種(Chóng)師(shi)道(公(gong)元1051年(nian)—公(gong)元1126年(nian)),字彝(yi)叔,漢族,原名建(jian)中,因為避(bi)諱宋(song)徽宗建(jian)中靖國的年(nian)號,改名為師(shi)極,后被徽宗御賜(si)名為師(shi)道。北宋(song)末(mo)年(nian)名將(jiang)。大儒種放從曾孫(sun)、名將(jiang)種世衡之孫(sun)。
種師(shi)道初任(ren)文職(zhi),因有謀略(lve),后(hou)改武職(zhi),抵(di)御西夏有功,成(cheng)為名(ming)將,被尊稱為“老種”。靖康元年,金兵南下,他(ta)奉詔任(ren)京畿河北制置(zhi)使,力主抗(kang)金,深得百姓擁戴(dai),京師(shi)解(jie)圍(wei)即(ji)被解(jie)除兵權。不久種師(shi)道病逝,時年七十(shi)六歲,欽(qin)宗親臨祭奠,下詔追贈(zeng)開府儀同三司。種師(shi)道死后(hou)次(ci)年,京師(shi)失守。建炎中,加贈(zeng)少保,謚(shi)曰忠憲。
種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)幼年(nian),拜思想家(jia)(jia)、哲(zhe)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)張(zhang)載(zai)為(wei)師(shi)(shi)(shi)。因為(wei)祖上功勛得以補三班奉(feng)職,經考(kao)試后改為(wei)文官,擔任(ren)熙州推官、主管同谷縣(xian)(xian)。有(you)縣(xian)(xian)吏(li)打田產官司,歷經兩年(nian)而不(bu)決。種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)翻(fan)閱冗長的案卷,從早看到晚(wan)都沒看完。種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)沒有(you)糾纏(chan)于這團理不(bu)清的亂麻(ma),而是(shi)(shi)發現縣(xian)(xian)吏(li)告(gao)的只不(bu)過是(shi)(shi)母(mu)親和哥哥,這在講孝(xiao)道(dao)(dao)的古代不(bu)能(neng)(neng)立案,縣(xian)(xian)吏(li)為(wei)了隱(yin)瞞這一點故意設(she)置(zhi)文字迷宮。于是(shi)(shi)種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)把那個小吏(li)叫(jiao)來(lai),詰問(wen)(wen)道(dao)(dao):“你起訟你母(mu)親和兄長,這沒問(wen)(wen)題,但也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)長期騷(sao)擾(rao)鄉里呀!”于是(shi)(shi)那小吏(li)叩頭服罪。
種師道(dao)升任(ren)原州通判(pan)、提舉秦鳳常平。他(ta)因為(wei)議論役(yi)法(fa)忤了蔡京(jing)旨意,改任(ren)莊宅(zhai)使、知德(de)(de)順軍。隨即蔡京(jing)同(tong)黨(dang)誣告(gao)他(ta)“詆毀先烈”,將他(ta)罷官并列入(ru)“黨(dang)籍(ji)”。種師道(dao)被屏廢十年(nian)后(hou),才以武功大夫、忠州刺史、涇原都鈐轄身份知懷德(de)(de)軍。西(xi)夏要求劃分邊界,西(xi)夏使者(zhe)焦彥堅一(yi)定要得到“故地(di)”,種師道(dao)說(shuo):“如果說(shuo)故地(di),當以漢、唐為(wei)正(zheng),那貴國疆土(tu)更少(shao)了。”焦彥堅無言以對。
童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)掌(zhang)握兵(bing)權后(hou)西征,一路(lu)作威作福(fu)(fu),官員們見(jian)到(dao)他(ta)(ta)一齊跪拜(bai),種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)作長(chang)揖(yi)而已。宋(song)徽宗(zong)召(zhao)種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)入京(jing)咨(zi)詢邊境情況,種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)說:“先挑起戰(zhan)爭不可勝,敵人來侵則針鋒相對,妄動(dong)生事不是好主意(yi)。”童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)打算遷徙內(nei)地(di)弓(gong)箭(jian)手(shou)充實(shi)邊防,卻(que)說成是新邊疆招募的。宋(song)徽宗(zong)又咨(zi)詢種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao),種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)說:“臣恐(kong)怕弓(gong)箭(jian)手(shou)還沒有(you)邊疆在立功(gong),內(nei)地(di)已經受到(dao)了(le)騷(sao)擾。”宋(song)徽宗(zong)贊許他(ta)(ta)的意(yi)見(jian),賜(si)給(gei)他(ta)(ta)襲(xi)衣、金帶,任命他(ta)(ta)為(wei)提舉秦鳳弓(gong)箭(jian)手(shou)。當(dang)時(shi)五路(lu)都設(she)置此(ci)(ci)官,宋(song)徽宗(zong)說:“你是我親自提拔的。”童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)不悅。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)因此(ci)(ci)不敢接受任命,經過請求得以(yi)提舉崇福(fu)(fu)宮。很久以(yi)后(hou)改知(zhi)西安(an)州(zhou)(今寧夏海原縣西安(an)鄉(xiang))。
夏人侵犯定邊,筑佛口(kou)城,種師道率宋軍前往夷平。宋軍剛(gang)到時非(fei)常口(kou)渴,種師道指(zhi)山的(de)西麓說:“這(zhe)里應該有水”,命令工兵挖(wa)掘,果(guo)然(ran)泉水流(liu)溢滿谷。
種(zhong)師道(dao)屢次(ci)升遷至(zhi)龍神衛四(si)廂都指揮使(shi)、洺州防御使(shi)、渭州(今甘肅平涼)知州。當時他(ta)統率諸道(dao)宋軍(jun)(jun)修筑(zhu)(zhu)席(xi)葦城(cheng),還沒有竣工,敵(di)人(ren)(ren)已經(jing)趕到,在(zai)葫蘆河筑(zhu)(zhu)壘。種(zhong)師道(dao)在(zai)河邊布陣(zhen),似乎要(yao)和(he)敵(di)軍(jun)(jun)決戰,暗地里(li)派(pai)偏將曲克徑出橫嶺,揚言是援軍(jun)(jun)趕來(lai)了。敵(di)人(ren)(ren)正震驚注視,楊(yang)可世已經(jing)率軍(jun)(jun)悄(qiao)悄(qiao)繞到敵(di)人(ren)(ren)后方,姚(yao)平仲以精甲部隊攻擊,敵(di)人(ren)(ren)大潰。宋軍(jun)(jun)俘獲駱駝、牛馬數以萬(wan)計,敵(di)人(ren)(ren)酋長只身逃脫,宋軍(jun)(jun)最(zui)終(zhong)完(wan)成筑(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng)任務。
朝廷又命令(ling)種師道(dao)(dao)(dao)統帥(shuai)陜西、河(he)東七(qi)路兵(bing)攻打臧底(di)城(cheng)(今陜西志丹縣西北(bei)),規定(ding)十(shi)天必(bi)須攻克(ke)。宋(song)軍(jun)兵(bing)臨城(cheng)下(xia)(xia)(xia)后發現敵人(ren)守備非常堅固,幾天后官(guan)兵(bing)開始倦怠。有個列校偷懶,自己坐在胡(hu)床(chuang)上休息,種師道(dao)(dao)(dao)立即將其斬首于(yu)軍(jun)門示眾,下(xia)(xia)(xia)令(ling)說:“今日不攻下(xia)(xia)(xia)此城(cheng),你們都和他一(yi)樣!”眾人(ren)震動,鼓噪登城(cheng),城(cheng)防于(yu)是崩潰,宋(song)軍(jun)八天就攻下(xia)(xia)(xia)了臧底(di)城(cheng)。宋(song)徽宗得到(dao)捷報(bao)后欣喜不已,升種師道(dao)(dao)(dao)為(wei)侍衛親軍(jun)馬軍(jun)副都指(zhi)揮使(shi)、應道(dao)(dao)(dao)軍(jun)承宣使(shi)。
種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)又隨從童(tong)貫擔任都統(tong)制,被(bei)拜(bai)為保(bao)靜軍(jun)節度(du)使。童(tong)貫聯金伐遼(liao)(liao),讓種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)掩護諸將。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)進諫說:“今(jin)日之舉,譬如強盜入鄰(lin)家,我們不(bu)(bu)(bu)能救,反而又趁火打(da)劫,與(yu)強盜分贓(zang),怎么可以(yi)呢?”童(tong)貫不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽。宋(song)軍(jun)抵達(da)白(bai)溝(gou)后,遼(liao)(liao)人鼓噪(zao)向(xiang)前,宋(song)軍(jun)多(duo)有(you)傷亡,幸虧種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)先令每人持一巨棍(gun)自防,遼(liao)(liao)兵(bing)(bing)盔甲擋不(bu)(bu)(bu)住(zhu)鈍器(qi)打(da)擊,宋(song)軍(jun)才不(bu)(bu)(bu)至于大(da)敗。遼(liao)(liao)國使者前來懇求:“女真背叛本(ben)朝(chao)的行(xing)為,南朝(chao)也(ye)非常憎(zeng)惡(e)(指(zhi)西(xi)夏叛宋(song))。如今(jin)貴國為獲一時(shi)之利,不(bu)(bu)(bu)惜棄百(bai)年之好,結(jie)豺狼之鄰(lin),釀他(ta)日之禍,這可謂明智嗎?救災(zai)恤(xu)鄰(lin),是(shi)古今(jin)通(tong)義,希(xi)望大(da)國思量!”童(tong)貫無言以(yi)對。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)又進諫說應該答應遼(liao)(liao)使退(tui)兵(bing)(bing),童(tong)貫又不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽,秘密彈劾種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)助賊。王黼憤(fen)怒(nu),責令種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)以(yi)右(you)衛(wei)將軍(jun)身份(fen)致(zhi)仕退(tui)休,而用劉延慶(qing)代替(ti)他(ta)。劉延慶(qing)在盧溝(gou)戰敗后,宋(song)徽宗又想起種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao),起用他(ta)為憲州刺史(shi)、環(huan)州知州。他(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)久歸(gui)任保(bao)靜軍(jun)節度(du)使,又致(zhi)仕退(tui)休。
金(jin)(jin)人南(nan)下,宋(song)徽宗急(ji)忙召種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)進(jin)(jin)京,加封他(ta)檢校少保、靜難軍(jun)(jun)節(jie)度使、京畿河北(bei)制(zhi)置(zhi)使,有權自(zi)行(xing)征兵征糧。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)正隱居(ju)南(nan)山(shan)豹林谷,得(de)(de)到(dao)命令(ling)后立刻東行(xing)趕到(dao)姚平仲處(chu),帶上(shang)姚平仲的步騎(qi)七千人一(yi)齊(qi)北(bei)行(xing)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)抵(di)達洛陽(yang)后,得(de)(de)知(zhi)斡離不已經屯兵京城下,有人勸(quan)他(ta)不要去,說:“賊勢正銳,愿您駐軍(jun)(jun)汜(si)水稍微停留,以謀(mou)萬(wan)全之策(ce)。”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)說:“我軍(jun)(jun)兵少,如(ru)果遲(chi)疑不進(jin)(jin),暴露實(shi)情,只(zhi)不過自(zi)取其辱(ru)。如(ru)今我軍(jun)(jun)大(da)張(zhang)旗(qi)鼓前進(jin)(jin),金(jin)(jin)人怎能測我虛實(shi)?京城軍(jun)(jun)民得(de)(de)知(zhi)我軍(jun)(jun)前來,士氣自(zi)然振奮,還用(yong)怕金(jin)(jin)賊嗎?”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)在(zai)(zai)沿路遍(bian)貼告示,宣稱種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)少保率領西(xi)兵百(bai)萬(wan)前來。宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)進(jin)(jin)抵(di)城西(xi)汴水南(nan)岸,直(zhi)逼敵(di)營。金(jin)(jin)人畏懼,拔營遷往(wang)稍北(bei)處(chu),限制(zhi)游騎(qi)活動,一(yi)心一(yi)意(yi)在(zai)(zai)毛駝崗(又(you)作牟(mou)駝岡)增筑堡(bao)壘自(zi)衛。
當(dang)時種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)已(yi)經高壽(shou),天下(xia)稱之為“老(lao)種(zhong)(zhong)”。繼位的宋欽(qin)(qin)宗聽說(shuo)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)來了,非(fei)常欣(xin)喜,開安(an)上門,命尚書(shu)右丞李綱迎接慰勞。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)入(ru)見(jian),宋欽(qin)(qin)宗問:“今日之事,愛卿(qing)意下(xia)如何?”種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)回答說(shuo):“女真不(bu)懂(dong)兵法,豈有孤軍(jun)深入(ru)別(bie)人境(jing)內而能順利撤退的道(dao)(dao)理?”宋欽(qin)(qin)宗說(shuo):“已(yi)經講(jiang)和了。”種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)于是說(shuo):“臣以軍(jun)旅之事服務陛下(xia),其它事不(bu)是臣敢明白的。”宋欽(qin)(qin)宗拜他為檢校少(shao)傅(fu)、同(tong)知樞密院、京畿兩河(he)宣撫使(shi),諸道(dao)(dao)兵馬全(quan)部由(you)他統帥,以姚平仲為都統制。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)當(dang)時患病,宋欽(qin)(qin)宗叫他不(bu)用朝(chao)(chao)拜,準他乘轎(jiao)子入(ru)朝(chao)(chao)。金國使(shi)者王汭在宋廷非(fei)常強(qiang)硬,見(jian)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)來了,才拜跪稍稍合(he)乎(hu)禮儀。宋欽(qin)(qin)宗笑著對種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)說(shuo):“他因為你才這(zhe)樣(yang)。”
京城自(zi)從受圍(wei)后,諸門盡閉(bi),百姓無(wu)柴(chai)無(wu)菜可(ke)買(mai),種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道請求開啟西、南(nan)門,讓(rang)百姓如同(tong)平常一樣出入(ru)。有金(jin)(jin)兵擅過偏將馬(ma)忠(zhong)軍,馬(ma)忠(zhong)將其六人(ren)斬首(shou),金(jin)(jin)人(ren)前來(lai)投訴,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道發給金(jin)(jin)人(ren)界旗,讓(rang)金(jin)(jin)人(ren)仿(fang)照自(zi)制,從此金(jin)(jin)人(ren)畫地為牢,無(wu)人(ren)敢越(yue)界。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道又請求拖延交納(na)賠款,等金(jin)(jin)人(ren)懈怠思(si)歸(gui)時,扼阻金(jin)(jin)人(ren)歸(gui)路,在黃河予以殲(jian)滅。宰相李邦彥主和,自(zi)然(ran)不同(tong)意,主戰(zhan)派(pai)從實際(ji)行動(dong)看是準備(bei)麻痹金(jin)(jin)人(ren)突(tu)然(ran)襲擊,當時也不一定贊成。
種(zhong)氏、姚(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)氏都是山(shan)西大族(zu),姚(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)平仲(zhong)父(fu)親姚(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)古這時率熙河(he)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)入(ru)援(yuan)(yuan),宋(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)實(shi)力(li)增強。姚(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)平仲(zhong)擔(dan)心功名都被種(zhong)氏占去,就報告說(shuo)將(jiang)士們(men)都摩拳擦掌,種(zhong)師道卻不準(zhun)打仗。李綱于是命令城下兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬聽姚(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)平仲(zhong)指揮,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗也不提(ti)講和(he)了(le),天(tian)天(tian)派使者催促(cu)種(zhong)師道出戰。種(zhong)師道準(zhun)備等(deng)弟弟種(zhong)師中率軍(jun)(jun)趕到,認(ren)為過了(le)春(chun)(chun)分才能襲擊金(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)。宋(song)(song)朝君臣(chen)約期(qi)舉事,當(dang)時離(li)春(chun)(chun)分只(zhi)有八天(tian)。可當(dang)初等(deng)不及(ji)要和(he)的宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗又等(deng)不及(ji)要戰,與姚(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)平仲(zhong)秘密決(jue)定半(ban)夜(ye)劫營(ying),想(xiang)生擒斡離(li)不,搶回康王。半(ban)夜(ye),太監(jian)緊急(ji)傳旨(zhi)李綱說(shuo):“姚(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)平仲(zhong)已經(jing)舉事,你馬上去支援(yuan)(yuan)。”姚(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)平仲(zhong)劫營(ying)失利后一走了(le)之,西兵(bing)(bing)(bing)潰散(san)。史書未提(ti)李綱的夜(ye)間行動,只(zhi)提(ti)李綱早晨率軍(jun)(jun)出城擊退金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing),不過金(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)和(he)主和(he)派認(ren)為李綱也應對劫營(ying)負責。
宋欽宗把責(ze)任推(tui)到李(li)(li)綱(gang)(gang)(gang)、姚平仲身上,李(li)(li)邦彥重新得(de)勢,又主(zhu)張割地(di)賠款,種師(shi)道力爭無濟于事。主(zhu)和派(pai)罷免(mian)李(li)(li)綱(gang)(gang)(gang)討好金人(ren),太學生(sheng)們與京城百姓數十萬人(ren)擔心主(zhu)戰(zhan)派(pai)安危(wei),到皇(huang)宮前請愿,請求(qiu)見(jian)種師(shi)道、李(li)(li)綱(gang)(gang)(gang)一面。宋欽宗一方面將李(li)(li)綱(gang)(gang)(gang)復職,一方面詔書催促(cu)軍隊鎮壓。種師(shi)道乘車趕來,群(qun)眾掀開車簾(lian)看見(jian)了,說:“果然(ran)是我的種大人(ren)。”一齊致敬后散去。
金人見李(li)綱復(fu)(fu)職,也不敢孤軍(jun)持久深入,得到(dao)宋(song)(song)朝(chao)正式割(ge)地承諾(nuo)并得到(dao)肅王做人質后,退兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)而(er)去。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)再申前議,勸宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)乘金兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)渡黃河(he)時(shi)襲擊,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)不從,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)說:“他(ta)日必為(wei)國(guo)患(huan)。”宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)隨即將種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)罷免為(wei)中太(tai)(tai)一(yi)宮使,可(ke)(ke)(ke)能是幽(you)禁起來(lai)。然(ran)而(er)士民對屈辱(ru)和約(yue)感(gan)(gan)到(dao)憤(fen)怒,李(li)綱叫(jiao)宋(song)(song)軍(jun)以(yi)護送名義追擊,大臣扣押前來(lai)索要(yao)金幣的金國(guo)使者,甚至用蠟丸(wan)信聯(lian)絡遼國(guo)舊臣耶律余睹,要(yao)他(ta)叛(pan)金復(fu)(fu)遼。金兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)于(yu)是圍攻(gong)太(tai)(tai)原(yuan),宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)見戰事又起,也感(gan)(gan)到(dao)和約(yue)不可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠,于(yu)是又傾向(xiang)主戰。主戰派御(yu)史(shi)中丞許(xu)翰拜見宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong),認(ren)為(wei)不宜解除(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)權(quan),宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)說:“種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)老了,難用,我(wo)讓你見見他(ta)吧。”讓許(xu)翰與(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)在殿門外相見。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)沉默不語,許(xu)翰說:“國(guo)家有(you)急,皇上下詔允許(xu)我(wo)咨(zi)詢您(nin),您(nin)不要(yao)因(yin)為(wei)我(wo)是書生的緣故(gu)就不肯(ken)談(tan)。”種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)才說:“我(wo)眾敵(di)寡,只要(yao)分兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)結(jie)營,控守要(yao)地,使敵(di)糧道(dao)(dao)(dao)不通,坐以(yi)持久,敵(di)人可(ke)(ke)(ke)破。”許(xu)翰感(gan)(gan)嘆(tan)其(qi)言,上奏說種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)智(zhi)慮未衰,尚可(ke)(ke)(ke)用。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)是加封種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)檢校少師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),進封太(tai)(tai)尉,換節鎮洮軍(jun),擔任河(he)北、河(he)東(dong)宣撫使,屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)滑州(zhou)。其(qi)實宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)并沒給種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)一(yi)卒。
種師(shi)道請求集中(zhong)關、河(he)兵(bing)力(li)在滄州(zhou)、衛州(zhou)、孟州(zhou)、滑州(zhou)修(xiu)筑防(fang)(fang)線,以防(fang)(fang)金(jin)兵(bing)再至。然而主(zhu)戰(zhan)派(pai)先主(zhu)張(zhang)窮(qiong)追(zhui)東路撤退金(jin)兵(bing),又主(zhu)張(zhang)反擊(ji)西(xi)路圍困太原的金(jin)兵(bing),主(zhu)和(he)派(pai)更(geng)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)問軍(jun)事,朝(chao)廷議(yi)論認為(wei)大敵剛退,不(bu)(bu)宜興師(shi)動眾修(xiu)防(fang)(fang)御來示弱。朝(chao)廷聽信假情(qing)報逼宋軍(jun)速戰(zhan),援救(jiu)太原的種師(shi)中(zhong)戰(zhan)死、姚古戰(zhan)敗,朝(chao)廷震悚,召回(hui)種師(shi)道,派(pai)李(li)綱前去。李(li)綱聲稱不(bu)(bu)懂軍(jun)事,請求退休不(bu)(bu)愿去,但宋欽宗一定要李(li)綱去,否則(ze)就是(shi)抗(kang)命。李(li)綱和(he)士民都(dou)認為(wei)這是(shi)借刀殺人的手段,因(yin)為(wei)主(zhu)和(he)派(pai)極力(li)推薦(jian)李(li)綱去。
援救太(tai)原的(de)宋(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)照樣受朝廷遙控,屢屢失利后,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)換掉(diao)李(li)綱(gang),由種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道接任。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道在河陽(今河南孟州)遇(yu)到金國(guo)使者王汭,察(cha)言觀色判斷金兵一定會(hui)大(da)舉南下,立即上疏請求皇帝臨幸長安躲避(bi)敵鋒。大(da)臣認為這是(shi)怕(pa),宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)又召回種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道。因為戰事屢敗,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)又用起主(zhu)和(he)(he)派。太(tai)原最終(zhong)淪陷,兩路金兵大(da)舉南下,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)決心議和(he)(he),主(zhu)和(he)(he)派命令地方宋(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)不許勤王,專(zhuan)心專(zhuan)意罷(ba)戰講和(he)(he),李(li)綱(gang)被貶(bian)出京(jing)城(cheng)。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道可(ke)能是(shi)悲憤交加,到京(jing)后已經病得無(wu)法入(ru)見,于十月份去(qu)世,終(zhong)年七十六。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)親(qin)臨祭奠,為之慟哭,追贈開府儀同三司。
《宋(song)史(shi)》:“種師(shi)道宿將,有重名,二敵所畏。”“宋(song)懲五季藩鎮之(zhi)(zhi)弊,稍用逢(feng)掖(ye)治邊(bian)陲(chui)、領介胄。然兵(bing)勢國之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)事,非素明習,而(er)欲應變決(jue)策于急遽危難之(zhi)(zhi)際,豈不仆(pu)哉。種氏(shi)自世衡立功青澗,撫循士卒(zu),威動(dong)羌(qiang)、夏,諸子俱有將材,至(zhi)師(shi)道、師(shi)中(zhong)已(yi)三世,號山(shan)西名將。徽宗(zong)任宦豎起邊(bian)釁,師(shi)道之(zhi)(zhi)言不售,卒(zu)基南北之(zhi)(zhi)禍。金(jin)以孤軍深入,師(shi)道請(qing)遲(chi)西師(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)而(er)擊之(zhi)(zhi),長驅上黨;師(shi)中(zhong)欲出其背(bei)以掩之(zhi)(zhi),可(ke)謂至(zhi)計矣。李綱、許翰顧以為怯緩(huan)逗撓,動(dong)失機會,遂至(zhi)大(da)衄,而(er)國隨以敗,惜(xi)哉!”
劉韐:“師中聞命即(ji)行,奮不顧身(shen),雖古(gu)忠臣,不過(guo)也。”
黃道周:“老種(zhong)師道,宋(song)末(mo)主兵。非貫不悅,即(ji)忤蔡京(jing)。帝問邊事,不敗為(wei)精。來則以應,妄動事生。遼(liao)功未立,近擾先(xian)驚。揚言援至,前擊后(hou)沖。敵漬斬獲,城(cheng)功始成。再(zai)征臧底,斬惰(duo)先(xian)登(deng)。師才八日,敵已(yi)削平。遼(liao)乃鄰也,伐(fa)之何(he)名。白(bai)溝(gou)戰敗,轉互相(xiang)傾。再(zai)起河北,或止勿行。師道及進,直(zhi)壓敵營。帝聞而(er)(er)喜,虜憚而(er)(er)停。平仲心忌,戰以速爭。種(zhong)請少緩,帝亦不聽。既而(er)(er)戰敗,功罪無憑。大都亂世,良(liang)將空稱。既病而(er)(er)死,方痛撫膺。”
在積(ji)極(ji)導(dao)演的(de)(de)收燕云之(zhi)役中,童(tong)(tong)貫同(tong)樣盲目(mu)指(zhi)揮,造成慘(can)重失敗的(de)(de)后(hou)果。據記載,宣和(he)四年童(tong)(tong)貫統軍(jun)北上至雄(xiong)州,惘顧軍(jun)事將(jiang)領的(de)(de)意見,分(fen)派軍(jun)隊行(xing)動。久經沙(sha)場的(de)(de)大將(jiang)種師道(dao)對草率用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)提出異(yi)議,童(tong)(tong)貫不(bu)予理睬。將(jiang)官楊(yang)可世再諫:將(jiang)領事先并未參與作(zuo)戰計(ji)劃便倉促臨陣,勢(shi)必難以應戰。知雄(xiong)州、文(wen)官和(he)詵不(bu)考慮將(jiang)官的(de)(de)意見,而配合童(tong)(tong)貫對楊(yang)可世加以威脅。楊(yang)氏及其他武(wu)將(jiang)只能(neng)屈服。于是,在“遵依圣旨及宣撫司約束諸將(jiang)”的(de)(de)情(qing)況下,宋(song)軍(jun)繼續北上。種師道(dao)領兵(bing)(bing)至白溝(gou),“如貫素約指(zhi)揮諸將(jiang)”,執行(xing)童(tong)(tong)貫不(bu)得(de)妄(wang)殺的(de)(de)命令。
楊可(ke)世領(ling)前軍(jun)(jun)在(zai)白溝橋向遼軍(jun)(jun)招降,結(jie)果在(zai)毫無(wu)戒備之下遭到遼軍(jun)(jun)的(de)進攻,“矢石如雨,我軍(jun)(jun)不(bu)(bu)為備,又(you)拘節制”。面對如此(ci)戰況(kuang),楊氏只得要求動武,但宋軍(jun)(jun)已陷入(ru)不(bu)(bu)利的(de)處境(jing),“楊可(ke)世與遼軍(jun)(jun)戰,諸將不(bu)(bu)利”。此(ci)時(shi),承擔監(jian)督之責的(de)和詵竟又(you)勸種師道殺(sha)楊可(ke)世,“號令(ling)諸部(bu)以明宣撫司出旗榜本(ben)意”,“使虜(lu)人知朝(chao)廷無(wu)意用兵”。
終于(yu),招降遼殘余勢力(li)的(de)幻想破滅,在(zai)遼軍的(de)追擊(ji)下(xia),種師(shi)道領軍敗退(tui)。這次所謂的(de)北伐的(de)失敗,完(wan)全是(shi)童貫無能(neng)指揮的(de)結果,所謂“先是(shi),既以招撫為(wei)名,貫下(xia)令中軍不(bu)許妄殺人,及(ji)虜(lu)騎(qi)犯我(wo)師(shi),皆不(bu)敢施放(fang)矢(shi)石,聽其殺戮(lu)。故諸將亦(yi)憤然”。但童貫為(wei)了逃避追究,“于(yu)是(shi)貫以契丹尚盛未可圖,奏劾種師(shi)道”,種師(shi)道被(bei)迫致仕(shi)。
據種師(shi)道部(bu)下康隨跋種師(shi)道責官謝(xie)表指出:“此役,初不與謀,中(zhong)則強委任(ren)之,又(you)兵(bing)之節制(zhi)皆不得(de)專,考其行(xing)事,罪(zui)有所歸(gui)矣。”可見(jian)無(wu)辜的將領種師(shi)道成為(wei)此役失敗(bai)的替(ti)罪(zui)羊。
姚(yao)平仲偷襲金營失敗后。宋欽宗聽(ting)信投(tou)降派的話,驚慌失措,一面(mian)派使者到金營賠禮,一面(mian)把李綱、種師道撤(che)職。
這個(ge)消息一傳出來,東京(jing)全城騷(sao)動,軍民個(ge)個(ge)氣憤。特別是太學(xue)里(li)的(de)學(xue)生,群(qun)情激(ji)昂(ang)。太學(xue)生陳東帶領(ling)了幾百名太學(xue)生,擁到皇(huang)宮的(de)宣德門外,上書請愿,要(yao)求朝(chao)廷恢復李(li)綱、種師道的(de)原職,懲辦李(li)邦(bang)彥、白時中(zhong)等奸賊。
東京城的軍(jun)民聽說太學生請愿,不約而同(tong)地來(lai)(lai)到宣(xuan)德門前,一(yi)下子就聚(ju)集了幾萬人。這時(shi)候,李(li)邦(bang)(bang)彥(yan)正好從宮里(li)退(tui)朝出來(lai)(lai),群眾一(yi)見到奸賊,眼都紅了,指著李(li)邦(bang)(bang)彥(yan)的鼻子痛罵,有的還從地上撿起瓦片、石頭(tou),向李(li)邦(bang)(bang)彥(yan)劈頭(tou)蓋腦地扔(reng)去(qu),嚇得李(li)邦(bang)(bang)彥(yan)抱頭(tou)縮頸,趕(gan)快逃進(jin)宮去(qu)。
禁衛軍將領(ling)一(yi)看事情鬧大(da)了沒(mei)法收拾,進宮勸宋欽宗(zong)答(da)應大(da)家的要求。宋欽宗(zong)沒(mei)法,只好派人召李(li)綱進宮,并且當眾(zhong)派人宣布,恢復李(li)綱、種師道(dao)的職務。群眾(zhong)還(huan)不放心(xin),這時候(hou),種師道(dao)正乘(cheng)車趕了來。大(da)家掀開(kai)車簾,一(yi)看果(guo)然是種老將軍,爆(bao)發出一(yi)陣雷鳴般的歡呼(hu)聲,才(cai)陸續散(san)去(qu)。
十(shi)一月金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)已經兵(bing)(bing)臨城(cheng)下。宋欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)既(ji)用(yong)主(zhu)和派意見派使者(zhe)出城(cheng)求和,又(you)用(yong)主(zhu)戰派意見堅(jian)守(shou)京城(cheng)不(bu)去,誰(shui)知兩樣都落(luo)空(kong)。京城(cheng)失守(shou),宋欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)、宋徽宗(zong)(zong)被劫(jie)入金(jin)營,金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)以此為籌碼逼(bi)兩河軍民(min)開城(cheng)投降、宋朝臣民(min)貢獻(xian)金(jin)銀珍(zhen)寶美女、并保障金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)退兵(bing)(bing)安全,因(yin)為金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)人數確實不(bu)多(duo)。宋欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)捶(chui)胸大哭(ku)道(dao):“不(bu)用(yong)種師(shi)道(dao)言,以至于此!”
汴梁城破之后,金兵將(jiang)領(ling)入城,很(hen)想拜見(jian)一(yi)下種(zhong)師道,惜乎種(zhong)師道已(yi)死,便找(zhao)到種(zhong)師道的侄(zhi)子種(zhong)洌,對種(zhong)洌說:“我們過去曾在陣前見(jian)過你伯父,真是一(yi)位好將(jiang)軍啊(a)!如能采納他的意見(jian),宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)不會敗得這樣慘(can)。現在宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)應該知道種(zhong)將(jiang)軍是個忠(zhong)義之人了吧。”宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)的被俘官(guan)員(yuan)聽了,皆仰天長(chang)嘆。
種(zhong)(zhong)師道死后,其(qi)侄子(zi)種(zhong)(zhong)洌(lie)護種(zhong)(zhong)師道的靈柩西歸時(shi),在路(lu)上碰(peng)到強(qiang)(qiang)盜,強(qiang)(qiang)盜聽說(shuo)是種(zhong)(zhong)師道的靈柩,都下拜致(zhi)(zhi)奠(dian),并且反(fan)贈金錢以致(zhi)(zhi)意,其(qi)得(de)人心如此。
《宋史·卷三(san)三(san)五·列(lie)傳(chuan)第九十(shi)四》、《東(dong)都事略》卷一O七(qi)有(you)傳(chuan)。
在《宋史》中,種(zhong)(zhong)家軍比(bi)楊家將的名(ming)氣大(da),比(bi)楊家將的作用大(da),只不(bu)過楊家將走(zou)上了舞臺,被(bei)渲(xuan)染得出了彩,而種(zhong)(zhong)家軍卻走(zou)進了線(xian)裝(zhuang)書(shu),被(bei)文字湮沒了。北(bei)宋統治的168年間,種(zhong)(zhong)家軍英雄輩出:種(zhong)(zhong)世衡(heng)、種(zhong)(zhong)詁、種(zhong)(zhong)諤(e)、種(zhong)(zhong)診(zhen)、種(zhong)(zhong)誼、種(zhong)(zhong)樸、種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)、種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)中皆為將才。種(zhong)(zhong)家子弟(di)五代從軍,數(shu)十(shi)人戰死沙場。
種(zhong)師道,從曾祖(zu)父是宋初(chu)大隱士種(zhong)放,種(zhong)放兄種(zhong)昭衍即種(zhong)師道之曾祖(zu)父,其祖(zu)父是種(zhong)家(jia)軍的(de)(de)創建者種(zhong)世(shi)衡,世(shi)衡有八子(古、診、諮、詠、諤、所、記(ji)(ji)、誼),種(zhong)師道的(de)(de)父親是種(zhong)記(ji)(ji),種(zhong)師道的(de)(de)弟(di)弟(di)是種(zhong)師中。
種師道妻尹氏。
二子,浩、溪(xi)。種浩官(guan)迪功郎,種溪(xi)為閣門祗(zhi)侯,皆死(si)于師道之前。孫(sun)彥(yan)崇(chong)、彥(yan)崧,彥(yan)崇(chong)死(si)于兵,而彥(yan)崧則早夭。在紹興年間,朝廷令其侄種浤奉祀(si)。
建(jian)炎元年(nian)六月十五日,種(zhong)師道靈柩歸葬于萬(wan)年(nian)縣神禾原(今(jin)陜(shan)西西安長安區香積寺村(cun)是(shi)種(zhong)氏(shi)的家族(zu)墓地)。