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人物簡介

黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石公(gong)(gong)(gong)，曲(qu)陽人，春秋戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)期諸(zhu)子(zi)(zi)百(bai)家的(de)流派(pai)之一，與鬼谷子(zi)(zi)齊名。嬰(ying)兒(er)時(shi)被棄于(yu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)山，謂之黃(huang)(huang)(huang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。他隱居黃(huang)(huang)(huang)山著書(shu)立說，留下《太公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)法》(兵(bing)書(shu))、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石公(gong)(gong)(gong)略(lve)》和《雕(diao)刻(ke)天(tian)(tian)書(shu)》。他把(ba)(ba)《太公(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)法》《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石公(gong)(gong)(gong)略(lve)》傳給張良，把(ba)(ba)《雕(diao)刻(ke)天(tian)(tian)書(shu)》傳給曲(qu)陽的(de)宋天(tian)(tian)昊、楊藝源(yuan)二(er)位弟子(zi)(zi)，才使曲(qu)陽人學(xue)會了(le)雕(diao)刻(ke)，后來曲(qu)陽縣(xian)成為“雕(diao)刻(ke)之鄉(xiang)”，聞(wen)名于(yu)天(tian)(tian)下。

主要經歷

黃石(shi)公，下(xia)邳（今(jin)江(jiang)蘇(su)邳縣(xian)）人(ren)。世人(ren)稱黃石(shi)公“圯上老人(ren)”、“下(xia)邳神(shen)人(ren)”。黃石(shi)公本(ben)為秦漢時人(ren)，后被道教納入神(shen)譜。皇甫謐《高士(shi)傳》：黃石(shi)公者(zhe)(zhe)，下(xia)邳人(ren)也，遭秦亂，自隱姓名(ming)，時人(ren)莫知者(zhe)(zhe)。

黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)，是(shi)下(xia)(xia)邳人(ren)(ren)(ren)。遇上(shang)(shang)(shang)秦時(shi)候的(de)(de)戰亂(luan)，自己隱姓(xing)埋名，當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)沒(mei)有知道他(ta)的(de)(de)。起初張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)改(gai)名換姓(xing)，藏在下(xia)(xia)邳，在沂(yi)水的(de)(de)橋(qiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)去散步游逛(guang)時(shi)，遇到一位老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，還(huan)沒(mei)有互相拜見，黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)故(gu)意把(ba)(ba)鞋(xie)拋到橋(qiao)下(xia)(xia)，看(kan)著張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)說：“小子(zi)(zi)，下(xia)(xia)去把(ba)(ba)鞋(xie)取上(shang)(shang)(shang)來(lai)！”張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)預先不知道是(shi)詐，有些愕然想揍(zou)他(ta)；因為(wei)(wei)見他(ta)年(nian)歲大了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，才(cai)強忍怒火，下(xia)(xia)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)橋(qiao)，給(gei)他(ta)把(ba)(ba)鞋(xie)取上(shang)(shang)(shang)來(lai)。于(yu)是(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)跪(gui)著給(gei)他(ta)穿(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。那位老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)伸出腳來(lai)，讓(rang)張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)把(ba)(ba)鞋(xie)穿(chuan)好，笑著走(zou)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)感到很驚詫。他(ta)大約(yue)走(zou)出一里遠，又(you)返了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)回來(lai)，對張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)說：“年(nian)輕人(ren)(ren)(ren)倒是(shi)可(ke)以教(jiao)育的(de)(de)！五天(tian)(tian)后的(de)(de)清晨(chen)，你(ni)在這(zhe)里和我會面(mian)。”張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)更覺得(de)奇怪，又(you)跪(gui)下(xia)(xia)說：“是(shi)。”五天(tian)(tian)后的(de)(de)早晨(chen)，張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)去了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)約(yue)定的(de)(de)地(di)方，黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)生氣的(de)(de)說：“你(ni)與老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)約(yue)定，為(wei)(wei)什么后來(lai)？”再(zai)五天(tian)(tian)后的(de)(de)早晨(chen)約(yue)定，張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)天(tian)(tian)不亮就(jiu)(jiu)去了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)又(you)早在那里了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，又(you)生氣的(de)(de)說：“為(wei)(wei)什么晚來(lai)？”又(you)五天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)早晨(chen)的(de)(de)約(yue)定，張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)半夜(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)去了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。過了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一會，黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)也來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，高興的(de)(de)說：“孺子(zi)(zi)可(ke)教(jiao)也！”于(yu)是(shi)拿出一本兵(bing)書(shu)給(gei)張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)，說：“你(ni)回去讀他(ta)，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以做帝王的(de)(de)老(lao)師了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。十三年(nian)之(zhi)后，你(ni)見到的(de)(de)濟北谷城山下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)我了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。”于(yu)是(shi)離去，看(kan)不見了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)天(tian)(tian)亮翻開書(shu)一看(kan)竟然是(shi)《太(tai)公(gong)兵(bing)法》。張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)認為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)事(shi)很神異，于(yu)是(shi)把(ba)(ba)自己的(de)(de)學說四處游說，他(ta)們(men)都不采納(na)。后來(lai)與沛公(gong)在陳(chen)留相遇，沛公(gong)采納(na)他(ta)的(de)(de)話，最(zui)終有了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)功(gong)業。

十三年后，跟隨高祖退到(dao)濟(ji)北(bei)谷城山(shan)（今山(shan)東(dong)省平陰縣(xian)東(dong)阿鎮黃山(shan)）下，得到(dao)一塊(kuai)黃石，張(zhang)良于(yu)是像對寶貝似的建祠供(gong)奉起(qi)來。一直到(dao)張(zhang)良死，將他與石頭一起(qi)埋葬(zang)了。

主要作品

案黃石公事見《史(shi)記》，《三略》之名，始見于《隋書·經籍志》，云下(xia)邳神人(ren)撰，成氏注。唐宋《藝文(wen)志》所載并同。

嘉(jia)錫案：《困學(xue)紀(ji)聞》卷(juan)十云：“魏(wei)李蕭遠《運(yun)命論》張良受黃石(shi)之符，誦《三(san)略(lve)(lve)》之說，言(yan)三(san)略(lve)(lve)者，始見于此(ci)。”自注云：“漢光武詔(zhao)引《黃石(shi)公記》，未有(you)《三(san)略(lve)(lve)》之名(ming)。”是則《三(san)略(lve)(lve)》名(ming)之源起，《困學(xue)紀(ji)聞》已明(ming)言(yan)之，其名(ming)初不(bu)始于《隋經籍志》；《紀(ji)聞》非僻書，《提要》乃略(lve)(lve)不(bu)一考，何也？

相傳其(qi)源出于太公(gong)，圯(yi)上(shang)老人以(yi)(yi)一編(bian)書(shu)(shu)授(shou)張(zhang)良者(zhe)(zhe)，即(ji)此。蓋自漢以(yi)(yi)來言兵法者(zhe)(zhe)，往往以(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公(gong)為(wei)名。史志所載，有《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公(gong)記(ji)》三(san)卷(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公(gong)略注》三(san)卷(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公(gong)陰謀乘斗魁剛行軍秘(mi)》一卷(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公(gong)神光(guang)輔星秘(mi)訣》一卷(juan)。又《兵法》一卷(juan)、《三(san)鑒圖》一卷(juan)、《兵書(shu)(shu)統要》一卷(juan)。今(jin)雖多亡佚(yi)，然(ran)大(da)抵出于附會。是書(shu)(shu)文義不古，當亦(yi)后人所依托。鄭瑗《井觀瑣言》稱其(qi)剽竊老氏遺意，迂緩(huan)支離(li)，不適(shi)于用(yong)，其(qi)知足戒貪等語。蓋因(yin)子(zi)房之明(ming)哲(zhe)而為(wei)之辭(ci)，非子(zi)房反有得于此。其(qi)非圯(yi)橋授(shou)受(shou)之書(shu)(shu)，明(ming)甚。然(ran)后漢光(guang)武(wu)帝(di)詔書(shu)(shu)引黃(huang)(huang)石(shi)公(gong)“柔能制剛，弱能制強”之語，實出書(shu)(shu)中所載軍讖之文，其(qi)為(wei)漢詔援據此書(shu)(shu)，或為(wei)此書(shu)(shu)剽竊漢詔，雖均無可考(kao)，疑以(yi)(yi)傳疑，亦(yi)姑(gu)過而存(cun)之焉(yan)。

案(an)史志(zhi)所載(zai)之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)以黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)名者(zhe)，《隋(sui)書(shu)(shu)(shu)·經(jing)(jing)籍(ji)志(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)家(jia)》有(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)內記(ji)(ji)敵(di)法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云(yun)下邳(pi)神(shen)人撰，成氏(shi)注(zhu)。梁(liang)又有(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)略(lve)(lve)(lve)注(zhu)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。〕《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)奇法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云(yun)梁(liang)有(you)《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《張(zhang)良(liang)經(jing)(jing)》與《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)》，往往同(tong)，亡(wang)。〕《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五(wu)壘圖》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)陰謀(mou)行(xing)軍(jun)秘法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、〔原注(zhu)云(yun)梁(liang)有(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)秘經(jing)(jing)》二卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。〕《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《五(wu)行(xing)家(jia)》有(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)北(bei)斗三(san)(san)(san)奇法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《舊(jiu)》《新·唐志(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)家(jia)》除(chu)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)》、《成氏(shi)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)訓》〔《舊(jiu)志(zhi)》無成氏(shi)二字〕各三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)外，有(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)陰謀(mou)乘斗魁剛行(xing)軍(jun)秘》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。〔疑即《隋(sui)志(zhi)》之(zhi)《陰謀(mou)行(xing)軍(jun)秘法(fa)(fa)》，而名不同(tong)。〕《宋史·藝文志(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)家(jia)》除(chu)《成氏(shi)注(zhu)三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)外，有(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)神(shen)光輔星秘訣》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，又《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《三(san)(san)(san)鑒圖》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)統要(yao)(yao)(yao)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)秘要(yao)(yao)(yao)》三(san)(san)(san)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《五(wu)行(xing)家(jia)》有(you)《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)備氣(qi)三(san)(san)(san)元經(jing)(jing)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地鏡訣》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)、《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宅》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)。《提(ti)要(yao)(yao)(yao)》隨(sui)手拾掇，不完不備，觀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)去(qu)取，漫無義(yi)例，不知其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)何說也。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)真偽，則(ze)(ze)《史記(ji)(ji)·留侯世家(jia)》明云(yun)：“父出一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)編(bian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)曰(yue)，讀此則(ze)(ze)為(wei)(wei)王者(zhe)師矣。旦日，觀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)，乃《太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》也。”使(shi)張(zhang)良(liang)果有(you)受(shou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)，則(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)當即在(zai)《太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》八十(shi)五(wu)篇(pian)之(zhi)中。蓋(gai)(gai)良(liang)既親受(shou)之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)老父，知其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)，則(ze)(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)與韓信序次(ci)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)，定著(zhu)為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)五(wu)家(jia)，〔事(shi)(shi)見(jian)《漢志(zhi)·兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)略(lve)(lve)(lve)》〕自當次(ci)入(ru)太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)之(zhi)內，不應別有(you)所謂《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)石(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》與《三(san)(san)(san)略(lve)(lve)(lve)》也。使(shi)良(liang)并(bing)無其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)也，則(ze)(ze)即因(yin)《太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)》而附會，蓋(gai)(gai)流俗(su)人震于(yu)(yu)(yu)留侯之(zhi)籌策(ce)如神(shen)，因(yin)轉相傳言(yan)，以為(wei)(wei)是嘗受(shou)太(tai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)下邳(pi)神(shen)人云(yun)爾(er)，尤(you)不當別有(you)此書(shu)(shu)(shu)也。此其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出于(yu)(yu)(yu)偽作，可據(ju)《史記(ji)(ji)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)而決，何必(bi)更(geng)較量其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文義(yi)耶？

人物評價

黃石公雖然(ran)隱居，但內心一直憂(you)國(guo)憂(you)民，就(jiu)把一生的知識與(yu)理想(xiang)傾(qing)注在(zai)筆墨上。按現代(dai)人的說法，他(ta)既是文學家(jia)，也(ye)是思想(xiang)家(jia)、軍事家(jia)、政治(zhi)家(jia)，神學和天(tian)文地理知識也(ye)相當豐(feng)富。