蝶戀花
庭院深深深幾許,楊(yang)柳堆煙(yan),簾幕無重數。玉勒雕鞍游冶處,樓高不(bu)見章(zhang)臺路。
雨橫風(feng)狂三(san)月(yue)暮,門掩黃昏(hun),無計(ji)留春(chun)住。淚眼問花花不語(yu),亂紅飛過秋(qiu)千去。
鵲踏枝
庭院深深深幾許,楊柳堆煙,簾幕無重數(shu)。玉勒雕鞍游(you)冶處(chu),樓(lou)高不見章(zhang)臺路(lu)。
雨橫風狂三(san)月暮(mu),門掩(yan)黃昏,無計留春住。淚眼問(wen)花花不語(yu),亂(luan)紅(hong)飛(fei)過秋千去。
蝶戀花(hua):原唐教坊曲名,后用為詞(ci)牌名。又名“鵲(que)踏枝”“鳳棲梧”。《樂(le)章集(ji)(ji)》《張子野詞(ci)》并入(ru)“小石調”,《清真集(ji)(ji)》入(ru)“商調”。雙調六十字,上下(xia)片各四仄(ze)韻。
幾許(xu):多少。許(xu),估(gu)計數(shu)量之詞。
堆煙:形(xing)容楊柳濃密。
“簾幕”句:簾幕一(yi)道道、一(yi)層層,無法數清。
玉(yu)勒(le)雕鞍(an):極言車馬的豪華。玉(yu)勒(le),玉(yu)制的馬銜。雕鞍(an),精雕的馬鞍(an)。游冶處:指歌(ge)樓(lou)妓院。
章(zhang)(zhang)臺(tai):漢長安街名。《漢書·張敞傳(chuan)》有“走馬章(zhang)(zhang)臺(tai)街”語。唐許堯佐《章(zhang)(zhang)臺(tai)柳傳(chuan)》,記妓(ji)女柳氏事(shi)。后因以章(zhang)(zhang)臺(tai)為歌妓(ji)聚(ju)居之地。
雨橫:指(zhi)急雨、驟(zou)雨。
亂紅:這里(li)形(xing)容各種花片紛紛飄落的樣子(zi)。
深深的庭院(yuan)不知有多深?一(yi)排排楊柳堆起綠(lv)色(se)的云,一(yi)重(zhong)重(zhong)簾幕多得難以計(ji)數(shu)。華車(che)駿(jun)馬如今在哪里游冶,我登上高樓也(ye)不見章臺路。
風狂(kuang)雨驟的暮春三月,時近黃(huang)昏(hun),掩起(qi)門戶,卻沒(mei)有辦法(fa)把(ba)春光留住。我淚眼汪汪問花(hua)(hua),花(hua)(hua)竟默默不語,只(zhi)見散(san)亂的落花(hua)(hua)飛過秋千(qian)去。
這是(shi)一首寫女(nv)子閨怨的(de)(de)(de)詞,創(chuang)作(zuo)時(shi)間(jian)難以考證,就是(shi)作(zuo)者是(shi)誰也(ye)難以確定(ding)。此詞在歐陽(yang)修的(de)(de)(de)《六(liu)一詞》和馮(feng)(feng)(feng)延巳的(de)(de)(de)《陽(yang)春集》里都有收錄(lu),詞牌名分(fen)別為(wei)“蝶戀花(hua)(hua)”和“鵲(que)踏枝”。李清照(zhao)認為(wei)是(shi)歐陽(yang)修所作(zuo),她(ta)的(de)(de)(de)《臨江仙》詞序云(yun):“歐陽(yang)公作(zuo)《蝶戀花(hua)(hua)》,有‘深(shen)(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen)(shen)幾(ji)許’之(zhi)句,予酷愛之(zhi),用(yong)其語(yu)作(zuo)‘庭(ting)院深(shen)(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen)(shen)’數闋。”王(wang)國(guo)維在《人間(jian)詞話》里引(yin)用(yong)時(shi)則是(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)馮(feng)(feng)(feng)延巳的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin)。在詞的(de)(de)(de)發展史(shi)上,宋初(chu)詞風承南唐(tang),沒有太大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua),而歐與馮(feng)(feng)(feng)俱仕至宰(zai)執,政治地位與文化(hua)素養基本相似。因此他們兩人的(de)(de)(de)詞風大(da)(da)同小異,有些作(zuo)品(pin),往往混淆在一起。就像這首詞,就很(hen)難分(fen)辨(bian)。
歐陽修(1007-1072),北宋(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)學(xue)家、史學(xue)家。字永叔,號醉翁,晚號六(liu)一居士(shi)。廬陵(今(jin)江西吉安)人。天(tian)圣(sheng)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(1030年(nian)(nian))進士(shi)。累(lei)擢知(zhi)制(zhi)誥、翰林(lin)學(xue)士(shi),歷樞密副使、參知(zhi)政事。宋(song)(song)神宗朝,遷兵部尚書(shu),以太(tai)子少師致仕(shi)。卒(zu)謚(shi)文(wen)(wen)忠。政治上曾(ceng)支持過范仲淹等的革新(xin)主(zhu)(zhu)張,文(wen)(wen)學(xue)上主(zhu)(zhu)張明道、致用(yong),對(dui)(dui)宋(song)(song)初以來靡麗(li)、險(xian)怪(guai)的文(wen)(wen)風表示不滿,并(bing)積極(ji)培(pei)養后進,是(shi)北宋(song)(song)古文(wen)(wen)運(yun)動的領袖。散文(wen)(wen)說理(li)暢達,抒情委婉,為(wei)“唐宋(song)(song)八(ba)大家”之一;詩(shi)風與(yu)其散文(wen)(wen)近似,語言流暢自然。其詞婉麗(li),承襲南唐余風。曾(ceng)與(yu)宋(song)(song)祁合(he)修《新(xin)唐書(shu)》,并(bing)獨撰《新(xin)五代史》。又喜(xi)收集金石(shi)文(wen)(wen)字,編(bian)為(wei)《集古錄》,對(dui)(dui)宋(song)(song)代金石(shi)學(xue)頗有影響。有《歐陽文(wen)(wen)忠集》。
馮延(yan)(yan)巳(904—960),五代南唐詞(ci)人。一(yi)名延(yan)(yan)嗣,字正(zheng)中(zhong),廣(guang)陵(ling)(今江蘇(su)揚州)人。仕于南唐烈(lie)祖、中(zhong)主二朝,三度入相,官終(zhong)太(tai)(tai)子太(tai)(tai)傅,卒謚忠肅。宋初《釣磯立談(tan)》評其“學問(wen)淵博,文章穎(ying)發,辯說縱橫(heng)”。善作新詞(ci)。雖受(shou)花間詞(ci)影響,多寫男女(nv)離別(bie)相思之情但詞(ci)風不像花間詞(ci)那樣濃艷(yan)雕琢而(er)以清麗多彩和委婉情深為(wei)其特色,有(you)時(shi)感(gan)傷氣(qi)息(xi)較濃,形成一(yi)種哀(ai)傷美。有(you)《陽春集》傳世。
此詞寫閨怨。詞風深(shen)(shen)(shen)穩妙雅。所(suo)謂深(shen)(shen)(shen)者,就(jiu)是含蓄蘊藉,婉(wan)曲幽深(shen)(shen)(shen),耐人尋味。此詞首句“深(shen)(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen)(shen)”三字,前人嘗嘆其用(yong)疊字之(zhi)(zhi)工;茲特拈(nian)出,用(yong)以說明全詞特色之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)。不妨說這(zhe)首詞的景寫得(de)深(shen)(shen)(shen),情寫得(de)深(shen)(shen)(shen),意境也(ye)寫得(de)深(shen)(shen)(shen)。
先說景深。詞(ci)(ci)人像一(yi)(yi)(yi)位舞(wu)臺美術設(she)計大師一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,首先對女(nv)主人公的(de)(de)居處作(zuo)了精心的(de)(de)安(an)排。讀(du)著“楊(yang)柳(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)堆(dui)煙(yan),簾(lian)幕(mu)無(wu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)”這(zhe)(zhe)兩句,似乎在眼前出(chu)現了一(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)電影搖(yao)鏡頭(tou),由遠而近(jin),逐步推移,逐步深入。隨著鏡頭(tou)所(suo)指,讀(du)者先是(shi)(shi)看(kan)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)叢(cong)叢(cong)楊(yang)柳(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)從(cong)眼前移過。“楊(yang)柳(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)堆(dui)煙(yan)”,說的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)早(zao)晨(chen)楊(yang)柳(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)籠上(shang)層(ceng)層(ceng)霧氣的(de)(de)景象。著一(yi)(yi)(yi)“堆(dui)”字,則楊(yang)柳(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)密,霧氣之(zhi)(zhi)濃(nong),宛如一(yi)(yi)(yi)幅水墨(mo)畫。隨著這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)叢(cong)叢(cong)楊(yang)柳(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)過去(qu),詞(ci)(ci)人又(you)把鏡頭(tou)搖(yao)向庭院(yuan),搖(yao)向簾(lian)幕(mu)。這(zhe)(zhe)簾(lian)幕(mu)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),而是(shi)(shi)過了一(yi)(yi)(yi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)又(you)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。究(jiu)竟多(duo)少重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),他(ta)不(bu)作(zuo)瑣(suo)屑的(de)(de)交代(dai),一(yi)(yi)(yi)言以(yi)蔽之(zhi)(zhi)日“無(wu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)”。“無(wu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)”,即無(wu)數(shu)(shu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。秦(qin)觀(guan)《踏莎行》“驛(yi)寄(ji)梅花,魚傳(chuan)尺(chi)素(su),砌成(cheng)此(ci)恨無(wu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)”,與此(ci)同義(yi)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)句“無(wu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)”,令(ling)人感到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)座庭院(yuan)簡直是(shi)(shi)無(wu)比幽深。可是(shi)(shi)詞(ci)(ci)人還沒有讓你(ni)立刻看(kan)到(dao)人物(wu)所(suo)在的(de)(de)地點。他(ta)先說一(yi)(yi)(yi)句“玉勒雕鞍游冶(ye)處”,宕開一(yi)(yi)(yi)筆,把讀(du)者的(de)(de)視線引向她(ta)(ta)丈夫那(nei)里;然后折過筆來寫(xie)(xie)道:“樓高不(bu)見章臺路(lu)”。原來這(zhe)(zhe)詞(ci)(ci)中(zhong)女(nv)子正(zheng)獨處高樓,她(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)目光(guang)正(zheng)透過重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)簾(lian)幕(mu),堆(dui)堆(dui)柳(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)煙(yan),向丈夫經(jing)常(chang)游冶(ye)的(de)(de)地方(fang)凝神(shen)遠望。這(zhe)(zhe)種寫(xie)(xie)法叫做(zuo)欲揚先抑,做(zuo)盡鋪(pu)排,造(zao)足(zu)懸(xuan)念,然后讓人物(wu)出(chu)場(chang),如此(ci)便能予(yu)人以(yi)深刻的(de)(de)印象。
再說情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)深(shen)。詞(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),通常(chang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)和景(jing)(jing)結合(he),即(ji)景(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)景(jing)(jing),但(dan)(dan)也(ye)有(you)(you)所(suo)側(ce)重(zhong)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)詞(ci)將(jiang)女(nv)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)公的(de)(de)感(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次挖(wa)得(de)很(hen)深(shen),并(bing)用(yong)工筆將(jiang)抽象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)感(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)作了細致(zhi)入(ru)微的(de)(de)刻(ke)(ke)畫。詞(ci)的(de)(de)上片著重(zhong)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)景(jing)(jing),但(dan)(dan)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)切景(jing)(jing)語(yu),皆情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)語(yu)也(ye)”(王(wang)國維(wei)《人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)間詞(ci)話》),在(zai)深(shen)深(shen)庭院(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們仿(fang)佛看(kan)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)顆被(bei)禁錮的(de)(de)與世(shi)隔絕的(de)(de)心(xin)靈(ling)。詞(ci)的(de)(de)下片著重(zhong)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),雨(yu)橫(heng)風狂,催送著殘春(chun),也(ye)催送女(nv)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)公的(de)(de)芳年(nian)。她(ta)想挽留住春(chun)天,但(dan)(dan)風雨(yu)無(wu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),留春(chun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)住。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)她(ta)感(gan)到無(wu)奈,只(zhi)好把感(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)寄托到命運(yun)同她(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)上:“淚眼(yan)問(wen)花(hua)(hua)(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)語(yu),亂紅飛(fei)(fei)過(guo)秋(qiu)千(qian)去。”這(zhe)(zhe)兩句(ju)包含(han)著無(wu)限的(de)(de)傷春(chun)之(zhi)感(gan)。清人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)毛先舒(shu)評(ping)曰:“詞(ci)家意欲(yu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)深(shen),語(yu)欲(yu)渾(hun)(hun)成。作詞(ci)者大抵意層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)深(shen)者,語(yu)便刻(ke)(ke)畫;語(yu)渾(hun)(hun)成者,意便膚淺,兩難兼(jian)也(ye)。或欲(yu)舉其(qi)似,偶拈永(yong)叔(shu)詞(ci)云:‘淚眼(yan)問(wen)花(hua)(hua)(hua)花(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)語(yu),亂紅飛(fei)(fei)過(guo)秋(qiu)千(qian)去。’此(ci)(ci)(ci)可(ke)謂層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)深(shen)而(er)(er)渾(hun)(hun)成。”(王(wang)又華(hua)《古(gu)(gu)今詞(ci)論》引(yin))他(ta)的(de)(de)意思是(shi)(shi)(shi)說語(yu)言(yan)渾(hun)(hun)成與情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)意層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)深(shen)往往是(shi)(shi)(shi)難以(yi)兼(jian)具的(de)(de),但(dan)(dan)歐詞(ci)這(zhe)(zhe)兩句(ju)卻把它統一(yi)(yi)(yi)起來(lai)。所(suo)謂“意欲(yu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)深(shen)”,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物的(de)(de)思想感(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)要(yao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)深(shen)入(ru),步步開(kai)掘(jue)。且看(kan)這(zhe)(zhe)兩句(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)怎樣進行層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)開(kai)掘(jue)的(de)(de)。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)女(nv)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)公因花(hua)(hua)(hua)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)淚。見花(hua)(hua)(hua)落淚,對月傷情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),是(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)代女(nv)子(zi)常(chang)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)感(gan)觸。此(ci)(ci)(ci)刻(ke)(ke)女(nv)子(zi)正在(zai)憶念走馬(ma)章(zhang)臺(tai)(漢長安章(zhang)臺(tai)街,后世(shi)借(jie)以(yi)指游冶之(zhi)處)的(de)(de)丈(zhang)夫,可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)望(wang)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)見,眼(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)惟有(you)(you)在(zai)狂風暴雨(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)橫(heng)遭摧殘的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)兒(er)(er)(er),由此(ci)(ci)(ci)聯想到自(zi)(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)命運(yun),不(bu)(bu)(bu)禁傷心(xin)淚下。第二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)因淚而(er)(er)問(wen)花(hua)(hua)(hua)。淚因愁(chou)苦而(er)(er)致(zhi),勢必要(yao)找個(ge)(ge)發泄的(de)(de)對象(xiang)(xiang)。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)對象(xiang)(xiang)此(ci)(ci)(ci)刻(ke)(ke)已幻化為花(hua)(hua)(hua),或者說花(hua)(hua)(hua)已幻化為人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)女(nv)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)公向(xiang)著花(hua)(hua)(hua)兒(er)(er)(er)癡情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)地(di)發問(wen)。第三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)兒(er)(er)(er)竟一(yi)(yi)(yi)旁(pang)緘默,無(wu)言(yan)以(yi)對。是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)理解她(ta)的(de)(de)意思呢,還是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)肯(ken)給予同情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),殊令人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)納悶。緊接著詞(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)第四層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),花(hua)(hua)(hua)兒(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)(dan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)語(yu),反而(er)(er)像故(gu)意拋舍(she)她(ta)似的(de)(de)紛(fen)紛(fen)飛(fei)(fei)過(guo)秋(qiu)千(qian)而(er)(er)去。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)兒(er)(er)(er)走馬(ma)章(zhang)臺(tai),花(hua)(hua)(hua)兒(er)(er)(er)飛(fei)(fei)過(guo)秋(qiu)千(qian),有(you)(you)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),無(wu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)之(zhi)物對她(ta)都報以(yi)冷(leng)漠,她(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能不(bu)(bu)(bu)傷心(xin)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)借(jie)客觀景(jing)(jing)物的(de)(de)反應來(lai)烘托、反襯人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物主(zhu)(zhu)觀感(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)法(fa),正是(shi)(shi)(shi)為了深(shen)化感(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。詞(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)深(shen)挖(wa)感(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),并(bing)非刻(ke)(ke)意雕琢(zhuo),而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)像竹筍有(you)(you)苞有(you)(you)節一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)生成,逐次展(zhan)開(kai)。在(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)渾(hun)(hun)成、淺顯易曉的(de)(de)語(yu)言(yan)中(zhong)(zhong),蘊(yun)藏著深(shen)摯(zhi)真切的(de)(de)感(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)篇一(yi)(yi)(yi)大特色。
最(zui)后是(shi)(shi)(shi)意境深(shen)(shen)。詞(ci)(ci)中寫了(le)景(jing),寫了(le)情(qing)(qing),而景(jing)與(yu)情(qing)(qing)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)那樣(yang)的(de)融(rong)合無(wu)間(jian),渾然天成,構(gou)成了(le)一個完整的(de)意境。讀此(ci)詞(ci)(ci),總的(de)印(yin)象便是(shi)(shi)(shi)意境幽深(shen)(shen),不(bu)徒名言警句而已。詞(ci)(ci)人刻畫(hua)意境也是(shi)(shi)(shi)有層次的(de)。從環境來說(shuo),它是(shi)(shi)(shi)由外(wai)景(jing)到內景(jing),以(yi)深(shen)(shen)邃(sui)的(de)居室(shi)烘(hong)托深(shen)(shen)邃(sui)的(de)感(gan)(gan)情(qing)(qing),以(yi)灰暗凄慘(can)的(de)色彩渲染孤(gu)獨(du)傷感(gan)(gan)的(de)心情(qing)(qing)。從時間(jian)來說(shuo),上片(pian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)寫濃霧(wu)彌漫的(de)早晨,下(xia)片(pian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)寫風狂雨暴的(de)黃(huang)昏,由早及晚,逐次打開人物(wu)的(de)心扉。過(guo)片(pian)三(san)句,近人俞平伯評曰:“‘三(san)月暮(mu)’點季節(jie),‘風雨,點氣候,‘黃(huang)昏’點時刻,三(san)層渲染,才逼出‘無(wu)計’句來。”(《唐宋詞(ci)(ci)選釋(shi)》)暮(mu)春時節(jie),風雨黃(huang)昏;閉門深(shen)(shen)坐,情(qing)(qing)尤(you)怛惻。個中意境,仿佛是(shi)(shi)(shi)詩,但詩不(bu)能寫其(qi)貌;是(shi)(shi)(shi)畫(hua),但畫(hua)不(bu)能傳(chuan)其(qi)神(shen);惟有通過(guo)這種婉曲的(de)詞(ci)(ci)筆才能恰到好(hao)處地勾畫(hua)出來。尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)結句,更臻于妙境。王國維(wei)認為(wei)這是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種“有我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境”。所謂(wei)“有我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境”,便是(shi)(shi)(shi)“以(yi)我(wo)觀物(wu),故物(wu)皆著我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)色彩”(《人間(jian)詞(ci)(ci)話》)。也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo),花兒(er)含(han)悲不(bu)語,反(fan)映了(le)詞(ci)(ci)中女(nv)(nv)子(zi)難(nan)言的(de)苦痛;亂紅(hong)飛過(guo)秋千,烘(hong)托了(le)女(nv)(nv)子(zi)終鮮同(tong)情(qing)(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)侶(lv)、悵然若(ruo)失的(de)神(shen)態。而情(qing)(qing)思(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綿(mian)邈,意境之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)(shen)遠,尤(you)令人神(shen)往。
沈(shen)際飛:末句參之“點點飛紅(hong)雨(yu)”句,一若關(guan)情,一若不(bu)關(guan)情,而情思舉蕩漾無邊(bian)。(《草堂詩余正(zheng)集》卷一)
茅暎:凄如送別。(《詞的》)
李(li)廷機:首句疊(die)用三個“深”字最新奇,后段(duan)形(xing)容春暮光景殆盡。(《草堂(tang)詩余評林》卷三)
毛先舒:人(ren)愈(yu)傷心,花愈(yu)惱(nao)人(ren),語愈(yu)淺而意(yi)愈(yu)人(ren),又絕(jue)無刻畫費(fei)力(li)之跡(ji),謂非(fei)層深(shen)而渾成耶?然作者初非(fei)措意(yi),直如化工生物(wu),筍未出(chu)而苞節已具,非(fei)寸(cun)寸(cun)為之也(ye)。(王又華《古(gu)今詞論》引)
黃(huang)蘇:首闋因楊柳煙多,若簾(lian)幕(mu)之(zhi)重(zhong)重(zhong)者,庭院之(zhi)深以(yi)(yi)此,即(ji)下(xia)旬章臺不(bu)見(jian)(jian),亦(yi)以(yi)(yi)此。總以(yi)(yi)見(jian)(jian)柳絮之(zhi)迷人(ren),加之(zhi)雨橫風狂,即(ji)擬閉門,而春已去矣。不(bu)見(jian)(jian)亂紅之(zhi)盡飛乎?語意如此,通首詆斥,看來(lai)必(bi)有所指。第詞旨(zhi)濃(nong)麗,即(ji)不(bu)明所指,自是一首好詞。(《蓼園詞選》)
陳(chen)廷焯:連用三“深”字,妙甚。偏是樓(lou)高不見,試想千古有情(qing)人讀至結處,無不淚(lei)下。絕世至文。(《云韶集》卷一(yi))
俞陛云:此詞(ci)簾(lian)深樓(lou)迥、及“亂紅(hong)飛(fei)過”等句,殆(dai)有寄托(tuo),不僅(jin)送春也。(《唐(tang)五代兩宋詞(ci)選釋(shi)》)。
唐(tang)圭璋:此首(shou)寫閨情(qing)(qing),層深而(er)渾成。首(shou)三句,但寫一華麗(li)之庭(ting)院,而(er)人之矜貴可知。“玉勒(le)”兩(liang)句,寫行人游冶不(bu)歸,一則深院凝愁(chou),一則章臺馳騁,兩(liang)句射照(zhao),哀樂畢見(jian)。換頭,因(yin)風雨交加,更(geng)起傷春懷人之情(qing)(qing)。“淚眼”兩(liang)句,……觀毛氏此言,可悟(wu)其妙。(《唐(tang)宋詞簡釋》)。