毒(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)是隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)科毒(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)屬昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。其成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)小(xiao)到中型,細長(chang),兩(liang)側略平行(xing),或(huo)(huo)末端尖削,略扁平,整個(ge)(ge)身體由黑(hei)(hei)黃(huang)二色相間構成。毒(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)頭(tou)黑(hei)(hei)色,觸(chu)角絲狀或(huo)(huo)棒狀,較長(chang),一(yi)般10-11節。前(qian)(qian)胸、腹基部桔(jie)紅或(huo)(huo)桔(jie)黃(huang)色,有翅(chi)兩(liang)對(dui),前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)很短且堅(jian)硬,呈金屬藍色或(huo)(huo)綠色,腹部全裸(luo);后翅(chi)膜質,長(chang)而(er)大,飛(fei)行(xing)時展開,靜止時折(zhe)疊在前(qian)(qian)翅(chi)下面。3對(dui)足黃(huang)色或(huo)(huo)黑(hei)(hei)色;腹部除(chu)腹末黑(hei)(hei)色外(wai)全為黃(huang)色;尾(wei)部有兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)尾(wei)刺。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)細長(chang),除(chu)無(wu)翅(chi)外(wai),形似成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),觸(chu)角3節;腹部第9節有尾(wei)突(tu)一(yi)對(dui)。中國已報(bao)道的毒(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有21種(zhong)。
毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)遍(bian)及全世界的(de)熱帶(dai)(dai)和亞(ya)熱帶(dai)(dai)地區(qu)。毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)成蟲(chong)行動迅速,善于飛翔(xiang),常晝伏夜出,具有明(ming)顯的(de)向光性和向高性,喜歡在(zai)湖(hu)泊邊的(de)濕地。毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)成蟲(chong)在(zai)避(bi)風、多草(cao)、土壤疏松(song)的(de)地方越(yue)(yue)冬。越(yue)(yue)冬時(shi)間從10月下(xia)旬開始,翌年(nian)越(yue)(yue)冬的(de)成蟲(chong)3月下(xia)旬離開越(yue)(yue)冬地飛入農(nong)田、灌木、草(cao)叢中覓食(shi),并開始產卵繁殖,1年(nian)發生(sheng)2-3代(dai),7-9月份(fen)為毒隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)大量繁殖的(de)季節。越(yue)(yue)冬期(qi)間無明(ming)顯的(de)休眠(mian)現象。
現代醫(yi)學發(fa)現毒(du)(du)隱(yin)翅蟲(chong)素Pederin可抑制細胞的(de)有絲分裂,阻(zu)礙蛋白(bai)質與(yu)DNA的(de)合成,可醫(yi)治慢(man)性壞死潰(kui)瘍濕疹、神經(jing)性皮炎,甚至(zhi)癌腫(zhong)瘤等。毒(du)(du)隱(yin)翅蟲(chong)體內(nei)具有強烈的(de)接觸(chu)性毒(du)(du)素,與(yu)人體接觸(chu)后(hou)可導(dao)致皮炎,出現癢(yang)、紅(hong)腫(zhong)痛、水皰、液皰等癥狀。
毒隱翅蟲(chong)成(cheng)蟲(chong)小到中型,細長,兩側略(lve)平(ping)行(xing),或末端尖(jian)削(xue),略(lve)扁(bian)平(ping),外形(xing)很像大螞蟻。整(zheng)個(ge)身(shen)體(ti)由黑(hei)黃二色(se)(se)相間構(gou)成(cheng)。頭黑(hei)色(se)(se);觸角絲狀(zhuang)或棒狀(zhuang),較長,一(yi)般10~11節。前(qian)胸、腹(fu)基部桔紅(hong)或桔黃色(se)(se),有(you)翅兩對,前(qian)翅很短且堅硬,呈金屬藍色(se)(se)或綠色(se)(se),腹(fu)部全(quan)裸;后翅膜質,長而(er)大,飛行(xing)時展開(kai),靜止時折疊(die)在前(qian)翅下面(mian)。3對足黃色(se)(se)或黑(hei)色(se)(se);腹(fu)部除腹(fu)末黑(hei)色(se)(se)外全(quan)為黃色(se)(se);尾部有(you)兩個(ge)尾刺(ci)。幼蟲(chong)細長,除無(wu)翅外,形(xing)似成(cheng)蟲(chong),觸角3節;腹(fu)部第9節有(you)尾突一(yi)對。
毒隱翅(chi)蟲由卵(luan)經(jing)幼(you)蟲、預蛹(yong)、蛹(yong)變為成蟲。卵(luan)黃(huang)白色,略呈球(qiu)形,單個地產在潮濕的(de)基(ji)層(ceng);幼(you)蟲2齡(ling),具骨化頭殼及適于穿刺的(de)大而呈鐮狀的(de)上(shang)(shang)顆;預蛹(yong)與幼(you)蟲相似,但靜止不動,呈“C”字形;蛹(yong)為離蛹(yong),在淺(qian)表層(ceng)土室中(zhong),借前胸與腹節上(shang)(shang)的(de)毛(mao)狀突起支(zhi)撐在土室底部。
毒隱翅(chi)蟲每年發生3代,多以(yi)成蟲在(zai)避風、多草(cao)、土壤疏松的(de)(de)地方越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時間從10月(yue)下旬(xun)開始(shi),越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)期間無明顯的(de)(de)休眠現象,其(qi)(qi)活動情況與環境(jing)溫度變(bian)化密切相關,影響越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)主要因素(su)是(shi)溫度和(he)濕度,其(qi)(qi)次是(shi)食(shi)物(wu)。翌年越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)成蟲3月(yue)下旬(xun)離開越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)地飛入(ru)農田、灌木、草(cao)叢中覓食(shi),并開始(shi)產(chan)卵繁殖(zhi)(zhi),1年發生2~3代。7~9月(yue)份為毒隱翅(chi)蟲大量繁殖(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)季節。
毒隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)蟲(chong)態(tai)歷期(qi)研(yan)究(jiu)較少,日木的(de)黃足毒隱翅(chi)蟲(chong),卵在3~19天(tian)內(nei)變(bian)動;一齡幼蟲(chong)4~22天(tian);二齡7~36天(tian);預蛹(yong)1~7天(tian);蛹(yong)3~12天(tian)。成蟲(chong)壽命約11個月,活動能力強,活動范圍(wei)大,具(ju)有自相殘(can)殺的(de)習性(xing)。
隱翅蟲(chong)行(xing)動(dong)迅(xun)速(su),善于飛翔(xiang),如遇驚擾(rao)立(li)即逃逸,喜(xi)孳生(sheng)潮濕場所(suo)。常晝(zhou)伏(fu)夜出,其夜間活(huo)動(dong)的頻率受氣(qi)溫、風向、光(guang)亮等諸多因素(su)影響(xiang)。食性(xing)復雜,多食腐敗的植物(wu)與腐爛的動(dong)物(wu)、糞肥、菌(jun)類,植物(wu)花粉、動(dong)物(wu)尸體、糞便、垃圾以及枯葉、朽(xiu)木、樹(shu)皮等,而且(qie)也捕食小型昆蟲(chong),如玉米螟、葉蟬、飛虱、蚜蟲(chong)和(he)薊馬等昆蟲(chong),且(qie)具有明顯的向光(guang)性(xing)(特別是對熒光(guang))和(he)向高(gao)性(xing)。
大多(duo)數(shu)毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)可捕食農業害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong),已(yi)被視為農業害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)重要(yao)天敵。如塔毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)Paederus tamulusErichson和梭毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)P.fuscipesCurtis可捕食水稻(dao)、小(xiao)麥、棉(mian)花、玉(yu)米(mi)、豆類等(deng)多(duo)種農作(zuo)物上的(de)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、葉蟬、飛(fei)虱、薊馬、盲(mang)蝽、棉(mian)紅蜘蛛(zhu)等(deng)多(duo)種害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)。高(gao)密度(du)的(de)農田毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)生物防治(zhi)中(zhong)起到(dao)了重要(yao)作(zuo)用。
毒隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)皮炎(yan)(yan)(Paederus dermatitis),又名(ming)隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)皮炎(yan)(yan)或線(xian)狀(zhuang)皮炎(yan)(yan),當人(ren)捂碎毒隱(yin)翅(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)蟲(chong)(chong)體時,體液接觸人(ren)體后引起(qi)的急性紅(hong)斑皰(pao)疫性損(sun)害的皮膚病。一般以面部(bu)(bu)、頸(jing)部(bu)(bu)和雙臂等(deng)裸出部(bu)(bu)位的病例最為常(chang)見,嚴重者全身感染(ran),所致(zhi)皮炎(yan)(yan)大(da)多(duo)呈線(xian)狀(zhuang),也有(you)點(dian)狀(zhuang)、片狀(zhuang)、點(dian)片和條片狀(zhuang)的。
毒(du)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)皮(pi)炎發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)地理區(qu)(qu)域,遍及全世(shi)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)帶和(he)亞熱(re)帶地區(qu)(qu)。自上(shang)世(shi)紀60年代在四(si)川省首例報道以來,該線狀(zhuang)皮(pi)炎在我(wo)國多(duo)地發(fa)生(sheng),如安徽(hui)、重(zhong)慶(qing)、福建、廣東(dong)、廣西、貴州、海南(nan)、河南(nan)、湖北、湖南(nan)、江蘇、山東(dong)、上(shang)海、新疆等省、自治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)。其(qi)中以我(wo)國南(nan)方多(duo)見,重(zhong)慶(qing)和(he)四(si)川一直是高發(fa)區(qu)(qu),2006年爆發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)毒(du)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)皮(pi)炎給(gei)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活帶來很大的(de)(de)(de)不便。能導(dao)致(zhi)毒(du)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)皮(pi)炎并在一定地區(qu)(qu)流行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)病原(yuan)毒(du)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong),全世(shi)界(jie)已(yi)報道20種(zhong)。中國的(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)炎毒(du)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong),文獻記載2種(zhong),即梭(suo)毒(du)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)P. fuscipes Curtis和(he)塔毒(du)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)P. tamulus Erichson。
毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)體內具(ju)有強烈(lie)的(de)接觸性(xing)(xing)毒(du)素(su)(毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)素(su)、擬毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)素(su)、毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)酮)。現代醫(yi)學發現毒(du)隱翅(chi)蟲(chong)素(su)Pederin可(ke)抑(yi)制細胞的(de)有絲分裂,阻礙蛋白質與DNA的(de)合成,可(ke)醫(yi)治慢性(xing)(xing)壞死潰瘍(yang)濕疹(zhen)、神經性(xing)(xing)皮(pi)炎,甚(shen)至癌腫瘤等。在癌癥治療及細胞生物學研究中有著重(zhong)要意義,現已成為(wei)一種(zhong)試驗性(xing)(xing)抗菌素(su)。
氣象因素對隱翅蟲皮炎暴發有明顯的作用和影響,特別是連續3~5年高溫、干旱后,遇到氣候適于土壤昆蟲繁殖,對種群數量增加有明顯作用,是造成隱翅蟲皮炎暴發的基礎條件;其次短期氣象因素的變化,尤其是成蟲交配、繁殖期如遇較長期低溫降水可致種群數量劇減;并可因潮濕、陰霆,悶熱氣候激發種群超常活躍,釀成隱翅蟲皮炎暴發;土壤擁有一個相當大的生物群落,約6000種,而甲蟲占重要位置。土壤理化性狀對昆蟲有重要影響,如在含水量低時(<5%)可干縮死亡。因而環境衛生狀況不好,垃圾、有機物堆集,糞便不及時清運均為隱翅蟲皮炎暴發創造了條件。
打掃室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)外衛生(sheng),清除(chu)(chu)房屋四周的(de)(de)(de)朽木、廢料、雜(za)草,搗毀隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)棲(qi)息地(di)和(he)孳生(sheng)場所,及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)清除(chu)(chu)室(shi)(shi)外的(de)(de)(de)雜(za)草、污(wu)水(shui)和(he)垃圾等,必要時(shi)(shi)(shi)可噴灑適(shi)(shi)量的(de)(de)(de)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)霧劑(ji)。不要在室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)堆(dui)放廢舊物品(pin),保(bao)持室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)清潔、整齊,使侵入室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)無隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)藏(zang)之處。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)要在家(jia)中安裝紗(sha)門、紗(sha)窗,防止隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)飛(fei)入;夜晚關燈(deng)睡(shui)覺(jue),睡(shui)覺(jue)前檢(jian)查床上(shang)是否有(you)(you)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),以免壓(ya)死;盡(jin)量采取各(ge)種措施,如點滅蚊(wen)器(qi)、擦花露水(shui)等,一旦發現家(jia)里有(you)(you)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),也可適(shi)(shi)當噴灑氣(qi)霧殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)。在野外或草地(di)上(shang)活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)人,最好穿(chuan)上(shang)長衣長褲,或使用(yong)一些驅蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)液。農村夏秋季(ji)節(jie)割回的(de)(de)(de)稻(dao)草要及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)打曬,不要堆(dui)積太(tai)久(jiu);在隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)活動(dong)高峰季(ji)節(jie),用(yong)藥物殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)消毒,在室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)用(yong)凱素靈或奮斗吶等擬除(chu)(chu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)菊酯類農藥滯留噴灑,2~3個月(yue)內(nei)(nei)能有(you)(you)效殺(sha)(sha)(sha)滅飛(fei)入室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),或在樓房附(fu)近設置(zhi)燈(deng)光誘殺(sha)(sha)(sha)。在建(jian)筑物外圍的(de)(de)(de)周邊環(huan)境,不建(jian)議大規模(mo)使用(yong)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)滅殺(sha)(sha)(sha)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),以免破(po)壞生(sheng)態平(ping)衡和(he)造成(cheng)環(huan)境污(wu)染。
由于隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)血液中含(han)有(you)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)毒(du)(du)素,能(neng)引起人及動(dong)物(wu)(wu)皮膚(fu)(fu)壞(huai)死和組(zu)織變性(如潰瘍和壞(huai)疽)。因此,當(dang)其爬上(shang)人體叮咬時,可(ke)用嘴將其吹(chui)走即可(ke),切忌像對待(dai)蚊蟲(chong)那樣把它拍死,以免其體內的毒(du)(du)液濺到(dao)皮膚(fu)(fu)上(shang)。皮膚(fu)(fu)被隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)爬過后(hou),務必保持患處清潔,一(yi)般可(ke)以自動(dong)痊愈(yu)。一(yi)旦接觸到(dao)毒(du)(du)隱(yin)翅(chi)(chi)蟲(chong)毒(du)(du)素,可(ke)采取多種措施(shi)進行(xing)治(zhi)療(liao),常見的有(you)創口清洗(xi)、藥物(wu)(wu)治(zhi)療(liao)和物(wu)(wu)理療(liao)法(fa)等。
接觸蟲體的部位(wei)應盡(jin)早用(yong)肥皂(zao)水洗(xi)滌或(huo)涂(tu)以堿(jian)(jian)性溶(rong)液(ye),忌用(yong)強堿(jian)(jian)性溶(rong)液(ye)。可(ke)用(yong)爐甘石洗(xi)劑清洗(xi)患處(chu),每日洗(xi);3~5次,也可(ke)用(yong)無菌紗(sha)布蘸取濃度為(wei)1:8000的高錳(meng)酸(suan)鉀溶(rong)液(ye)或(huo)5%的碳酸(suan)氫鈉溶(rong)液(ye)或(huo)10%的氨(an)水溶(rong)液(ye)濕(shi)敷患處(chu)。
治療原則(ze),局部(bu)治療主要使用止(zhi)痛、解毒、止(zhi)癢(yang)、消炎的藥物,合并(bing)全身(shen)感染和全身(shen)癥狀者(zhe),亦可口服撲爾敏(min)或其他(ta)抗(kang)組織胺藥等(deng)抗(kang)過敏(min)藥物,癥狀特(te)別嚴(yan)重者(zhe),除處理好局部(bu)外(wai),還(huan)可內服皮(pi)質類(lei)固醇(chun)激素(su)治療。臨床(chuang)常見使用且有(you)效的藥物有(you)季德(de)勝(sheng)蛇藥片、云南白藥、藿香正(zheng)氣水+慶大霉素(su)、黃柏(bo)水等(deng)。