何(he)(he)尚之(382年—460年),字彥德(de)。廬江(jiang)郡(jun)灊縣(今安徽霍山)人(ren)。南北朝時(shi)期(qi)劉宋大(da)臣,東晉散騎侍郎何(he)(he)準(zhun)曾孫、南康太守何(he)(he)恢之孫、金紫光(guang)祿(lu)(lu)大(da)夫(fu)何(he)(he)叔度之子。官至侍中(zhong)、左光(guang)祿(lu)(lu)大(da)夫(fu)、開(kai)府(fu)儀同三(san)司,兼(jian)領中(zhong)書令。
何(he)尚之(zhi)年輕時(shi)輕佻放蕩,喜歡(huan)賭(du)博,不過長大后(hou)改變志向(xiang)走上正道(dao),憑(ping)操(cao)守(shou)為人所(suo)稱道(dao)。何(he)尚之(zhi)素來為陳郡人謝混(hun)了解,和他交往相處。因為家境貧困,于是出(chu)任臨津令(ling),后(hou)獲劉裕征(zheng)為府主簿(bu),并隨(sui)同(tong)(tong)北伐(fa)后(hou)秦,期間因公事免官。不過,劉裕滅秦后(hou)仍因隨(sui)同(tong)(tong)征(zheng)伐(fa)的(de)功勛獲賜爵都鄉侯。宋少帝即位后(hou),何(he)尚之(zhi)任廬陵王劉義(yi)真的(de)車騎咨議參軍,當時(shi)劉義(yi)真與執(zhi)政(zheng)的(de)徐羨之(zhi)、傅亮等不和,何(he)尚之(zhi)曾作(zuo)出(chu)勸(quan)諫但(dan)不被接納。
景平二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(424年(nian)(nian)(nian)),徐羨之廢義(yi)真(zhen)為庶人(ren),何(he)尚(shang)之遂調作中書(shu)侍郎(lang)。同年(nian)(nian)(nian)宋(song)文(wen)帝(di)即位(wei)后(hou)(hou),何(he)尚(shang)之歷(li)任臨川內史(shi)、黃門侍郎(lang)、尚(shang)書(shu)吏(li)部郎(lang)及左(zuo)衛(wei)將軍(jun),直至元嘉(jia)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(431年(nian)(nian)(nian))尚(shang)之父何(he)叔度(du)去(qu)世,何(he)尚(shang)之才離職(zhi)守喪,守喪期完結后(hou)(hou)便復任左(zuo)衛(wei)將軍(jun),領太子中庶子。何(he)尚(shang)之一向喜好文(wen)學義(yi)理,常(chang)能儀態從容(rong)地玩賞(shang)聚會,很受宋(song)文(wen)帝(di)賞(shang)識(shi)。
元(yuan)嘉十二年(nian)(435年(nian))遷任(ren)侍(shi)中,并像從前一樣兼任(ren)太(tai)子中庶子,不久(jiu)又改領(ling)游擊將軍。
元嘉(jia)十三年(436年),彭城王劉義(yi)康(kang)想任(ren)命其親信司徒左(zuo)長史劉斌為(wei)丹(dan)陽(yang)尹(yin),宋文帝不(bu)答應。于是就任(ren)命何(he)尚之為(wei)丹(dan)陽(yang)尹(yin),何(he)尚之在丹(dan)陽(yang)外城南(nan)外建(jian)造宅院,設置(zhi)玄學(xue)校,聚集學(xue)生(sheng)。東海人(ren)徐秀、廬江人(ren)何(he)曇、黃回、潁川人(ren)荀子華、太原人(ren)孫宗昌、王延秀、魯郡(jun)人(ren)孔惠(hui)宣,因為(wei)仰慕丹(dan)陽(yang)郡(jun)興盛(sheng)的玄學(xue)前來游學(xue),稱(cheng)為(wei)南(nan)學(xue)。
何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雖與(yu)(yu)義(yi)康(kang)(kang)近(jin)臣劉(liu)湛(zhan)是(shi)姻親(qin),但他們關系并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)親(qin)密(mi)(mi),劉(liu)湛(zhan)想(xiang)兼(jian)任丹陽尹(yin),于是(shi)宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)改任何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為祠部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)(shu),兼(jian)任國(guo)子祭酒。何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感到很不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)。元嘉十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(440年(nian)(nian)),宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)誅殺劉(liu)湛(zhan),何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷吏部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)。后國(guo)子學(xue)建成,宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)讓(rang)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)領國(guo)子祭酒,及(ji)后又領建平(ping)(ping)王師,轉(zhuan)任中書(shu)(shu)令、中護軍。元嘉二十(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(445年(nian)(nian)),何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)右(you)仆射(she),加散騎常(chang)侍。早在(zai)宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)消滅義(yi)康(kang)(kang)親(qin)黨時(shi),何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)認為得宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)親(qin)待、參(can)與(yu)(yu)機密(mi)(mi)、時(shi)任左衛將軍的范(fan)曄有異志,于是(shi)就稟告宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)應當出京(jing)任職廣州,如果范(fan)曄在(zai)京(jing)城(cheng)謀亂事(shi)成,不(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)對(dui)其(qi)施加刑(xing)罰,如此屢次誅殺大臣,有傷皇化。不(bu)(bu)(bu)過文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)以范(fan)曄未露(lu)形(xing)跡,且(qie)為免(mian)被(bei)認為容(rong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)下有才之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),故沒有調走他。至(zhi)此年(nian)(nian),范(fan)曄與(yu)(yu)孔熙(xi)先(xian)等(deng)謀立劉(liu)義(yi)康(kang)(kang)的事(shi)被(bei)揭發(fa),宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)稱許(xu)何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有先(xian)見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明,然宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)看見被(bei)捕的孔熙(xi)先(xian)“望風吐款,辭氣不(bu)(bu)(bu)橈”,亦對(dui)其(qi)十(shi)(shi)分(fen)欣賞(shang),指責曾(ceng)任吏部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)的何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道:“讓(rang)孔熙(xi)先(xian)快將三(san)十(shi)(shi)歲才當散騎郎,誰不(bu)(bu)(bu)做(zuo)賊呀!”同年(nian)(nian),宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)建玄武湖(hu),并(bing)圖在(zai)湖(hu)中建方丈、蓬(peng)萊及(ji)瀛州三(san)座仙(xian)山,因(yin)何(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)懇切進諫才打消念頭。當時(shi)亦在(zai)修(xiu)建華林(lin)園,尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)因(yin)時(shi)值盛夏而進諫,望讓(rang)工(gong)人(ren)休息一(yi)下,然宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)答應,說:“小(xiao)人(ren)常(chang)常(chang)自己曬背,這點工(gong)程不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以使百姓辛勞。”
當時宋文帝(di)到處巡幸,還經常秉燭夜游,何尚之又(you)上(shang)表(biao)勸諫(jian)說:“萬乘大國應當自重(zhong),尊威不(bu)可忽視(shi),這本應是(shi)陛下圣心(xin)明(ming)鑒(jian)的,哪里(li)需要(yao)用我(wo)來說明(ming)呢。圣上(shang)近(jin)來連(lian)連(lian)游,還經常徹(che)夜游賞,朝廷上(shang)下群情反對,實在是(shi)不(bu)能(neng)安寧(ning)。清理道路而行(xing)動,帝(di)王(wang)要(yao)建立(li)法度,這是(shi)古今(jin)帝(di)王(wang)深深警誡的事,安定(ding)的時候不(bu)忘記可能(neng)會(hui)有危險的時候。如(ru)果遇(yu)上(shang)汲黯、辛(xin)毗那樣的忠臣,也(ye)一定(ding)會(hui)不(bu)惜冒犯龍顏極力勸諫(jian),只是(shi)我(wo)們這些人(ren)碌(liu)(liu)碌(liu)(liu)無為(wei),常常心(xin)存恭順(shun)靜默罷了。臣特別希望陛下稍微(wei)采納一下我(wo)的誠(cheng)摯(zhi)的愚見,想著親(qin)自自我(wo)省察,不(bu)因為(wei)我(wo)廢棄我(wo)的真言(yan),才可以寬慰(wei)天(tian)下人(ren)的期(qi)望。”宋文帝(di)最終也(ye)下詔采納了他的意見并嘉獎他。
元嘉二十(shi)四年(447年),因應民間取(qu)較重的古錢(qian)(qian)中(zhong)的銅(tong)私鑄(zhu)四銖(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)問題嚴(yan)重,江夏王劉義恭建(jian)議將古錢(qian)(qian)定值作大錢(qian)(qian),一個(ge)當兩個(ge)小錢(qian)(qian),以(yi)杜絕私鑄(zhu)。但何尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)認為此舉只(zhi)增(zeng)加(jia)大錢(qian)(qian)表(biao)面價值,令(ling)富(fu)者愈富(fu),貧在愈貧;又建(jian)議解決私鑄(zhu)問題應從(cong)加(jia)強執(zhi)法下手,讓懸賞機(ji)制(zhi)名實俱有,并(bing)加(jia)強檢舉效率,以(yi)求遏止(zhi)私鑄(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)風。何尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)發言(yan)得庾炳(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)等人贊同,不(bu)過(guo)其時(shi)沈演(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)贊同義恭提議,宋文帝(di)亦采納其言(yan),遂作推行。不(bu)過(guo)一段時(shi)間后發現(xian)并(bing)不(bu)便利(li),于是(shi)作罷(ba)。
元(yuan)嘉二十五年(nian)(448年(nian)),何(he)(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)遷(qian)尚(shang)書(shu)左仆射(she),加散騎常侍,領汝(ru)陰王師。元(yuan)嘉二十八年(nian)(451年(nian))轉尚(shang)書(shu)令,領太子詹事。次年(nian)何(he)(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)退休,當時文帝不許(xu),何(he)(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)沒(mei)有(you)堅持(chi),又再復職(zhi)出仕。及后文帝對何(he)(he)尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)就更為倚重,連北伐時給軍隊(dui)的物資都交由尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)理(li)。
元(yuan)(yuan)嘉三(san)十年(nian)(453年(nian)),太子劉(liu)(liu)(liu)劭(shao)起兵(bing)(bing)弒(shi)父奪位,進何(he)尚之為(wei)司空(kong)、領尚書(shu)令。不過武陵王劉(liu)(liu)(liu)駿(jun)等諸王旋(xuan)即發兵(bing)(bing)討伐劉(liu)(liu)(liu)劭(shao),諸王將領參佐們的家眷當時還在建(jian)康,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)劭(shao)遂意圖全部誅殺(sha),只因何(he)尚之成功勸止才(cai)得(de)保住性命。同年(nian)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)劭(shao)兵(bing)(bing)敗被(bei)殺(sha),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)駿(jun)即位,即宋(song)孝(xiao)武帝,以何(he)尚之復(fu)任尚書(shu)令,領吏部。孝(xiao)建(jian)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(454年(nian))遷侍中、左(zuo)光祿大夫(fu),領護(hu)軍(jun)將軍(jun);不久又(you)辭領護(hu)軍(jun)將軍(jun),轉加(jia)特進,又(you)再領尚書(shu)令。
大(da)明二年(nian)(nian)(458年(nian)(nian)),何尚(shang)之轉侍(shi)中、左光祿(lu)大(da)夫、開府儀同三司。后又(you)曾兼領中書(shu)令。大(da)明四年(nian)(nian)(460年(nian)(nian))去(qu)世,享年(nian)(nian)七(qi)十九歲(sui),以本官加贈(zeng)司空。賜謚(shi)號簡穆。
元嘉之(zhi)(zhi)時,佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)法日益興盛,塔寺與出(chu)家僧人日漸增多,隨之(zhi)(zhi)也引起了(le)(le)傳統觀念的(de)疑難。為此,何尚之(zhi)(zhi)對佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教濟世之(zhi)(zhi)功進行(xing)了(le)(le)透辟的(de)闡釋(shi),平實(shi)了(le)(le)當。在于其所稱揚佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教在維系世道人心(xin)、輔助現實(shi)政治(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)巨大(da)作用,言(yan)簡意賅,契理(li)契機,在整個佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教發展史上產生了(le)(le)廣泛的(de)影響,實(shi)開后(hou)世具有代(dai)表性的(de)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)法輔政論之(zhi)(zhi)濫觴,是(shi)研究佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教文化與中(zhong)(zhong)國原有文化相融通全部過程中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)重要一環(huan)。
劉義隆(long):釋門有卿,亦猶孔(kong)氏之有季路,所謂惡言(yan)不入于耳。
《宋(song)書》:江(jiang)左以(yi)來,樹根本于揚越(yue),任(ren)推(tui)轂(gu)于荊楚(chu)。揚土自廬、蠡以(yi)北(bei),臨(lin)海而極大(da)江(jiang);荊部則包括湘(xiang)、沅,跨巫(wu)山而掩鄧(deng)塞。民戶境(jing)域,過(guo)半于天下。晉世幼主(zhu)在位,政歸輔臣,荊、揚司(si)牧,事同二陜。宋(song)室受(shou)命,權不(bu)(bu)能移,二州之(zhi)(zhi)重,咸歸密戚。是(shi)以(yi)義宣藉西楚(chu)強富,因十載之(zhi)(zhi)基,嫌隙(xi)既樹,遂規問鼎。而建郢(ying)分揚,矯(jiao)枉過(guo)直,籓城既剖(pou),盜實(shi)人單,閫外之(zhi)(zhi)寄,于斯而盡。若長君(jun)南(nan)面,威(wei)刑自出,至(zhi)親(qin)在外,事不(bu)(bu)患強。若運經(jing)盛衰,時艱主(zhu)弱(ruo),雖(sui)近臣懷禍(huo),止有外憚(dan),呂宗不(bu)(bu)競,實(shi)由(you)齊、楚(chu),興喪之(zhi)(zhi)源,于斯尤著(zhu)。尚之(zhi)(zhi)言并(bing)合,可謂識治也(ye)矣(yi)!