chan)山東(dong)萊州(掖縣),是中(zhong)(zhong)國地位僅(jin)次(ci)于桑蠶(can)(can)(can)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)絲昆蟲(chong),現(xian)盛(sheng)產(chan)(chan)于遼寧(ning)、河南等省。柞(zuo)蠶(can)(can)(can)最早(zao)見于《爾雅》(公元(yuan)前(qian)1200年(nian)),2700年(nian)前(qian)柞(zuo)蠶(can)(can)(can)絲已作為給皇帝的(de)(de)貢物(wu),在(zai)(zai)漢(han)代曾經由官方推(tui)廣(guang),經宋、元(yuan)、明(ming)、清幾(ji)代引種推(tui)廣(guang),分(fen)布(bu)到(dao)了(le)(le)全國很多(duo)(duo)省份。其主要飼料樹(shu)種是櫟屬(Quercus)各種的(de)(de)葉(xie)子(zi)。
在古人眼里(li),蠶(can)是一種神(shen)(shen)圣的動物(wu)。吐(tu)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)成繭,而后化(hua)為(wei)(wei)飛翔(xiang)的精靈,這(zhe)是一個(ge)美好、圓滿的生命輪回,并賦予絲(si)(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)神(shen)(shen)秘,高貴的人文(wen)(wen)色(se)(se)彩(cai),使之蘊涵濃(nong)厚的哲(zhe)學意味(wei)。絲(si)(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)有著(zhu)幾千年(nian)的悠久歷史積淀(dian),古老的絲(si)(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)文(wen)(wen)明是中(zhong)(zhong)華民族的瑰寶,也是中(zhong)(zhong)國對世界的重大貢(gong)獻,是中(zhong)(zhong)國聯系世界友(you)誼的紐帶,絲(si)(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)是友(you)好的使者,歷史上多以文(wen)(wen)繡錦帛(bo)作為(wei)(wei)高級禮(li)品,禮(li)贈(zeng)友(you)邦,“化(hua)干戈為(wei)(wei)玉帛(bo)”以示友(you)好。絲(si)(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)對推動人類(lei)文(wen)(wen)明的進程,有著(zhu)不可磨滅的影響。“錦"是多彩(cai)提(ti)花(hua)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)織物(wu)的泛(fan)稱,錦合"金"、"帛(bo)"成字,取(qu)錦“織彩(cai)為(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen),其價如金”之意。錦以織造技術復雜,圖案古雅(ya),色(se)(se)彩(cai)瑰麗成為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國傳統絲(si)(si)(si)(si)織物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)的精品。
根據文獻(xian)記載和文物考證,我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先早在(zai)五千多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石器時(shi)(shi)代已(yi)開始植桑(sang)養蠶。蠶絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用開始于(yu)(yu)漁獵(lie)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)末期(qi),而養蠶開始于(yu)(yu)農業(ye)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期(qi)即黃帝時(shi)(shi)代。在(zai)周朝(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前1066年(nian)(nian)(nian)~256年(nian)(nian)(nian))蠶桑(sang)生產(chan)已(yi)成為(wei)專業(ye)化,并受(shou)(shou)到官方督(du)察(cha)管(guan)理。到戰國時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前476年(nian)(nian)(nian)~221年(nian)(nian)(nian))達(da)(da)到高度發(fa)展,蠶絲(si)已(yi)成為(wei)貧民百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)(chang)衣服和自(zi)由貿(mao)易的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物資了。中國各地出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰國時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)織品很多(duo),有羅、綾、紈、紗(sha)、縐(zhou)、綺、錦、繡等產(chan)品,其圖(tu)案與色彩(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美麗達(da)(da)到了驚人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地步。宋(song)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)960年(nian)(nian)(nian)~1368年(nian)(nian)(nian))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠶絲(si)生產(chan)和絲(si)織業(ye)達(da)(da)到另一高峰,宋(song)朝年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)絲(si)綢達(da)(da)340萬匹,統(tong)治者對(dui)蠶絲(si)業(ye)與農耕同(tong)樣重(zhong)視。中國古籍(ji)中常(chang)(chang)有“農桑(sang)并舉”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記載。“一婦(fu)不蠶,或受(shou)(shou)之寒”一成語反(fan)映了古代人(ren)民對(dui)蠶業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度認識。
中國古代社會的(de)(de)衣著(zhu)以(yi)絲(si)綢和棉麻(ma)來(lai)區分貴賤。官員(yuan)富豪無(wu)不以(yi)衣錦為(wei)榮,成(cheng)語“衣錦還鄉”應運而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)。勞(lao)動人(ren)民則(ze)穿棉麻(ma)布衣。唐朝(公元(yuan)618年(nian)~907年(nian))以(yi)前,絲(si)絹(juan)與(yu)糧食同樣(yang)作(zuo)為(wei)人(ren)民負擔繳納的(de)(de)實物,朝廷或(huo)官府以(yi)絲(si)絹(juan)作(zuo)為(wei)對(dui)有功臣民的(de)(de)賜賞(shang)。現今藏族(zu)和蒙古族(zu)在迎送、饋(kui)贈、敬神及(ji)日(ri)常交往禮節中使用絲(si)質(zhi)素布條(哈達)以(yi)表達敬意和祝(zhu)賀。絲(si)綢業的(de)(de)發展與(yu)普及(ji)也(ye)影響(xiang)到(dao)中國的(de)(de)文化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)活,除了有許多描述采(cai)桑、養蠶(can)的(de)(de)美好(hao)詩句(ju)外(wai),成(cheng)語“作(zuo)繭自(zi)縛(fu)”被用來(lai)比(bi)喻(yu)自(zi)己束縛(fu)自(zi)己,也(ye)比(bi)喻(yu)人(ren)作(zuo)事原(yuan)來(lai)希望對(dui)自(zi)己有利,結果反(fan)使自(zi)己吃虧受累。唐代白居易有“燭蛾(e)誰(shui)救護,蠶(can)繭自(zi)縛(fu)縈。”;宋朝釋道(dao)原(yuan)有“聲聞(wen)執法坐禪,如(ru)蠶(can)吐絲(si)自(zi)縛(fu)。”的(de)(de)詩句(ju)。由于蠶(can)一生(sheng)(sheng)只吃桑葉,到(dao)老時卻(que)吐盡它那柔(rou)軟、光滑、潔白的(de)(de)絲(si),因此“春(chun)蠶(can)到(dao)死絲(si)方盡”的(de)(de)詩句(ju)就被用來(lai)贊揚那些有奉獻精(jing)神的(de)(de)人(ren)們(men)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古代蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展促成(cheng)了(le)對(dui)外通(tong)商(shang)和文(wen)(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)。早在(zai)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)11世(shi)紀,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種和養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)技(ji)術已傳(chuan)入(ru)朝鮮,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前2世(shi)紀傳(chuan)入(ru)日本,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)6世(shi)紀傳(chuan)入(ru)土耳其、埃及(ji)、阿拉伯(bo)及(ji)地中(zhong)(zhong)海沿岸國(guo)家(jia)。桑蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)飼養(yang)技(ji)術是(shi)公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)6世(shi)紀傳(chuan)人歐洲的(de)(de)(de)(de),所(suo)以(yi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)(si)(si)代表東方(fang)古代文(wen)(wen)明,在(zai)東西(xi)方(fang)文(wen)(wen)化交(jiao)流(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)起著(zhu)非常重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。絲(si)(si)(si)綢是(shi)廣受歡迎的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品,它(ta)和桑蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)飼養(yang)技(ji)術通(tong)過絲(si)(si)(si)綢之路向西(xi)傳(chuan)播,路經草(cao)原、沙漠、綠洲和山(shan)川,沿途興起一(yi)批(pi)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)市鎮,如武(wu)威、張(zhang)掖、酒泉、敦煌、龜茲、疏(shu)勒等。張(zhang)騫(qian)從建(jian)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)3年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前138年(nian))到元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朔3年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前126年(nian))奉漢武(wu)帝劉徹的(de)(de)(de)(de)命令由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)西(xi)部出發,到過帕米(mi)爾高原以(yi)西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些(xie)國(guo)家(jia),并(bing)建(jian)立了(le)聯系(xi)。絲(si)(si)(si)綢是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)產品,因此,古代西(xi)方(fang)稱長安古都為絲(si)(si)(si)城,稱中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)為“絲(si)(si)(si)國(guo)”。在(zai)南方(fang)另(ling)有(you)絲(si)(si)(si)綢之路,經成(cheng)都、保山(shan)等地到達緬甸與印度;在(zai)東部沿海又有(you)徐聞(廣東)、合浦(廣西(xi))以(yi)及(ji)蓬萊(山(shan)東)、寧波(浙江)等港口通(tong)往太平(ping)洋(yang)諸(zhu)島嶼和地區。
目前,亞洲、非洲、歐洲、拉(la)丁美洲、大洋(yang)洲和(he)多個國(guo)家與地(di)區飼養家蠶(can),年(nian)產(chan)蠶(can)繭(jian)約800萬擔,產(chan)絲約5萬噸。中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)繭(jian)量(liang)和(he)產(chan)絲量(liang)都占(zhan)全世界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)首位。蠶(can)業分布在除(chu)青海、西藏、寧夏以外的(de)(de)(de)所有省、市、自治區,浙江地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)農民歷(li)來(lai)都把這種對(dui)人類作出(chu)很(hen)大貢獻的(de)(de)(de)昆蟲叫(jiao)做(zuo)“蠶(can)寶寶”,它吐出(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)絲有珍珠之光,即使在化學纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)日新月異的(de)(de)(de)今日,絲織(zhi)品仍(reng)被(bei)譽為“纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)女皇”,它具有的(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)衣料特性是其他纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)望(wang)塵莫及的(de)(de)(de)。隨著社會的(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)生活水平的(de)(de)(de)提高,養蠶(can)業有著十分光明的(de)(de)(de)前途。
話(hua)家(jia)蠶(can)(can)(can)馴育是中(zhong)國遠古時代不(bu)知名的(de)勞動人民在實(shi)踐中(zhong)掌握自然規律(lv)而(er)加以(yi)利用(yong)的(de)事實(shi),但畢竟(jing)歷史過于悠(you)久(jiu)而(er)無法追溯(su)到其最(zui)早起源,因(yin)而(er)就有了(le)各種(zhong)傳說和(he)神(shen)話(hua)。傳說之一(yi),養蠶(can)(can)(can)是黃(huang)帝的(de)元(yuan)妃嫘祖所(suo)發(fa)明。在《通鑒外(wai)紀》中(zhong)有“西(xi)陵氏之女嫘祖為(wei)(wei)帝元(yuan)妃,始教民育蠶(can)(can)(can),……后(hou)世祀為(wei)(wei)先(xian)(xian)蠶(can)(can)(can)。”這種(zhong)說法比較普遍,解放前(qian)蠶(can)(can)(can)神(shen)廟(miao)里還供(gong)著先(xian)(xian)蠶(can)(can)(can)西(xi)陵氏。
傳說(shuo)在(zai)遠古時代,有一個大(da)人出門遠行,家里沒有其他的人,只有一個女(nv)兒。另外還(huan)有雄馬(ma)一匹,由女(nv)兒親自來喂(wei)養(yang)。女(nv)兒居住在(zai)偏僻閉塞的地方,十分思念她的父親,就和馬(ma)開(kai)玩笑說(shuo):“你(ni)能給我把父親接回家,我就嫁給你(ni)。”
馬(ma)(ma)(ma)聽了(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)話,就(jiu)掙斷了(le)(le)韁繩出門(men)去了(le)(le),徑直跑到她父親(qin)那里(li)。父親(qin)看(kan)見(jian)了(le)(le)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)又(you)驚(jing)又(you)喜,便拉(la)過來(lai)騎(qi)(qi)了(le)(le)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)望著它來(lai)時的方向,悲哀地(di)嘶叫不停。父親(qin)說:“我這(zhe)(zhe)兒(er)沒有(you)什(shen)么事情(qing),這(zhe)(zhe)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)卻(que)這(zhe)(zhe)樣哀叫,我家里(li)是否發生(sheng)了(le)(le)什(shen)么事呢?”他急忙騎(qi)(qi)著馬(ma)(ma)(ma)回了(le)(le)家。因為這(zhe)(zhe)畜生(sheng)對(dui)主人有(you)非同尋常的情(qing)誼,所以(yi)主人也優(you)厚地(di)加以(yi)飼養,但馬(ma)(ma)(ma)卻(que)不肯吃料(liao),每(mei)次看(kan)見(jian)那女兒(er)進出,總是似喜似怒地(di)踢蹄(ti)蹦跳,象這(zhe)(zhe)樣的情(qing)況不止一(yi)次。
父親對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況感到很奇怪,就偷愉地詢(xun)問女兒(er)。女兒(er)便把(ba)(ba)與馬(ma)開(kai)玩笑的事一(yi)一(yi)告(gao)訴了父親,認為一(yi)定是(shi)因為這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)緣(yuan)故。父親說:“不要把(ba)(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)件事說出(chu)去,我(wo)(wo)怕(pa)它會玷(dian)污了我(wo)(wo)家的名聲。另(ling)外,你(ni)別(bie)再進進出(chu)出(chu)了。”于是(shi)父親埋伏在暗處用弓箭把(ba)(ba)馬(ma)射死了,并把(ba)(ba)馬(ma)皮剝下來曬在院(yuan)子中(zhong)。
父(fu)(fu)親走了,女(nv)(nv)兒和鄰居家的(de)姑娘在曬馬皮(pi)的(de)地方玩耍,女(nv)(nv)兒用腳踢(ti)著(zhu)那馬皮(pi)說(shuo):“你是畜生,還想娶人(ren)做媳(xi)婦嗎?結果招來了這屠殺剝皮(pi),為什么要自討苦吃呢(ni)?”話還來不及說(shuo)完,那馬皮(pi)突然挺立起來,卷著(zhu)女(nv)(nv)兒飛走了。鄰居家的(de)姑娘又(you)慌又(you)怕,不敢救她,便跑(pao)去告訴(su)她的(de)父(fu)(fu)親。
她父親回來,到處尋找,女兒已經出門失(shi)蹤了。后(hou)來過了幾(ji)天,在一棵(ke)大(da)樹(shu)(shu)的樹(shu)(shu)枝中找到了,但女兒和(he)馬皮都變(bian)成了蠶(can)(can),在樹(shu)(shu)上吐絲作繭,那蠶(can)(can)繭絲緒不亂(luan),又厚又大(da),不同(tong)于通常的蠶(can)(can)繭。鄰近的婦女取(qu)這種(zhong)蠶(can)(can)飼養,收入增(zeng)加(jia)了好幾(ji)倍(bei)。因而人(ren)們把那棵(ke)樹(shu)(shu)命名為“桑(sang)”。“桑(sang)”,就(jiu)是“喪”,是悼(dao)念(nian)死亡的意(yi)思(si)。從此百姓爭著(zhu)種(zhong)植桑(sang)樹(shu)(shu),現(xian)在用來養蠶(can)(can)的就(jiu)是這種(zhong)樹(shu)(shu)。平常所說(shuo)的“桑(sang)蠶(can)(can)”,是古蠶(can)(can)中殘(can)剩下來的一種(zhong)。
根(gen)據(ju)《天官》的(de)說法(fa),辰對(dui)應馬星。《蠶(can)(can)(can)書》上說:“對(dui)應大火的(de)那(nei)個月(yue)(yue)(指二月(yue)(yue)),就要浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)選(xuan)種了(le)。”這樣看來,那(nei)么蠶(can)(can)(can)和(he)馬具有同(tong)一種元(yuan)氣。《周禮》規定,校(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(應作“馬質”)的(de)職務是(shi)(shi)(shi)主管“禁止再次(ci)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)選(xuan)種”。鄭玄的(de)注解說:“事物不能(neng)同(tong)時為大。禁止再次(ci)浴(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)選(xuan)種,是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為怕它傷害了(le)馬。”按照漢代(dai)的(de)禮儀(yi),皇后親(qin)自采桑(sang),祭祀(si)的(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)神(shen)叫(jiao)做“菀(yu)窳婦人(ren)(ren)”、“寓氏公主”。公主,是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)女子的(de)尊稱,菀(yu)窳婦人(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)一個教老百姓(xing)養蠶(can)(can)(can)的(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)神(shen)。所以現在社(she)會上有人(ren)(ren)把(ba)蠶(can)(can)(can)叫(jiao)做女兒,這實是(shi)(shi)(shi)古代(dai)遺留(liu)下來的(de)詞語啊。
原文:
舊說:太古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,有大(da)人遠征,家(jia)無余人,唯(wei)有一(yi)女(nv)。牡馬(ma)(ma)(ma)一(yi)匹,女(nv)親(qin)(qin)養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。窮居(ju)幽處(chu),思念其(qi)父(fu),乃戲(xi)(xi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“爾能為(wei)我(wo)迎(ying)得父(fu)還(huan),吾將(jiang)嫁汝。”馬(ma)(ma)(ma)既承此(ci)言,乃絕韁而去。徑至父(fu)所。父(fu)見馬(ma)(ma)(ma),驚喜(xi),因(yin)取而乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)望所自來,悲(bei)鳴不已。父(fu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“此(ci)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)無事如(ru)此(ci),我(wo)家(jia)得無有故(gu)(gu)乎(hu)!”亟乘(cheng)以(yi)(yi)歸。為(wei)畜生(sheng)(sheng)有非常(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,故(gu)(gu)厚加芻養。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)不肯食。每見女(nv)出(chu)入(ru),輒喜(xi)怒奮擊。如(ru)此(ci)非一(yi)。父(fu)怪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),密以(yi)(yi)問女(nv),女(nv)具以(yi)(yi)告父(fu):“必為(wei)是(shi)故(gu)(gu)。”父(fu)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“勿(wu)言。恐辱家(jia)門。且莫(mo)出(chu)入(ru)。”于(yu)是(shi)伏弩射殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。暴皮(pi)于(yu)庭。父(fu)行(xing),女(nv)以(yi)(yi)鄰(lin)女(nv)于(yu)皮(pi)所戲(xi)(xi),以(yi)(yi)足(zu)蹙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“汝是(shi)畜生(sheng)(sheng),而欲取人為(wei)婦(fu)耶!招此(ci)屠剝,如(ru)何自苦!”言未及(ji)竟,馬(ma)(ma)(ma)皮(pi)蹶然而起(qi),卷女(nv)以(yi)(yi)行(xing)。鄰(lin)女(nv)忙怕,不敢救之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。走告其(qi)父(fu)。父(fu)還(huan)求索,已出(chu)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后經數日(ri),得于(yu)大(da)樹枝間,女(nv)及(ji)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)皮(pi),盡化為(wei)蠶(can),而績(ji)于(yu)樹上(shang)。其(qi)(上(shang)爾下蟲)綸理厚大(da),異于(yu)常(chang)(chang)蠶(can)。鄰(lin)婦(fu)取而養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)收(shou)數倍。因(yin)名(ming)其(qi)樹曰(yue)(yue)(yue)桑。桑者(zhe)(zhe),喪也(ye)(ye)。由斯百(bai)姓競種(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),今世所養是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。言桑蠶(can)者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)古(gu)蠶(can)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余類也(ye)(ye)。案:天官:“辰,為(wei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)星。”蠶(can)書曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“月當大(da)火,則浴其(qi)種(zhong)。”是(shi)蠶(can)與馬(ma)(ma)(ma)同氣也(ye)(ye)。周(zhou)禮(li):“教人職掌(zhang),票原蠶(can)者(zhe)(zhe)。”注云:“物莫(mo)能兩(liang)大(da),禁原蠶(can)者(zhe)(zhe),為(wei)其(qi)傷馬(ma)(ma)(ma)也(ye)(ye)。”漢禮(li)皇(huang)后親(qin)(qin)采(cai)桑祀(si)蠶(can)神(shen),曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“菀窳婦(fu)人,寓氏公主(zhu)(zhu)。”公主(zhu)(zhu)者(zhe)(zhe),女(nv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊稱也(ye)(ye)。菀窳婦(fu)人,先蠶(can)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)今世或謂(wei)蠶(can)為(wei)女(nv)兒者(zhe)(zhe),是(shi)古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺言也(ye)(ye)。《搜神(shen)記》
雄蠶孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)即(ji)(ji)有(you)1對(dui)(dui)睪丸,5齡開(kai)(kai)始(shi)約(yue)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)140~200萬(wan)條有(you)核(he)(he)(he)精(jing)子(zi),到(dao)蛹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)、后(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)還形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無核(he)(he)(he)精(jing)子(zi),但后(hou)者不(bu)能(neng)使(shi)蠶卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)受精(jing)。雌(ci)蠶孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)即(ji)(ji)有(you)1對(dui)(dui)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao);至(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)蛹后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1~2日(ri)(ri),卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)管迅速長(chang)大(da)(da),擠破卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)巢(chao)膜而(er)(er)游離(li)(li)于腹腔(qiang),約(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)9日(ri)(ri)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan),并(bing)向輸卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)管下移。化(hua)(hua)(hua)蛾前1~2日(ri)(ri),卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)細胞(bao)核(he)(he)(he)進(jin)行(xing)第(di)1次成(cheng)(cheng)熟分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)(lie),到(dao)中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)停(ting)止(zhi)、待(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)蛾交配后(hou),精(jing)子(zi)進(jin)入卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)內(nei),才(cai)使(shi)停(ting)留在(zai)(zai)第(di)一(yi)次成(cheng)(cheng)熟分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)(lie)中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)核(he)(he)(he)因受刺(ci)激而(er)(er)繼續分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)(lie),至(zhi)(zhi)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)下后(hou)約(yue)40分(fen)(fen)鐘停(ting)止(zhi)。第(di)2次成(cheng)(cheng)熟分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)(lie)在(zai)(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)下后(hou)約(yue)60分(fen)(fen)鐘開(kai)(kai)始(shi),經20分(fen)(fen)鐘完成(cheng)(cheng)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)下后(hou)約(yue)2小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi),雄核(he)(he)(he)與雌(ci)核(he)(he)(he)融合,并(bing)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)裂(lie)(lie)。約(yue)在(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)下后(hou)15小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi),形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)盤。胚(pei)盤在(zai)(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)孔(kong)一(yi)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)細胞(bao)逐(zhu)漸(jian)增厚成(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)帶(dai)。卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)下后(hou)約(yue)24小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi),胚(pei)帶(dai)脫離(li)(li)胚(pei)盤而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai),俗(su)稱胚(pei)子(zi)。殘(can)留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)盤稱漿膜。初形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)只有(you)1層(ceng)(ceng)細胞(bao),以(yi)后(hou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)胚(pei)層(ceng)(ceng)和中(zhong)胚(pei)層(ceng)(ceng)2個細胞(bao)層(ceng)(ceng),內(nei)胚(pei)層(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)(zai)胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)發育后(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)才(cai)出現(xian)。滯(zhi)(zhi)育卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)在(zai)(zai)滯(zhi)(zhi)育期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間外(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)大(da)(da),隨(sui)著自(zi)然溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度下降(jiang),蠶卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)逐(zhu)漸(jian)解除(chu)滯(zhi)(zhi)育。解除(chu)滯(zhi)(zhi)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)適溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度為5℃左右,但一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)15℃以(yi)下即(ji)(ji)能(neng)逐(zhu)步解除(chu)滯(zhi)(zhi)育。中(zhong)國生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)把蠶卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)從滯(zhi)(zhi)育解除(chu)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)到(dao)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua),分(fen)(fen)為15個階段(見表)。其中(zhong),最(zui)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),過了此期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)對(dui)(dui)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抵抗力即(ji)(ji)減弱,故(gu)最(zui)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)是(shi)冷(leng)藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨界胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai),又是(shi)加溫(wen)(wen)(wen)催青(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)點(dian)胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)。反轉(zhuan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)幼(you)蟲器官和組織形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)最(zui)旺盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),不(bu)但形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態上(shang)(shang)(shang)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)顯著,在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)理上(shang)(shang)(shang)對(dui)(dui)外(wai)界環(huan)境條件也(ye)很敏感。二(er)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性種在(zai)(zai)反轉(zhuan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)到(dao)轉(zhuan)青(qing)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間受高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)、長(chang)光照(zhao)、多濕條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,可(ke)促使(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)滯(zhi)(zhi)育卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan),否則產(chan)(chan)(chan)非滯(zhi)(zhi)育卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)。轉(zhuan)青(qing)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蟻體已基本完成(cheng)(cheng),對(dui)(dui)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抵抗力增強,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)可(ke)通過短期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)冷(leng)藏(zang)抑制(zhi),以(yi)調節收(shou)蟻日(ri)(ri)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。胚(pei)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)發育成(cheng)(cheng)蟻蠶后(hou),先吐(tu)出堿性腸(chang)液(ye)使(shi)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)孔(kong)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)(luan)殼(ke)膨軟,繼而(er)(er)用上(shang)(shang)(shang)顎(e)刻劃撕裂(lie)(lie)成(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)塊吞(tun)下,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)孔(kong)而(er)(er)爬出。在(zai)(zai)自(zi)然狀態下,蟻蠶通常在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)午(wu)5~9時(shi)(shi)(shi)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。
1、大力(li)開展技(ji)術(shu)培(pei)訓,努力(li)提高蠶(can)(can)(can)農科(ke)學養蠶(can)(can)(can)水平。要開展技(ji)術(shu)培(pei)訓,普及(ji)科(ke)學養蠶(can)(can)(can)技(ji)術(shu)。首先要教(jiao)育(yu)蠶(can)(can)(can)農規范操作程序(xu),提倡除(chu)沙墊膠布;除(chu)沙后要洗手喂葉;揀病蠶(can)(can)(can)時(shi)要用(yong)(yong)蠶(can)(can)(can)筷,并投(tou)入石灰缽;其次,重視飼育(yu)管理,小蠶(can)(can)(can)喂適(shi)熟葉,大蠶(can)(can)(can)期要注(zhu)意通風換(huan)氣(qi),大蠶(can)(can)(can)擴座(zuo)稀放;使蠶(can)(can)(can)農學會對常見病癥的(de)識(shi)別,掌(zhang)握對癥用(yong)(yong)藥及(ji)用(yong)(yong)藥的(de)劑量等(deng)基(ji)本技(ji)術(shu)。
2、預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主,綜合(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治。蠶(can)病防(fang)(fang)(fang)治要(yao)堅持"預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主,綜合(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治"的原則,在(zai)養(yang)蠶(can)前,抓好消毒工作,消毒做(zuo)到徹底、全面(mian),不(bu)留死(si)角。養(yang)蠶(can)中(zhong)要(yao)經常觀(guan)察蠶(can)的食桑情(qing)況(kuang),并適當添加(jia)藥劑(ji),不(bu)能(neng)等到蠶(can)病大(da)發生時才用(yong)藥。同時養(yang)蠶(can)后(hou)要(yao)進行回山消毒。
3、對僵蠶(can)(can)(can)、膿(nong)病(bing)宜(yi)采用以下措施。抓(zhua)(zhua)好(hao)示范(fan)戶(hu)、重點(dian)戶(hu)的消(xiao)毒(du)(du)防(fang)(fang)病(bing)、科學飼育,以點(dian)帶面,擴大影響。每次消(xiao)毒(du)(du)時(shi)(shi),蠶(can)(can)(can)具(ju)要浸漬消(xiao)毒(du)(du),消(xiao)毒(du)(du)隱蔽部位病(bing)原(yuan)體,然后在密封的蠶(can)(can)(can)室內進行熏(xun)煙消(xiao)毒(du)(du)。重點(dian)抓(zhua)(zhua)蟻(yi)蠶(can)(can)(can),并做好(hao)眠蠶(can)(can)(can)和起蠶(can)(can)(can)的消(xiao)毒(du)(du)工作。常(chang)撒些蠶(can)(can)(can)座凈或防(fang)(fang)僵粉,以及(ji)(ji)焦(jiao)糠等干燥材(cai)料。發種時(shi)(shi)把(ba)蠶(can)(can)(can)藥(yao)及(ji)(ji)技術(shu)資料一并發給蠶(can)(can)(can)農,蠶(can)(can)(can)農要從正宗(zong)廠家進藥(yao),保證蠶(can)(can)(can)藥(yao)質量(liang)。農技人員要深入村(cun)組農戶(hu),進行現場指導,發現問題及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)解決。