共工怒觸不(bu)周山是一個(ge)著(zhu)名的上古(gu)神話傳說。又名共工觸山,且與女媧(wa)補天(tian)、后羿(yi)射日、嫦娥奔月(yue)并稱中國古(gu)代著(zhu)名的四大神話。
共(gong)工,又稱共(gong)工氏,是中國(guo)古代神(shen)話中的(de)水神(shen),掌(zhang)控洪水。在西晉張湛《列子·湯問(wen)》中記載,傳說共(gong)工素(su)來與顓頊(xu)不合,發生驚天動地的(de)大(da)戰,最后(hou)以共(gong)工失敗而(er)憤怒地撞上(shang)不周山而(er)告終。
另一個(ge)版本:共(gong)工制定了(le)(le)水利工程計劃(hua),顓頊不支持,顓頊與(yu)共(gong)工之(zhi)間發生了(le)(le)大戰,共(gong)工不能得到(dao)民眾的支持,他(ta)決心(xin)撞斷不周(zhou)山,以示決心(xin)。
這一(yi)傳(chuan)說反映了遠(yuan)古(gu)部(bu)族間的斗(dou)爭,同(tong)時(shi)涉(she)及到古(gu)代天(tian)文學上的“蓋天(tian)說”。
共(gong)(gong)工,炎(yan)帝裔。據《山海經(jing)·海內經(jing)》:“炎(yan)帝之妻、赤水之子(zi)聽(ting)訞(yāo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)炎(yan)居,炎(yan)居生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)節并,節并生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)戲(xi)器(qi)(qi),戲(xi)器(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)祝融,祝融降處于江水,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)共(gong)(gong)工。“
《路(lu)史·后(hou)紀二》注引《歸藏·啟筮(shi)》:“共工人面(mian)蛇身朱(zhu)發。”
相傳共(gong)工為水(shui)神(shen)。《左傳·昭公十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)》:“共(gong)工氏(shi)以水(shui)紀,故(gu)為水(shui)師而水(shui)名。
《管(guan)子·揆度》:“共(gong)工之(zhi)王,水處什(shen)工與顓頊之(zhi)戰(zhan)。
《淮(huai)南子·天(tian)(tian)文訓》:“昔(xi)者共工與顓(zhuan)頊爭為帝,怒而觸(chu)不周之(zhi)山,天(tian)(tian)柱折,地維(wei)絕,天(tian)(tian)傾西北,故日月星辰(chen)移焉(yan);地不滿東南,故水(shui)潦塵埃歸(gui)焉(yan)。”
此戰(zhan)又或(huo)傳(chuan)為(wei)共(gong)工(gong)與高辛(《淮南(nan)(nan)子·原道(dao)》),神農(《雕玉集(ji)·壯(zhuang)力》),祝融(《史記·補三皇本紀(ji)(ji)》),女媧(wa)(《路史·太吳紀(ji)(ji)》)之爭。其他(ta)如禹(yu)逐共(gong)工(gong),禹(yu)殺(sha)共(gong)工(gong)之臣相柳等(deng)傳(chuan)說,由禹(yu)為(wei)黃帝系統人物,當亦系黃炎戰(zhan)爭之余緒。今河南(nan)(nan)杞縣流傳(chuan)的(de)“女媧(wa)補天(tian)”傳(chuan)說則謂:共(gong)工(gong)、祝融、女媧(wa)、棺人為(wei)兄(xiong)妹。共(gong)工(gong)與祝融因吃天(tian)鵝蛋相爭,共(gong)工(gong)怒觸不周山(shan),天(tian)塌洪水泛濫(lan),女媧(wa)乃有補天(tian)之舉,似更原始。
《史記(ji)·補三皇本紀》:“諸侯有共(gong)工(gong)氏,任智刑以(yi)強霸而不王(wang);以(yi)水(shui)乘木,乃(nai)與(yu)祝(zhu)融戰。不勝而怒,乃(nai)頭觸不周山崩,天柱折,地(di)維絕。”此戰或又傳說為顓(zhuan)頊,神農,女媧,高辛與(yu)共(gong)工(gong)之爭。
《國語·魯語上》載:“共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)之伯九(jiu)有(you)。”“伯九(jiu)有(you)”也就是霸(ba)(ba)九(jiu)州。實際上是說共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)一度(du)是九(jiu)州的伯(霸(ba)(ba))主,即中原部(bu)落聯盟的一個首領。這反映了九(jiu)個氏(shi)(shi)族住(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)九(jiu)個地方(fang),共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)其中居于首要地位。徐(xu)旭生說共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)居住(zhu)(zhu)地在(zai)(zai)今河南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)輝縣。郭沫若說:共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)長(chang)期活動的地方(fang)是今河南(nan)(nan)西部(bu)的伊水(shui)和(he)洛水(shui)流(liu)域。這個地方(fang)古代(dai)稱為九(jiu)州,可能來源于共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)的九(jiu)個氏(shi)(shi)。后來,這里(li)往西的山區(qu)中還有(you)九(jiu)州之戎,大(da)概是共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)的余部(bu)延(yan)續(xu)下(xia)來的。
共工是古(gu)代傳說(shuo)中神農氏的(de)(de)后代,屬于炎帝一族,身為水神,共工有(you)人(ren)的(de)(de)面孔、手足和蛇(she)的(de)(de)身體。在黃帝的(de)(de)繼(ji)承人(ren)顓(zhuan)頊治世的(de)(de)時代反叛,被顓(zhuan)頊擊敗,共工怒(nu)而頭撞不周山(傳說(shuo)中支撐世界(jie)的(de)(de)支柱),造成(cheng)(cheng)世界(jie)向(xiang)西北傾斜。之后共工仍不斷地(di)作亂(代表洪(hong)水的(de)(de)爆發),最(zui)后被禹(yu)殺死(指治水成(cheng)(cheng)功)。
《淮南(nan)(nan)子·天(tian)文訓(xun)》:“昔(xi)者共工與(yu)顓頊爭為帝,怒而觸不周之山,天(tian)柱(zhu)折,地維絕。天(tian)傾西北,故日月星辰移焉(yan);地不滿東南(nan)(nan),故水潦塵埃歸(gui)焉(yan)。”
意(yi)思是(shi):從前,共工與顓頊爭奪為(wei)帝,失(shi)敗了(le),于是(shi)共工發怒(用(yong)頭)去撞不周山,支(zhi)撐(cheng)天(tian)的柱(zhu)子折了(le),系掛地(di)的繩子斷了(le)。天(tian)向(xiang)西北方向(xiang)傾斜(xie),所以太陽(yang)、月(yue)亮(liang)、星(xing)星(xing)都(dou)(dou)朝(chao)西北方移動;地(di)的東南角陷塌(ta)了(le),所以江湖流水都(dou)(dou)朝(chao)東南方向(xiang)流去。
這則神話反映(ying)了遠古部族間的(de)斗爭同時涉及到古代天文(wen)學上的(de)“蓋天說”,來解釋“日月(yue)星(xing)辰(chen)都朝西(xi)北方移動(dong)”“江河泥沙都朝東南方向流(liu)去”的(de)現象。
《淮南(nan)(nan)子·天(tian)(tian)文(wen)訓》云:昔者(zhe),共工與顓(zhuan)頊爭為帝,怒而觸不周(zhou)之山,天(tian)(tian)柱折(zhe),地(di)維絕。天(tian)(tian)傾西北,故日月星辰移焉;地(di)不滿(man)東南(nan)(nan),故水潦塵埃歸(gui)焉。
這里記載的故(gu)事是顓頊與共工爭帝(di)位而戰,那么時(shi)(shi)間就(jiu)是顓頊時(shi)(shi)期,據說也就(jiu)是因為(wei)這樣,才有(you)女媧補天的故(gu)事。
依(yi)據《山(shan)海經(jing)》記載,共(gong)工為炎帝(di)后裔(yi)。《史記·補三皇本紀》云(yun):諸侯(hou)有共(gong)工氏,任智刑以(yi)強霸(ba)而不(bu)(bu)王;以(yi)水乘木,乃與(yu)祝融(rong)戰。不(bu)(bu)勝而怒(nu),乃頭觸不(bu)(bu)周山(shan)崩,天柱折,地(di)維缺。
霸(ba)道的共工,又和祝(zhu)融打(da)起來(lai)了。傳(chuan)說(shuo)祝(zhu)融為顓頊帝孫重黎(li),高辛(xin)氏火正之官,黃帝賜他姓“祝(zhu)融氏”。
神農氏代(dai)替燧人(ren)氏
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)5800年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始,南方杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)河姆渡(du)褐色人種伏羲女媧朱(zhu)雀祝融(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)就想(xiang)要進(jin)入(ru)中原(yuan),那時玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武顓(zhuan)頊(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部下(xia)(xia),通過排(pai)干南陽盆地終于突入(ru)了(le)中原(yuan),華朝(chao)(chao)主家共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)領導下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)九州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)對入(ru)侵加以抗(kang)爭失(shi)敗后(hou)(hou),之后(hou)(hou)又堅守黃河防(fang)線(xian)繼續抗(kang)戰(zhan),擔任(ren)祝融(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)先鋒(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武顓(zhuan)頊(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)攻破(po)了(le)黃河防(fang)線(xian)后(hou)(hou),又退(tui)守陜(shan)西(xi)防(fang)線(xian)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)5000年(nian)(nian)(nian),擔任(ren)祝融(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)先鋒(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武顓(zhuan)頊(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu),與共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)領導下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)九州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陜(shan)西(xi)不周之山(shan)附近展開最(zui)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)決戰(zhan)。就在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這時,隕(yun)石墜落引發(fa)大海(hai)嘯,甚至連南陽盆地和(he)淮河流域(yu)都(dou)受到洪水影(ying)響而與南方斷(duan)絕了(le)聯(lian)系。祝融(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)老巢杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)更是(shi)(shi)被(bei)(bei)洪水損失(shi)慘重,無力北(bei)上(shang)作戰(zhan)。被(bei)(bei)隔絕在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)祝融(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)盤踞(ju)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)東(dong),玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武顓(zhuan)頊(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)女媧的(de)(de)(de)(de)指引下(xia)(xia)投降了(le)河南的(de)(de)(de)(de)華朝(chao)(chao)分支家夏(xia)族(zu)(zu)神龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu),定(ding)居(ju)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)他們(men)附近,并幫助他們(men)防(fang)御東(dong)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)祝融(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu),和(he)幫助神龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)取代共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)九州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)領,共(gong)工氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)從此定(ding)居(ju)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陜(shan)西(xi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)6000-前(qian)(qian)2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)甘肅(su)大地灣馬家窯(yao)文化。神龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)了(le)神農氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4800─前(qian)(qian)4300年(nian)(nian)(nian)河南東(dong)部半坡文化。殘余的(de)(de)(de)(de)祝融(rong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)洪水退(tui)去后(hou)(hou)下(xia)(xia)山(shan)與神龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)融(rong)合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4500—前(qian)(qian)2500年(nian)(nian)(nian)山(shan)東(dong)大汶口文化。玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武顓(zhuan)頊(xu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)(zu)之后(hou)(hou)被(bei)(bei)封在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)北(bei)繼續對抗(kang)山(shan)東(dong),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)4000~前(qian)(qian)3000年(nian)(nian)(nian)遼寧紅山(shan)文化。
盤古開(kai)天(tian)辟地(di)女媧造人之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),水(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)一(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)與火(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)融(rong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合,他(ta)向(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)發(fa)動進攻。擔當先(xian)鋒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)將(jiang)相(xiang)(xiang)柳(liu)、浮(fu)(fu)游(you),猛(meng)撲火(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)融(rong)氏(shi)居住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)明宮(gong),把光(guang)明宮(gong)四(si)周長年(nian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)熄(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)(huo)弄(nong)滅了(le)。大(da)(da)地(di)頓時一(yi)片漆黑。火(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)融(rong)駕著(zhu)遍身冒著(zhu)烈(lie)(lie)焰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)龍出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)迎(ying)戰(zhan)(zhan)。所到(dao)之(zhi)處,云(yun)霧廓清,雨水(shui)(shui)齊收;黑暗悄悄退去,大(da)(da)地(di)重(zhong)現(xian)光(guang)明。水(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)惱(nao)羞(xiu)成怒,命(ming)令(ling)相(xiang)(xiang)柳(liu)和浮(fu)(fu)游(you)將(jiang)三江五海(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)汲上(shang)來(lai)(lai),往祝(zhu)融(rong)他(ta)們(men)(men)那(nei)里(li)傾去。剎時間(jian)長空中(zhong)濁浪飛瀉,黑濤翻騰,白云(yun)被(bei)淹沒,神(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)(huo)又(you)(you)(you)被(bei)澆(jiao)熄(xi)(xi)了(le)。可是大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)一(yi)退,神(shen)(shen)(shen)火(huo)(huo)又(you)(you)(you)燒(shao)了(le)起(qi)來(lai)(lai),加上(shang)祝(zhu)融(rong)請來(lai)(lai)風神(shen)(shen)(shen)幫忙,風助火(huo)(huo)威,火(huo)(huo)乘(cheng)風勢,熾熾烈(lie)(lie)烈(lie)(lie)地(di)直(zhi)撲共(gong)工(gong)。共(gong)工(gong)他(ta)們(men)(men)想(xiang)留(liu)住(zhu)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)來(lai)(lai)御火(huo)(huo),可是水(shui)(shui)瀉千里(li),哪(na)里(li)留(liu)得住(zhu)。火(huo)(huo)焰又(you)(you)(you)長舌般地(di)卷來(lai)(lai),共(gong)工(gong)他(ta)們(men)(men)被(bei)燒(shao)得焦頭爛(lan)額,東倒西歪(wai)。共(gong)工(gong)率領水(shui)(shui)軍且戰(zhan)(zhan)且退,逃回大(da)(da)海(hai)(hai)(hai)。他(ta)滿以為祝(zhu)融(rong)遇(yu)到(dao)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui),肯定會知難(nan)而退。因此立在水(shui)(shui)宮(gong),得意起(qi)來(lai)(lai)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)料祝(zhu)融(rong)這次下了(le)必勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決心(xin)(xin),他(ta)全速追擊(ji)。火(huo)(huo)龍所到(dao)之(zhi)處,海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)由滾滾向(xiang)(xiang)兩旁(pang)翻轉,讓開(kai)了(le)一(yi)條大(da)(da)路。祝(zhu)融(rong)直(zhi)逼(bi)水(shui)(shui)宮(gong),水(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)共(gong)工(gong)他(ta)們(men)(men)只好(hao)硬(ying)著(zhu)頭皮出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)迎(ying)戰(zhan)(zhan)。代表光(guang)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)神(shen)(shen)(shen)祝(zhu)融(rong)獲得了(le)全勝(sheng)。浮(fu)(fu)游(you)活活氣(qi)死,相(xiang)(xiang)柳(liu)逃之(zhi)夭夭,共(gong)工(gong)心(xin)(xin)力交瘁(cui),無法再戰(zhan)(zhan),狼狽地(di)向(xiang)(xiang)天(tian)邊逃去。共(gong)工(gong)一(yi)直(zhi)逃到(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周山(shan),回頭一(yi)看,追兵已近。共(gong)工(gong)又(you)(you)(you)羞(xiu)又(you)(you)(you)憤,就一(yi)頭向(xiang)(xiang)山(shan)腰撞(zhuang)去,“嘩啦(la)啦(la)”一(yi)聲巨(ju)響,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周山(shan)竟給共(gong)工(gong)撞(zhuang)折了(le)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周山(shan)一(yi)倒,大(da)(da)災難(nan)降(jiang)臨了(le)。原來(lai)(lai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周山(shan)是根撐天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)柱,柱子一(yi)斷(duan),半(ban)邊天(tian)空就坍塌下來(lai)(lai),露出(chu)(chu)(chu)石骨(gu)嶙峋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)窟窿,頓時天(tian)河傾瀉,洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)泛濫。著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“水(shui)(shui)火(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)容(rong)”典故即源于這場大(da)(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)。后(hou)(hou)來(lai)(lai)才有(you)了(le)女媧煉五彩石補天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事跡,大(da)(da)地(di)重(zhong)回正常。
水(shui)神共工氏和(he)火神祝融氏的(de)(de)這(zhe)場(chang)大戰,皆因(yin)(yin)“水(shui)火不相容(rong)”而發生(sheng),一方面說(shuo)明了水(shui)火相克(ke)的(de)(de)原理(li),即水(shui)火天(tian)生(sheng)不睦;另一方面說(shuo)明了有些事物是自(zi)然界的(de)(de)基本(ben)本(ben)能,非人力所能干擾。縱觀遠古時(shi)代水(shui)神和(he)火神的(de)(de)這(zhe)場(chang)驚天(tian)動(dong)地的(de)(de)大戰,沒有什么所謂正(zheng)義和(he)公(gong)理(li),只(zhi)有大自(zi)然的(de)(de)力量在(zai)搏擊(ji)。而敗陣(zhen)的(de)(de)水(shui)神共工因(yin)(yin)惱怒去撞不周山,女媧(wa)補天(tian)算是拯救(jiu)了自(zi)然世界。
伏羲(xi)時期,在華(hua)夏(xia)有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)長于耍陰謀詭計的(de)(de)(de)部族叫(jiao)做共工氏。共工氏在天上對(dui)應(ying)著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)壞水(shui)神(shen),叫(jiao)共工,它(ta)人面(mian)蛇身(shen),有紅色的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)發,性(xing)情十(shi)分兇(xiong)惡,嗜(shi)殺(sha)成性(xing)。共工手(shou)下有兩個(ge)(ge)惡名昭彰的(de)(de)(de)惡神(shen):一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)是(shi)長著(zhu)九個(ge)(ge)腦袋的(de)(de)(de)相柳(liu),它(ta)也是(shi)人面(mian)蛇身(shen),全身(shen)青色,性(xing)情殘酷貪(tan)婪,專以(yi)殺(sha)戮為樂;另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)是(shi)長的(de)(de)(de)兇(xiong)神(shen)惡煞一(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)浮游,也是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)作惡多端的(de)(de)(de)家伙。
共(gong)(gong)工氏的(de)(de)人(ren)說話好(hao)(hao)聽的(de)(de)很,天(tian)(tian)花亂墜,但(dan)做起事來邪僻,表面上恭敬(jing),實際上無法無天(tian)(tian)。共(gong)(gong)工氏的(de)(de)頭子叫康(kang)回,生的(de)(de)髦身朱發,鐵臂虬筋,身高一丈(zhang)有(you)余,力大(da)無窮(qiong)。康(kang)回為(wei)(wei)人(ren)表面恭敬(jing)但(dan)內(nei)心狡詐,陰謀百出(chu),只是礙(ai)于伏羲(xi)的(de)(de)大(da)威(wei)大(da)德而暫時隱忍(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)上。伏羲(xi)離去后,華夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民尊奉女媧(wa),康(kang)回因此嫉恨(hen),倚(yi)仗自己封(feng)地(di)的(de)(de)地(di)勢(shi)高險,決滔天(tian)(tian)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)危害中(zhong)原,致使華夏(xia)天(tian)(tian)地(di)間一片汪洋。女媧(wa)忍(ren)(ren)(ren)無可忍(ren)(ren)(ren),決定引領華夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民鏟除共(gong)(gong)工。華夏(xia)堯(yao)帝時期(qi),天(tian)(tian)下洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)泛(fan)濫(lan),在鯀(gun)治水(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)情況下,堯(yao)派鯀(gun)的(de)(de)兒子禹去治理洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)。大(da)禹領著百姓治水(shui)(shui)(shui),一直將(jiang)黃(huang)河(he)治理到邙山(shan)東頭,再向東的(de)(de)河(he)道(dao)就不(bu)好(hao)(hao)治了,因為(wei)(wei)有(you)共(gong)(gong)工在作怪搗亂。
顓頊(xu)帝(di)(di)為華夏上古時(shi)期五帝(di)(di)(黃帝(di)(di)、顓頊(xu)、帝(di)(di)嚳、唐堯、虞舜(shun))之一,被稱(cheng)為北方(fang)(fang)(fang)水德(de)之帝(di)(di)。顓頊(xu)帝(di)(di)為人仁(ren)德(de)、智(zhi)慧(hui),當時(shi)世(shi),四方(fang)(fang)(fang)慕德(de)而(er)服(fu),鳥獸盡皆感化。顓頊(xu)帝(di)(di)自幼(you)受(shou)叔父少(shao)昊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熏陶,特別愛好音(yin)樂(le)。當他(ta)聽到(dao)八(ba)方(fang)(fang)(fang)來風掠過大地發出熙(xi)熙(xi)凄凄鏘(qiang)鏘(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)時(shi),感覺十(shi)分悅(yue)耳,便(bian)讓八(ba)條飛龍(long)仿效(xiao)風聲(sheng)而(er)長吟,命名為《承云曲》,專(zhuan)門用來紀念黃帝(di)(di)。他(ta)又突發異想,令(ling)揚(yang)(yang)子鱷(e)(e)做音(yin)樂(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倡導者。揚(yang)(yang)子鱷(e)(e)鳴聲(sheng)如鼓(gu),背上披(pi)有(you)堅厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱗甲,成(cheng)天躺在池沼底部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洞穴內睡(shui)覺,對音(yin)樂(le)向來生疏。但它接令(ling)后(hou)不敢怠慢,立刻翻轉笨重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身軀仰(yang)臥(wo),揮動粗大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾巴敲打(da)鼓(gu)凸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灰肚皮,發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)果然嘹(liao)亮。人間受(shou)到(dao)顓頊(xu)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,用揚(yang)(yang)子鱷(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮來蒙鼓(gu)。這種(zhong)鼓(gu)十(shi)分貴重(zhong),叫鼉鼓(gu)。
顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)時期,人(ren)們的(de)(de)道(dao)德已經發生(sheng)了變化。顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)直屬的(de)(de)北方(fang)三十六州道(dao)德高尚,而(er)其他地方(fang)道(dao)德已經衰微了。“君(jun)臣(chen)富貴皆(jie)由(you)德而(er)生(sheng)”,因此,原本不停運轉的(de)(de)太陽、月亮和星星開(kai)始被牢牢拴在(zai)天(tian)(tian)穹的(de)(de)北邊,固定在(zai)北方(fang)三十六州上空。上古時期,華(hua)夏之(zhi)民敬神(shen)(shen)拜(bai)天(tian)(tian),因此就有很(hen)多(duo)人(ren)想(xiang)象不到的(de)(de)福分。伏羲時期,天(tian)(tian)、地雖(sui)也分開(kai),但(dan)距離較近,而(er)且(qie)還(huan)有天(tian)(tian)梯相通(tong),這天(tian)(tian)梯即是各地的(de)(de)高山(shan)與(yu)大樹。天(tian)(tian)梯原為神(shen)(shen)、仙(xian)、巫而(er)設,但(dan)人(ren)間的(de)(de)智者(zhe)、勇士,卻能憑著智謀和勇敢攀登天(tian)(tian)梯,直達(da)天(tian)(tian)庭(ting)。那時候,凡(fan)(fan)人(ren)有了冤苦之(zhi)事,可以(yi)(yi)直接到天(tian)(tian)上去向(xiang)天(tian)(tian)帝(di)(di)申訴(su),神(shen)(shen)亦可以(yi)(yi)隨便至凡(fan)(fan)界(jie)游山(shan)玩水,人(ren)與(yu)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)界(jie)限不是很(hen)明確(que)的(de)(de)。后(hou)來由(you)于地上蚩尤叛亂,對神(shen)(shen)不敬,擾亂天(tian)(tian)庭(ting)。為此顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)命令孫兒重和黎(li)去把天(tian)(tian)地的(de)(de)通(tong)路截斷,以(yi)(yi)維(wei)持(chi)宇(yu)宙秩序。
共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)個(ge)壞水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)神,性(xing)情兇狠,處(chu)(chu)事蠻橫,專與華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)作對。它經常在心(xin)(xin)血來(lai)(lai)潮時,施展神力(li)(li),呼風喚(huan)雨,用洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)傷害天(tian)(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)百姓(xing),把(ba)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)好(hao)端端的(de)(de)(de)華夏(xia)(xia)弄的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)片汪(wang)洋(yang)。百姓(xing)們哭天(tian)(tian)叫地,苦熬日月。大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)找到(dao)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),勸說其不(bu)要(yao)再呼風喚(huan)雨,發洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)坑害百姓(xing),給華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)留條生路,積些(xie)德行。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)根本不(bu)聽大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)言相(xiang)勸,說:“我發我的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),和你(ni)有啥關(guan)系?”大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)愿再理這號(hao)靈魂(hun)低(di)劣之(zhi)(zhi)壞神,只(zhi)好(hao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)里來(lai)(lai),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)里去,頂(ding)風冒雨,察看(kan)地形(xing),尋(xun)找黃(huang)河(he)(he)向東的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)路。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan)大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)心(xin)(xin)要(yao)治(zhi)住(zhu)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),疏(shu)導黃(huang)河(he)(he),讓華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)過上正常的(de)(de)(de)生活,頓時火冒三丈,幾乎將自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)全部神力(li)(li)都使了出(chu)來(lai)(lai),中原一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)四處(chu)(chu)漫溢,到(dao)處(chu)(chu)橫流(liu),洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)更(geng)大(da)(da)了。大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)東奔西跑,費盡了力(li)(li)氣,地上的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)卻越聚(ju)越多,黃(huang)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也是(shi)(shi)四處(chu)(chu)八方亂竄。有共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)搗亂,黃(huang)河(he)(he)沒法疏(shu)導,大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)忍無可忍,決心(xin)(xin)帶(dai)領華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)驅逐共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)把(ba)隨他治(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)應龍、黃(huang)龍、白龍、蒼(cang)龍都叫來(lai)(lai),并鼓(gu)勵華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起出(chu)戰。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)由(you)于(yu)四處(chu)(chu)作惡,早(zao)就聲名狼藉(jie),百姓(xing)聽說大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)趕走(zou)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),紛(fen)紛(fen)前來(lai)(lai)參戰。大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帶(dai)著(zhu)大(da)(da)家(jia)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中攔住(zhu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong),雙方廝殺(sha)起來(lai)(lai)。整(zheng)整(zheng)大(da)(da)戰了一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)月,大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帶(dai)華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)輪流(liu)上陣。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)漸漸疲憊(bei)不(bu)堪,敗下(xia)陣后(hou),倉(cang)惶而逃,大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)窮(qiong)追不(bu)舍(she)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)看(kan)著(zhu)自己(ji)在劫難(nan)逃,便向大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)下(xia)跪,發誓永遠(yuan)不(bu)再侵犯(fan)華夏(xia)(xia),再不(bu)發水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)行惡了。大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)心(xin)(xin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)軟(ruan),放走(zou)了共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。大(da)(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)率華夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)趕走(zou)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)后(hou),一(yi)(yi)(yi)鼓(gu)作氣,把(ba)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排完,又(you)馬不(bu)停蹄地把(ba)黃(huang)河(he)(he)疏(shu)導到(dao)東海,并用太行山的(de)(de)(de)石頭,在黃(huang)河(he)(he)兩(liang)邊筑起又(you)高又(you)厚,十分堅固的(de)(de)(de)堤岸。
大力神重和黎接旨,運足了(le)力氣,一個兩手托(tuo)天(tian)(tian),一個雙掌按地(di),吆喝一聲,一齊發力,托(tuo)天(tian)(tian)的(de)盡力往(wang)上(shang)舉,按地(di)的(de)拼命向下壓(ya),天(tian)(tian)漸(jian)漸(jian)往(wang)上(shang)升,地(di)漸(jian)漸(jian)向下沉,本來(lai)(lai)相(xiang)隔不(bu)遠的(de)天(tian)(tian)地(di)就變成現在這樣,遙遙而(er)不(bu)可及了(le),高山、大樹,再也起不(bu)到(dao)天(tian)(tian)梯的(de)作用了(le)。從此(ci),托(tuo)天(tian)(tian)的(de)重為(wei)南正,專(zhuan)管(guan)天(tian)(tian)地(di)鬼神之(zhi)事;按地(di)的(de)黎為(wei)火正,專(zhuan)管(guan)人(ren)間之(zhi)事。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝還制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)出(chu)各種(zhong)禮儀制(zhi)度(du)來(lai)(lai)維(wei)護社會(hui)道德,規定(ding)(ding)婦女在路上(shang)遇見男(nan)人(ren)必(bi)須(xu)先回避,不(bu)然要(yao)拉(la)到(dao)十字(zi)大街上(shang)示眾,還規定(ding)(ding)兄妹不(bu)準通婚(hun),并讓百姓(xing)按時祭(ji)祀祖先和天(tian)(tian)地(di)鬼神。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)帝的(de)為(wei)人(ren)道德、智慧,使(shi)四方(fang)慕德而(er)服(fu),鳥獸盡皆(jie)感化(hua)。
據《史記·五帝(di)(di)(di)(di)本紀(ji)》記載,顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轄區非常大(da),“北(bei)至(zhi)于幽靈(ling),南(nan)至(zhi)于交阯,西(xi)至(zhi)于流沙,東至(zhi)于蟠(pan)木,動靜之(zhi)物(wu),大(da)小之(zhi)神(shen),日月(yue)(yue)所照,莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)砥(di)屬。”但是,林(lin)子大(da)了(le),什么鳥都(dou)有。顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)德智(zhi)慧,使(shi)(shi)善(shan)者從(cong)之(zhi),卻使(shi)(shi)邪惡及無(wu)(wu)法無(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)工(gong)恨(hen)之(zhi),共(gong)工(gong)妒(du)忌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡直發(fa)(fa)了(le)狂,便糾(jiu)集一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些同樣鼓吹無(wu)(wu)法無(wu)(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)而(er)(er)對顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壞神(shen)組(zu)建成一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支軍隊,輕騎短刃,突襲天(tian)(tian)(tian)國(guo)京都(dou)。顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)聞變,泰然自(zi)若,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)點(dian)燃七十二(er)座烽火臺,大(da)戰(zhan)開始(shi)后(hou),顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)率軍將(jiang)共(gong)工(gong)部(bu)眾從(cong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)上追(zhui)逐(zhu)到凡(fan)界,再(zai)從(cong)凡(fan)界廝殺(sha)(sha)到天(tian)(tian)(tian)上,幾(ji)個回合過去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)后(hou),顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)眾越殺(sha)(sha)越多(duo),長著兩個蜂(feng)窩(wo)腦袋(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驕蟲領毒蜂(feng)由(you)平逢山(shan)趕(gan)至(zhi);共(gong)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)落被(bei)殺(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人仰馬翻,幾(ji)乎全軍覆沒。共(gong)工(gong)輾轉殺(sha)(sha)到西(xi)北(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)下(xia)(xia),身邊僅剩(sheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)十三騎。不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奇崛突兀,頂天(tian)(tian)(tian)立地,擋住(zhu)(zhu)了(le)這(zhe)伙賊寇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)路。這(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)柱(zhu),是顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)維持宇宙(zhou)秩序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)憑藉之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。這(zhe)時,顓(zhuan)頊(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)率軍從(cong)四面(mian)八方(fang)沖來,喊殺(sha)(sha)聲(sheng)、勸降聲(sheng)驚天(tian)(tian)(tian)動地,天(tian)(tian)(tian)羅地網(wang)已經(jing)布(bu)成。共(gong)工(gong)到死還想壞一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把,不(bu)(bu)(bu)顧一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切后(hou)果發(fa)(fa)泄怨恨(hen),他(ta)向(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)撞(zhuang)去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。在轟隆(long)隆(long)、潑喇(la)喇(la)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)響聲(sheng)中,那撐(cheng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)拄地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)山(shan)竟被(bei)它攔腰撞(zhuang)斷(duan),橫塌下(xia)(xia)來。天(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)折(zhe)斷(duan)后(hou),整個宇宙(zhou)便隨之(zhi)發(fa)(fa)生了(le)大(da)變動,西(xi)北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)穹失去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)撐(cheng)持而(er)(er)向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)傾斜,使(shi)(shi)拴系在北(bei)方(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月(yue)(yue)亮和(he)星星在原來位置上再(zai)也站不(bu)(bu)(bu)住(zhu)(zhu)腳,身不(bu)(bu)(bu)由(you)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掙脫束縛,朝低斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)滑去(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),成就了(le)我們(men)今天(tian)(tian)(tian)所看見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日月(yue)(yue)星辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行路線。
不周山被撞(zhuang)斷后,天就(jiu)塌下(xia)(xia)半邊來,還露出(chu)很多大(da)(da)窟窿;地(di)(di)面也(ye)裂(lie)開了(le),出(chu)現(xian)一條(tiao)條(tiao)的(de)深坑裂(lie)縫。在天崩(beng)地(di)(di)裂(lie)的(de)情況下(xia)(xia),山林燃燒起熊熊大(da)(da)火(huo),地(di)(di)底噴出(chu)了(le)滔(tao)滔(tao)洪(hong)水,周圍也(ye)竄出(chu)了(le)各種兇猛(meng)野(ye)獸,大(da)(da)地(di)(di)就(jiu)象(xiang)一個人間地(di)(di)獄。
天(tian)(tian)神女(nv)媧(wa)(wa),看到自(zi)己創(chuang)造(zao)出來的(de)(de)人受(shou)到這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)苦難(nan),痛心極了(le)(le)(le)。為了(le)(le)(le)讓人們重新過上(shang)(shang)自(zi)然的(de)(de)生活,女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)決定去(qu)修(xiu)補殘破的(de)(de)蒼天(tian)(tian)。這(zhe)是一件極其困難(nan)繁(fan)雜的(de)(de)工作,女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)先在江河揀了(le)(le)(le)許多五色石子,又(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)大火把(ba)(ba)石子燒了(le)(le)(le)九(jiu)天(tian)(tian)九(jiu)夜,煉成紅(hong)、黃、青(qing)、白(bai)、黑五色混和的(de)(de)石漿,然后一勺一勺的(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)石漿灌進天(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)窟窿,把(ba)(ba)崩裂的(de)(de)地方修(xiu)補好。隨之(zhi)的(de)(de)工作,便是要把(ba)(ba)天(tian)(tian)撐起來。女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)用(yong)(yong)一只大烏龜的(de)(de)四(si)只腳,用(yong)(yong)來代替天(tian)(tian)柱,豎立在大地的(de)(de)四(si)方,把(ba)(ba)天(tian)(tian)空象架帳篷似的(de)(de)撐起來。柱子很(hen)結實,天(tian)(tian)空再也不會(hui)塌下來了(le)(le)(le)。女(nv)媧(wa)(wa)又(you)(you)趕走了(le)(le)(le)到處為患的(de)(de)兇禽惡獸,又(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)蘆(lu)草燒成的(de)(de)灰去(qu)填塞洪(hong)水。天(tian)(tian)補好了(le)(le)(le),地也填平(ping)了(le)(le)(le),華夏之(zhi)民又(you)(you)重新過上(shang)(shang)了(le)(le)(le)自(zi)然幸(xing)福的(de)(de)生活。
相(xiang)傳帝舜(shun)(shun)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(約公(gong)元前22世紀),禹(yu)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)盟進攻(gong)共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)盟(今河(he)南嵩縣北黃(huang)河(he)附(fu)近(jin))的(de)作戰(zhan)。原始社會(hui)晚期(qi)(qi)(qi),中原地區生(sheng)活著黃(huang)帝族系的(de)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)盟(今山西南部(bu)(bu)),舜(shun)(shun)為首領。當時(shi)(shi),黃(huang)河(he)經(jing)常泛濫成災,禍(huo)及人民(min),舜(shun)(shun)命禹(yu)治水(shui)(shui)。炎帝族系的(de)共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)盟,長期(qi)(qi)(qi)與舜(shun)(shun)領導的(de)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)盟爭奪生(sheng)存地域,并為治水(shui)(shui)發(fa)生(sheng)沖突。于是(shi),禹(yu)率(lv)領本部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)盟進攻(gong)共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi),將其擊敗(bai)并驅離治水(shui)(shui)地區,以便治水(shui)(shui)。從此共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)再(zai)也無(wu)力與黃(huang)帝族系部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)盟抗(kang)衡(heng)。
水神(shen)共(gong)工是(shi)炎帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后裔,與黃帝(di)家族本來(lai)就矛盾重重。帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)接掌宇宙(zhou)統(tong)治權后,不(bu)僅毫(hao)不(bu)顧惜人(ren)(ren)類,同(tong)時也(ye)(ye)用(yong)強(qiang)權壓(ya)制其(qi)他(ta)(ta)派系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen),以至(zhi)于天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)人(ren)(ren)間(jian),怨聲鼎(ding)沸。共(gong)工見時機成(cheng)熟,約集心懷不(bu)滿(man)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)們(men),決心推翻帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治,奪取主(zhu)(zhu)宰神(shen)位(wei)。反(fan)叛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸(zhu)神(shen)推選(xuan)共(gong)工為盟主(zhu)(zhu),組(zu)建成(cheng)一(yi)支軍隊(dui),輕騎短刃,突襲天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)國京都。帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)聞變(bian),倒也(ye)(ye)不(bu)甚驚(jing)惶,他(ta)(ta)一(yi)面點燃(ran)七十二座烽火臺,召四方諸(zhu)侯疾速支援(yuan);一(yi)面點齊護衛京畿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵馬(ma),親自(zi)掛帥,前去(qu)迎戰(zhan)(zhan)。一(yi)場酷烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗展開了,兩股(gu)人(ren)(ren)馬(ma)從天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)廝殺到(dao)凡界(jie),再從凡界(jie)廝殺到(dao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang),幾個(ge)來(lai)回過去(qu),帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部眾(zhong)越(yue)殺越(yue)多,人(ren)(ren)形虎尾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泰(tai)逢駕萬(wan)道祥光由和山(shan)(shan)趕至(zhi),龍頭(tou)人(ren)(ren)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計蒙挾疾風驟雨由光山(shan)(shan)趕至(zhi),長著兩個(ge)蜂窩腦袋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驕(jiao)蟲(chong)領毒蜂毒蝎(xie)由平逢山(shan)(shan)趕至(zhi);共(gong)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部眾(zhong)越(yue)殺越(yue)少,柜比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脖子被(bei)砍得只剩一(yi)層皮,披頭(tou)散發,一(yi)只斷(duan)(duan)臂(bei)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)知(zhi)丟到(dao)哪兒(er)去(qu)了,王子夜(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙手雙腳(jiao)、頭(tou)顱胸腹甚至(zhi)牙齒全被(bei)砍斷(duan)(duan),七零八落地(di)散了一(yi)地(di)。共(gong)工輾轉殺到(dao)西北(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)周山(shan)(shan)下(xia),身(shen)邊僅剩一(yi)十三騎。他(ta)(ta)舉目望(wang)去(qu),不(bu)周山(shan)(shan)奇崛(jue)突兀(wu),頂(ding)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)立地(di),擋住(zhu)了去(qu)路,他(ta)(ta)知(zhi)道,此山(shan)(shan)其(qi)實是(shi)一(yi)根撐天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨柱(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)維(wei)持宇宙(zhou)統(tong)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)憑藉(jie)之一(yi)。身(shen)后,喊殺聲、勸降聲接連傳來(lai),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)羅地(di)網(wang)已(yi)經布成(cheng)。共(gong)工在絕望(wang)中(zhong)發出了憤怒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吶喊,他(ta)(ta)一(yi)個(ge)獅子甩(shuai)頭(tou),朝不(bu)周山(shan)(shan)拼命撞(zhuang)去(qu),只聽得轟隆(long)(long)隆(long)(long)、潑喇喇一(yi)陣巨響,那撐天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)拄地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)周山(shan)(shan)竟被(bei)他(ta)(ta)攔(lan)腰撞(zhuang)斷(duan)(duan),橫(heng)塌下(xia)來(lai)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)(zhu)既經折斷(duan)(duan),整(zheng)個(ge)宇宙(zhou)便(bian)隨之發生了大變(bian)動:西北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)穹(qiong)失去(qu)撐持而向下(xia)傾斜(xie),使拴(shuan)系在北(bei)方天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)頂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽、月亮和星星在原(yuan)來(lai)位(wei)置(zhi)上(shang)再也(ye)(ye)站不(bu)住(zhu)腳(jiao),身(shen)不(bu)由己地(di)掙脫束縛,朝低(di)斜(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)滑去(qu),成(cheng)就了我(wo)們(men)今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所(suo)(suo)看(kan)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日月星辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行線路,解(jie)除了當(dang)時人(ren)(ren)們(men)所(suo)(suo)遭(zao)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)晝永是(shi)白(bai)晝,黑(hei)夜(ye)永是(shi)黑(hei)夜(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困苦。另一(yi)方面,懸吊大地(di)東南角的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨繩被(bei)劇(ju)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)震動崩(beng)斷(duan)(duan)了,東南大地(di)塌陷下(xia)去(qu),成(cheng)就了我(wo)們(men)今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)所(suo)(suo)看(kan)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西北(bei)高、東南低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)勢,和江河(he)東流(liu)、百川歸海的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情景(jing)。
共工氏行為最后(hou)得到了人們的(de)尊敬。在共工氏死(si)后(hou),人們奉(feng)他為水(shui)(shui)師(司水(shui)(shui)利之神)。他的(de)兒子后(hou)土(tu)也被人們奉(feng)為社神(即土(tu)地(di)神),后(hou)來(lai)人們發(fa)誓時說(shuo)“蒼天在上后(hou)土(tu)在下”,就(jiu)指的(de)是他,由此(ci)可見人們對(dui)他們的(de)敬重。
1.斡維焉系,天極焉加?八(ba)柱何當(dang),東南何虧?(屈(qu)原《天問(wen)》)
2.這(zhe)又是北部人民對于地(di)形及現世界的并(bing)未十(shi)分(fen)美滿所起(qi)的一種解(jie)答。在開辟神話(hua)中,這(zhe)該是尾聲了(le)。他(ta)生于若水而居帝(di)丘(今(jin)河(he)南(nan)濮(pu)陽東(dong)南(nan)),正處黃河(he)(約當今(jin)衛河(he))東(dong)岸(an)附(fu)近。炎帝(di)的后裔共工(gong),已成為(wei)炎帝(di)族分(fen)支共工(gong)氏部落(luo)聯盟(meng)的首(shou)領,居九有(即九州(zhou))黃河(he)中游河(he)西地(di)區(約在今(jin)河(he)南(nan)輝縣(xian)境)。(茅盾《神話(hua)研究》)
原文
(課文(wen)見《語(yu)文(wen)》人(ren)民(min)教育(yu)出版社七年級下冊第25課(198頁)版權歸(gui)人(ren)民(min)教育(yu)出版社所有)
昔者(zhe),共工(gong)與(yu)顓頊爭為帝,怒而觸不周之山,天柱折(zhe),地維絕。天傾西北(bei),故(gu)日(ri)月星辰移焉(yan);地不滿東南,故(gu)水潦塵埃歸焉(yan)。
譯文
從前,共工與顓頊爭(zheng)奪(duo)部落天(tian)帝之位,(共工在大(da)戰中慘(can)敗,)憤怒地撞擊不周(zhou)山(shan),支撐天(tian)的柱子折了,系著大(da)地的繩(sheng)索斷了。(所(suo)以)天(tian)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)北方向(xiang)(xiang)傾斜,所(suo)以日月、星辰(chen)都向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)北方向(xiang)(xiang)移(yi)動了;大(da)地的東南(nan)角(jiao)塌(ta)陷了,所(suo)以江河泥(ni)沙都朝(chao)東南(nan)方向(xiang)(xiang)流去(qu)。
注釋
共工:傳說(shuo)中的部落領袖,炎(yan)帝的后裔。
觸:碰、撞。
不周山(shan):山(shan)名,傳說(shuo)在昆侖西北。《山(shan)海經(jing)·大(da)荒(huang)西經(jing)》載:“大(da)荒(huang)之(zhi)隅,有山(shan)而不合,名曰不周。”
昔者:從前。
而:表順承。
顓頊(zhuānxū):傳說中的(de)(de)五帝之(zhi)一,黃(huang)帝的(de)(de)后裔。
為:做。
天柱折,地維絕(jue):支撐天的(de)(de)柱子折了(le),掛地的(de)(de)繩(sheng)子斷(duan)了(le)。古人(ren)認為天圓地方,有八根柱子支撐、地的(de)(de)四角有大繩(sheng)系掛。維,繩(sheng)子。絕(jue),斷(duan)。
傾:傾斜。
西(xi)北:名詞用作狀語,向西(xi)北。
移:移動。
焉:兼(jian)詞,與“于是”或“于此“相當,文中譯(yi)為“這,這里(li)”。
水(shui)潦(lǎo):泛指江(jiang)湖流水(shui)。潦,積水(shui)。
塵埃:塵土,這里指泥沙。
故:所以。
歸:匯集。
絕:斷。