源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)媯姓,出自戰國(guo)時期齊國(guo)大將田單(dan)守邑,屬于(yu)(yu)以封邑名稱為(wei)氏(shi)。據(ju)史籍《晏子春秋·內篇問(wen)》記(ji)載:“即墨(mo)氏(shi),據(ju)齊將田單(dan)守即墨(mo),支孫氏(shi)焉。”在史籍《風俗通義·佚文(wen)》中(zhong)引《姓解》記(ji)載:“即墨(mo)氏(shi),漢(han)有即墨(mo)威為(wei)咸陽令(ling)……漢(han)有單(dan)父令(ling)即費,其先食采(cai)即墨(mo),因以命(ming)氏(shi)。”在史籍《漢(han)書·儒林傳》也記(ji)載:“戰國(guo)城陽相即墨(mo)成(cheng),齊國(guo)人。”
即(ji)墨(mo)[即(ji)墨(mo),讀音作(zuo)jí mò(ㄐㄧˊㄇㄛˋ)]
源于媯姓,出自戰(zhan)國晚期(qi)(qi)齊(qi)國大將(jiang)田單(dan)(dan)守(shou)邑(yi),屬于以封邑(yi)名(ming)稱(cheng)為氏(shi)。據史(shi)(shi)籍《晏子春秋·內(nei)篇問》記(ji)載:“即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)氏(shi),據齊(qi)將(jiang)田單(dan)(dan)守(shou)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo),支孫氏(shi)焉(yan)。”在(zai)(zai)史(shi)(shi)籍《風俗通義·佚文》中引《姓解(jie)》記(ji)載:“即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)氏(shi),漢(han)有即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)威為咸(xian)陽令(ling)……漢(han)有單(dan)(dan)父令(ling)即(ji)(ji)(ji)費,其先(xian)食采即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo),因以命氏(shi)。”在(zai)(zai)史(shi)(shi)籍《漢(han)書·儒林傳(chuan)》也記(ji)載:“戰(zhan)國城陽相即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)成,齊(qi)國人(ren)。”田單(dan)(dan),是(shi)齊(qi)國王族(zu)田氏(shi)家族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遠房(fang)支親(qin),山東淄博臨淄人(ren)。齊(qi)湣王田地執政時期(qi)(qi)(公元(yuan)前323~前283年在(zai)(zai)位(wei)),田單(dan)(dan)出任(ren)齊(qi)國都城臨淄的(de)(de)(de)(de)市掾(管(guan)理(li)商貿市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)官員),是(shi)一位(wei)資歷淺、爵位(wei)低、名(ming)氣(qi)微的(de)(de)(de)(de)小吏。但是(shi),田單(dan)(dan)善(shan)于學(xue)習,頗愛兵(bing)法,對戰(zhan)略(lve)戰(zhan)術有過精心研究,后(hou)率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)駐守(shou)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(今山東青島(dao)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo))。在(zai)(zai)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)伐齊(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中,以奇計制勝(sheng),大敗燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),表現了一位(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事家的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)凡才能,被田齊(qi)襄王封為安平君,是(shi)齊(qi)國軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)起之秀。戰(zhan)國時期(qi)(qi),列國爭(zheng)雄(xiong),頻繁的(de)(de)(de)(de)掠奪戰(zhan)爭(zheng),給人(ren)民造成了無窮(qiong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)災難。
周慎(shen)靚王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)定三(san)(san)年(燕(yan)王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)噲三(san)(san)年,田齊宣王(wang)(wang)田辟(pi)疆(jiang)三(san)(san)年,公元前318年),燕(yan)王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)噲將王(wang)(wang)位(wei)禪讓(rang)給姬(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)之,實行(xing)政治(zhi)改革(ge)。姬(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)之行(xing)王(wang)(wang)事三(san)(san)年,與(yu)反對改革(ge)的勢力發生矛盾,燕(yan)國(guo)大(da)將市(shi)(shi)被與(yu)太子(zi)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)起(qi)兵反叛(pan),雙(shuang)方激戰數月(yue),死者數萬(wan),燕(yan)國(guo)大(da)亂(luan),市(shi)(shi)被及太子(zi)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)被姬(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)之攻殺。這(zhe)時,齊宣王(wang)(wang)田辟(pi)疆(jiang)在孟柯的勸說下,乘燕(yan)國(guo)危機(ji)(ji)之時出(chu)兵伐燕(yan)國(guo),僅(jin)五十(shi)天即攻破燕(yan)國(guo)都(dou)城,燕(yan)王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)噲和姬(ji)(ji)(ji)子(zi)之皆被齊軍(jun)所殺。中山國(guo)也(ye)趁此機(ji)(ji)會(hui)奪占(zhan)了燕(yan)國(guo)大(da)片土地,燕(yan)國(guo)幾乎亡國(guo)。
周赧王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)延三年(趙(zhao)(zhao)武靈(ling)王(wang)(wang)趙(zhao)(zhao)雍十四年,公元前312年),秦、魏、韓(han)三國聯軍(jun)救燕(yan)(yan)(yan),擊敗(bai)齊軍(jun)于濮水之上。第(di)二年,趙(zhao)(zhao)武靈(ling)王(wang)(wang)派(pai)兵將(jiang)流(liu)亡在韓(han)國的燕(yan)(yan)(yan)公子姬(ji)職護送回(hui)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國,立為燕(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)立志報仇雪恨,卑身(shen)厚幣,高筑黃(huang)金臺(tai),招聚天下賢(xian)士,得樂(le)毅等人相助,勵(li)精圖治,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國從(cong)此(ci)強大(da)起來。這(zhe)一段歷史(shi)時期,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國北(bei)破東(dong)胡,將(jiang)領土擴大(da)到(dao)遼東(dong)地區(qu),設置了上古、漁陽(yang)、右北(bei)平(ping)、遼西、遼東(dong)五郡(jun),疆域有今滹沱以北(bei)的河(he)北(bei)中部(bu)、遼寧大(da)部(bu)、山西一部(bu),再次成為一方(fang)強國。
周赧(nan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)湣王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)姬職二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)284年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)以(yi)樂(le)毅(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),聯合了(le)(le)秦、楚(chu)、趙、魏(wei)、韓五(wu)國共同伐齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國。田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)湣王(wang)(wang)(wang)因國力(li)不足,已毫(hao)無應(ying)戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量,只得(de)棄都(dou)南(nan)逃莒(ju)(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)偏安(an)(an)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)。因此,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)長(chang)驅直入,連(lian)下(xia)(xia)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)余(yu)城(cheng)(cheng),之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)在(zai)臨(lin)淄(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擊殺(sha)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)湣王(wang)(wang)(wang)。當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國只剩(sheng)下(xia)(xia)了(le)(le)高大(da)堅(jian)固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莒(ju)(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)日照莒(ju)(ju)縣)和(he)即(ji)墨(mo)城(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)平(ping)度(du))這兩座城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi),使(shi)(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國處在(zai)危(wei)亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵時(shi)刻(ke)。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)攻破臨(lin)淄(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)后(hou)(hou),又東(dong)(dong)渡淄(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)河進(jin)取安(an)(an)平(ping)。安(an)(an)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(又名(ming)酃城(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)、石槽(cao)城(cheng)(cheng))位于(yu)(yu)(yu)淄(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)水東(dong)(dong)岸(an),這時(shi),早(zao)從臨(lin)淄(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)退(tui)守安(an)(an)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)正(zheng)在(zai)積極籌劃拒(ju)敵方略。為(wei)(wei)(wei)使(shi)(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)(zhan)車(che)進(jin)退(tui)方便,避免(mian)撞(zhuang)擊,他命令宗(zong)人(ren)(ren)部(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)疾速斷去車(che)軸(zhou)長(chang)頭(tou),并固(gu)上鐵(tie)籠,當時(shi)許多齊(qi)(qi)(qi)兵都(dou)笑話他。但當安(an)(an)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)失(shi)(shi)守時(shi),許多齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)兵將(jiang)在(zai)撤(che)(che)退(tui)時(shi)因車(che)軸(zhou)相(xiang)撞(zhuang),戰(zhan)(zhan)車(che)被(bei)毀,紛紛落(luo)入燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手做了(le)(le)俘(fu)虜(lu),唯獨田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)宗(zong)人(ren)(ren)及(ji)部(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)安(an)(an)然退(tui)居即(ji)墨(mo)。車(che)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革和(he)巧勝(sheng)(sheng)樂(le)毅(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)謀(mou)略,使(shi)(shi)(shi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏宗(zong)人(ren)(ren)中名(ming)聲大(da)振,威望更(geng)高。在(zai)即(ji)墨(mo)大(da)夫戰(zhan)(zhan)死疆場后(hou)(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)便被(bei)宗(zong)族及(ji)部(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)們(men)推為(wei)(wei)(wei)拒(ju)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)統(tong)帥(shuai)。足智多謀(mou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan),并沒有因暫時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)利(li)而(er)氣餒,他肩負(fu)眾托,決心復(fu)國,從而(er)細心分析戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)發(fa)展變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形勢,窺(kui)測出戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良機。就(jiu)在(zai)這個時(shi)候(hou),傳來(lai)了(le)(le)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)病死,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)即(ji)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消息。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi),田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)利(li)用燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)與樂(le)毅(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系有裂(lie)隙,派人(ren)(ren)去燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)面(mian)前(qian)(qian)讒(chan)言(yan)挑撥,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)激化了(le)(le)君臣間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾(dun),致(zhi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)猜忌樂(le)毅(yi),很(hen)快(kuai)就(jiu)改(gai)用騎劫為(wei)(wei)(wei)統(tong)帥(shuai)。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠王(wang)(wang)(wang)自(zi)毀長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng),撤(che)(che)換(huan)了(le)(le)智勇雙全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)毅(yi),樂(le)毅(yi)后(hou)(hou)來(lai)怒而(er)棄燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國,奔赴趙國。在(zai)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)變更(geng)領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)帥(shuai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)抓住燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)將(jiang)驕傲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弱點,用以(yi)金錢賄賂,渙散燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)紀,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)放松(song)戒(jie)備。而(er)自(zi)己卻積極作應(ying)戰(zhan)(zhan)計劃和(he)出擊準(zhun)備。他還(huan)集田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏宗(zong)人(ren)(ren)登城(cheng)(cheng),親(qin)眼(yan)目睹燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)對齊(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)燒掠、削鼻屠殺(sha)和(he)掘墳辱(ru)尸(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殘無人(ren)(ren)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴行,從而(er)激發(fa)了(le)(le)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)兵同仇敵愾、收復(fu)失(shi)(shi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士氣。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)組織(zhi)(zhi)老弱女子(zi)乘城(cheng)(cheng),以(yi)示降燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),同時(shi)組織(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)卒(zu)精兵埋伏于(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)四周,又將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)千(qian)余(yu)頭(tou)牛(niu),雙角裝上鋒利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匕首,身著(zhu)畫有龍紋圖案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)彩繒衣,尾束灌足脂油的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆葦,后(hou)(hou)隨精甲(jia)壯士五(wu)千(qian)余(yu)人(ren)(ren),布下(xia)(xia)了(le)(le)火牛(niu)陣。當夜(ye)深人(ren)(ren)靜(jing)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)酣(han)睡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),城(cheng)(cheng)頭(tou)鑼鼓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)嗚(wu),火燒牛(niu)尾,數千(qian)頭(tou)火牛(niu)四面(mian)奔出,直沖(chong)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)營,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)士則在(zai)吶喊聲中隨牛(niu)沖(chong)殺(sha),頓時(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)亂,統(tong)帥(shuai)騎劫一(yi)(yi)命鳴乎(hu)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)乘勝(sheng)(sheng)直追,一(yi)(yi)連(lian)串地(di)取得(de)了(le)(le)敗燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)復(fu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)勝(sheng)(sheng)利(li)。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)返回(hui)營城(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)營廣(guang)饒),于(yu)(yu)(yu)周赧(nan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法章(zhang)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)283年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))迎田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)還(huan)都(dou)臨(lin)淄(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。“火牛(niu)那可問,風雨夜(ye)燒青,巌巌七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng),一(yi)(yi)夜(ye)息金刁!”田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)因復(fu)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,被(bei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)封任為(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)國、安(an)(an)平(ping)君。在(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)逝世后(hou)(hou)安(an)(an)葬于(yu)(yu)(yu)安(an)(an)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)淄(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)博臨(lin)淄(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)區皇城(cheng)(cheng)鄉皇城(cheng)(cheng)村東(dong)(dong)南(nan)部(bu)(bu))。
春秋戰國時期,齊國以邑為姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)者有即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)(shi)、崔氏(shi)(shi)、盧氏(shi)(shi)、鮑氏(shi)(shi)、來氏(shi)(shi)、棠(tang)氏(shi)(shi)、檀氏(shi)(shi)、晏(yan)氏(shi)(shi)、梁邱氏(shi)(shi)等二十(shi)三氏(shi)(shi)。即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)大多是田(tian)(tian)單(dan)的庶支子孫,以先祖守即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)而(er)得(de)姓(xing),后(hou)有省(sheng)文簡化為單(dan)姓(xing)即(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)、墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)(shi)者,皆世代(dai)相傳。即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)(shi)以及分衍(yan)的即(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)、墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)人(ren)(ren),大多尊(zun)奉田(tian)(tian)單(dan)為得(de)姓(xing)始祖。
源于(yu)姬姓,出(chu)自(zi)東漢(han)初期著名(ming)大(da)將賈(jia)復(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子賈(jia)宗,屬于(yu)以封(feng)邑名(ming)稱(cheng)為(wei)氏。賈(jia)復(fu),公元?~55年(nian)待考,字君(jun)(jun)文(wen),南陽冠軍(jun)人。少(shao)好學,通習《尚書(shu)》。開始(shi)事從舞陰李生,李生奇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),對自(zi)己的(de)門(men)人說(shuo):“賈(jia)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容貌志氣如(ru)此(ci),而勤(qin)于(yu)學,將相之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye)。”王(wang)(wang)莽末期,賈(jia)復(fu)為(wei)縣掾,即管理市(shi)場的(de)小官。不(bu)久,下江(jiang)、新市(shi)兵起,賈(jia)復(fu)也(ye)聚眾數百人于(yu)羽山,自(zi)號將軍(jun)。漢(han)更(geng)(geng)始(shi)帝(di)立,賈(jia)復(fu)率其(qi)部(bu)眾歸漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)嘉(jia),官為(wei)校(xiao)尉。不(bu)久,賈(jia)復(fu)見漢(han)更(geng)(geng)始(shi)帝(di)政權混亂,諸將放縱,乃對漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)王(wang)(wang)說(shuo):“臣聞(wen)圖堯、舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事而不(bu)能至者(zhe)(zhe),湯、武(wu)是(shi)(shi)也(ye);圖湯、武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事而不(bu)能至者(zhe)(zhe),桓(huan)、文(wen)是(shi)(shi)也(ye);圖桓(huan)、文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事而不(bu)能至者(zhe)(zhe),六(liu)國是(shi)(shi)也(ye);定六(liu)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規,欲安守(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而不(bu)能至者(zhe)(zhe),亡六(liu)國是(shi)(shi)也(ye)。今漢(han)室中(zhong)(zhong)興,大(da)王(wang)(wang)以親戚為(wei)籓輔,天下未定而安守(shou)所保(bao),所保(bao)得無不(bu)可保(bao)乎?”漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)王(wang)(wang)感嘆道:“卿言(yan)大(da),非(fei)吾任也(ye)。大(da)司馬劉(liu)公在河(he)北,必能相施(shi),第(di)持我書(shu)往。”賈(jia)復(fu)遂辭別漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)王(wang)(wang),受書(shu)北度河(he)。
及至(zhi)漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)起兵(bing),鄧(deng)禹向劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)推薦(jian)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)見(jian)(jian)到(dao)(dao)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)奇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),鄧(deng)禹亦稱賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)有(you)(you)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)帥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie),于(yu)(yu)是(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)任命賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)破虜將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)督盜(dao)賊。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)迅速平(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)當(dang)地的盜(dao)賊,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)以(yi)左驂賜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。當(dang)吏部以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)而好陵(ling)折(zhe)等輩,調補(bu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)鄗尉,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)馬(ma)上制止說:“賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)督有(you)(you)折(zhe)沖千里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威,方(fang)(fang)任以(yi)職,勿得(de)擅除。”后(hou)(hou)(hou)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)至(zhi)信都(dou)(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)冀縣(xian)(xian)),以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)偏將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)率軍(jun)(jun)攻克邯(han)鄲,遷升都(dou)護將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。在(zai)(zai)一(yi)次(ci)跟隨劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)擊青犢于(yu)(yu)射犬(quan)時(shi)(shi),雙方(fang)(fang)大戰(zhan)至(zhi)中(zhong)午,敵(di)軍(jun)(jun)首領(ling)(ling)陳(chen)堅堅守不(bu)(bu)(bu)退(tui)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)傳(chuan)召(zhao)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu):“吏士皆饑(ji),可且朝(chao)飯。”賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)卻回(hui)答(da):“先(xian)(xian)破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)食耳!”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)被羽先(xian)(xian)登,所向皆靡,陳(chen)堅不(bu)(bu)(bu)敵(di)而潰敗。諸(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)皆佩(pei)服(fu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇(yong)。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)又在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)與五校戰(zhan)于(yu)(yu)真(zhen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)正定(ding)(ding)(ding)),大破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。但賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)也(ye)(ye)受(shou)了(le)重(zhong)傷(shang)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)得(de)知(zhi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)重(zhong)傷(shang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)大驚(jing):“我(wo)所以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)令(ling)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)別將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)者(zhe)(zhe),為(wei)其(qi)(qi)(qi)輕敵(di)也(ye)(ye)。果(guo)然,失吾名將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。聞其(qi)(qi)(qi)婦(fu)有(you)(you)孕(yun),生女(nv)(nv)邪,我(wo)子娶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),生男邪,我(wo)女(nv)(nv)嫁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)令(ling)其(qi)(qi)(qi)憂妻子也(ye)(ye)。”誰知(zhi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)很(hen)快就傷(shang)愈,一(yi)好就立即追到(dao)(dao)薊縣(xian)(xian)去見(jian)(jian)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)見(jian)(jian)到(dao)(dao)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)沒事(shi)了(le),“甚歡,大饗士卒,令(ling)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)居前,擊鄴賊,破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)即位為(wei)漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),拜賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)執(zhi)金(jin)(jin)吾,封冠軍(jun)(jun)侯。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)先(xian)(xian)領(ling)(ling)軍(jun)(jun)度河(he)(he)(he)攻朱鮪于(yu)(yu)洛(luo)陽,再與白虎公(gong)陳(chen)僑鏖戰(zhan),連(lian)破降之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)武(wu)(wu)二(er)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)26年(nian)),益封賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)穰(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)鄧(deng)州)、朝(chao)陽二(er)縣(xian)(xian)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)(han)更始帝(di)(di)(di)(di)的屬下郾(yan)(yan)(yan)王尹尊及諸(zhu)大將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)(zai)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)未(wei)降者(zhe)(zhe)尚多,漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)召(zhao)集諸(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)議兵(bing)事(shi)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)大家(jia)竇不(bu)(bu)(bu)說話(hua)言(yan),沉吟久(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)檄(xi)叩地曰:“郾(yan)(yan)(yan)最(zui)強,宛為(wei)次(ci),誰當(dang)擊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)率然回(hui)答(da):“臣請擊郾(yan)(yan)(yan)。”漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)見(jian)(jian)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),就笑了(le):“執(zhi)金(jin)(jin)吾擊郾(yan)(yan)(yan),吾復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)何(he)憂!卿謀略過人,今(jin)則(ze)其(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)便宜(yi)從事(shi),勿復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)先(xian)(xian)請。”遂派遣賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)與騎(qi)(qi)都(dou)尉陰(yin)識、驍騎(qi)(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)植南(nan)度五社(she)津(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)鞏(gong)縣(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)部)出擊郾(yan)(yan)(yan)王尹尊,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)領(ling)(ling)軍(jun)(jun)連(lian)連(lian)破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。一(yi)個來(lai)月,郾(yan)(yan)(yan)王尹尊歸(gui)降,盡定(ding)(ding)(ding)其(qi)(qi)(qi)地。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)再引軍(jun)(jun)東(dong)(dong)(dong)擊漢(han)(han)(han)更始帝(di)(di)(di)(di)屬下的淮陽太守暴(bao)汜,暴(bao)汜也(ye)(ye)歸(gui)降,屬縣(xian)(xian)悉定(ding)(ding)(ding)。到(dao)(dao)了(le)秋(qiu)天,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)再次(ci)領(ling)(ling)軍(jun)(jun)南(nan)擊召(zhao)陵(ling)(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)漯河(he)(he)(he)召(zhao)陵(ling))、新(xin)息(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)息縣(xian)(xian)),皆平(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建(jian)(jian)武(wu)(wu)三年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)27年(nian))春季,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)因功(gong)官遷左將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun),再領(ling)(ling)軍(jun)(jun)出擊赤眉于(yu)(yu)新(xin)城(今(jin)湖北(bei)(bei)大悟)、澠(min)池(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)澠(min)池)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,連(lian)破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)與漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)會師于(yu)(yu)宜(yi)陽(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)洛(luo)陽宜(yi)陽),降服(fu)了(le)所有(you)(you)的赤眉軍(jun)(jun),完全穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)王朝(chao)。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)一(yi)生征戰(zhan),從未(wei)又敗績,他數次(ci)解除了(le)諸(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的潰圍解急(ji),曾身受(shou)十二(er)次(ci)重(zhong)傷(shang)。漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)善用兵(bing)、敢(gan)深(shen)入,凡沒把握的遠征之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan),皆帶著(zhu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)而壯其(qi)(qi)(qi)勇(yong)節(jie),常(chang)自(zi)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故而賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)一(yi)直沒有(you)(you)什么單方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的特(te)殊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勛。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)諸(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)每(mei)論功(gong)自(zi)伐,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)未(wei)嘗有(you)(you)言(yan)。漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)卻說:“賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),我(wo)自(zi)知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”
東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建武(wu)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)37年(nian)(nian)),定封膠東(dong)(dong)(dong)侯,食郁秩、壯武(wu)、下密、即(ji)墨(mo)、梃(ting)、觀陽(yang),凡六(liu)縣。賈(jia)(jia)復(fu)深(shen)知漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)一直(zhi)欲偃干戈,修文德,不(bu)欲功臣擁眾京師,乃(nai)與(yu)高(gao)密侯鄧禹并(bing)剽甲兵,敦儒(ru)學。漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)深(shen)然(ran)之,遂罷左(zuo)右將軍。賈(jia)(jia)復(fu)以列侯就第,加位特進。賈(jia)(jia)復(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)剛毅方(fang)直(zhi),多大(da)節。既還私第,闔門養威重。漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)最(zui)信任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)同(tong)窗朱祐大(da)力推薦(jian)賈(jia)(jia)復(fu)宜(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宰(zai)相(xiang),漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)方(fang)以吏(li)(li)事責三(san)公(gong)(gong),故功臣并(bing)不(bu)用。是時,列侯中惟高(gao)密、固始、膠東(dong)(dong)(dong)三(san)侯與(yu)公(gong)(gong)卿參議(yi)國家大(da)事,恩遇甚厚。東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建武(wu)三(san)十一年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)55年(nian)(nian)),賈(jia)(jia)復(fu)逝(shi)世,賜謚“剛侯”。到了(le)東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)漢(han)(han)(han)章帝(di)(di)(di)劉炟(da)即(ji)位(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)76~87年(nian)(nian)在位),封賈(jia)(jia)復(fu)的(de)(de)兒子(zi)賈(jia)(jia)邯為(wei)(wei)(wei)膠東(dong)(dong)(dong)侯,封賈(jia)(jia)邯的(de)(de)弟(di)弟(di)賈(jia)(jia)宗(zong)(zong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)即(ji)墨(mo)侯,各領一縣。即(ji)墨(mo)侯賈(jia)(jia)宗(zong)(zong),字武(wu)孺(ru),少有操行,多智(zhi)略。初(chu)拜郎中,稍(shao)遷,東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)建初(chu)五年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)80年(nian)(nian))為(wei)(wei)(wei)朔方(fang)太守。舊(jiu)內(nei)郡徙(xi)人(ren)(ren)在邊(bian)者,率多貧弱,為(wei)(wei)(wei)居(ju)人(ren)(ren)所仆役,不(bu)得為(wei)(wei)(wei)吏(li)(li)。賈(jia)(jia)宗(zong)(zong)擢用其任(ren)(ren)職(zhi)者,與(yu)邊(bian)吏(li)(li)參選(xuan),轉相(xiang)監司,以揭發其奸,或以功次(ci)補(bu)長(chang)吏(li)(li),故各愿(yuan)盡死。匈奴當時十分懼怕賈(jia)(jia)宗(zong)(zong),不(bu)敢入塞。后征為(wei)(wei)(wei)長(chang)水(shui)校尉。賈(jia)(jia)宗(zong)(zong)還精通儒(ru)術,每宴見,常使與(yu)少府丁(ding)鴻等論議(yi)于前。
東漢章和(he)二年(nian)(公元88年(nian)),賈(jia)宗逝(shi)世,東漢朝廷上下(xia)都為(wei)他的去(qu)世而十分(fen)愍惜。賈(jia)宗的兒子叫賈(jia)參。在賈(jia)參的庶支子孫中(zhong),有以(yi)先祖(zu)爵(jue)號“即墨(mo)侯”為(wei)姓(xing)氏者,稱即墨(mo)氏,后有一部(bu)分(fen)人省(sheng)文簡改為(wei)單姓(xing)墨(mo)氏,一部(bu)分(fen)復為(wei)賈(jia)氏,皆世代相傳(chuan)至今(jin)。
田單、賈復。
即墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)復姓是非常(chang)古(gu)老的姓氏(shi)之一,但今已經多省文簡改為單姓即氏(shi)、墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi),即墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)復姓反而(er)難見(jian)了。
膠(jiao)東郡(jun):西漢時(shi)期設置(zhi)膠(jiao)東郡(jun),之后有時(shi)是國,治所在即墨(今山東平度)。
即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)縣:春秋、戰國時(shi)期(qi)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)屬(shu)(shu)齊(qi)國。秦朝時(shi)期(qi)設即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)縣,屬(shu)(shu)齊(qi)郡(jun)。西漢(han)時(shi)期(qi),即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)縣城(cheng)同時(shi)為膠東(dong)王(wang)國都城(cheng)。東(dong)漢(han)及兩(liang)(liang)晉時(shi)期(qi)屬(shu)(shu)青州。隋、唐、明、清(qing)時(shi)期(qi)均(jun)屬(shu)(shu)萊州。民(min)國三十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(癸未,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1943年(nian)(nian)(nian))分設即(ji)(ji)(ji)東(dong)、即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)兩(liang)(liang)縣,民(min)國三十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(甲申,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1944年(nian)(nian)(nian))4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)即(ji)(ji)(ji)東(dong)縣并(bing)(bing)入即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)縣,民(min)國三十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(乙(yi)酉,公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1945年(nian)(nian)(nian))7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),恢(hui)復即(ji)(ji)(ji)東(dong)縣。中(zhong)華人民(min)共和國建國初(chu)期(qi),屬(shu)(shu)膠州專(zhuan)區。1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)即(ji)(ji)(ji)東(dong)縣并(bing)(bing)入即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)縣,改(gai)(gai)屬(shu)(shu)萊陽(yang)專(zhuan)區。1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)改(gai)(gai)屬(shu)(shu)青島市。1961年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),改(gai)(gai)屬(shu)(shu)煙臺(tai)專(zhuan)區。1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)改(gai)(gai)屬(shu)(shu)青島市。1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)撤縣設市。
膠東堂(tang):以望(wang)立(li)堂(tang)。
即墨堂:以望立堂。
即(ji)墨(mo)威:(生卒(zu)年(nian)待考),山東即(ji)墨(mo)人。著名漢(han)朝咸陽令。