源(yuan)于(yu)媯(gui)姓,出(chu)自戰國時(shi)期齊(qi)國大將田(tian)單(dan)守邑,屬于(yu)以(yi)封邑名稱為氏(shi)(shi)。據(ju)史(shi)籍(ji)《晏子春秋(qiu)·內(nei)篇問》記載:“即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)(shi),據(ju)齊(qi)將田(tian)單(dan)守即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo),支孫(sun)氏(shi)(shi)焉。”在(zai)史(shi)籍(ji)《風俗通義(yi)·佚文》中引《姓解(jie)》記載:“即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)氏(shi)(shi),漢(han)有即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)威為咸陽(yang)令……漢(han)有單(dan)父令即(ji)(ji)費,其(qi)先食采(cai)即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo),因以(yi)命氏(shi)(shi)。”在(zai)史(shi)籍(ji)《漢(han)書(shu)·儒林傳(chuan)》也(ye)記載:“戰國城陽(yang)相即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)成,齊(qi)國人。”
即(ji)墨[即(ji)墨,讀音作(zuo)jí mò(ㄐㄧˊㄇㄛˋ)]
源(yuan)于媯姓(xing),出自戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)晚期齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大將田(tian)單(dan)守邑,屬于以封(feng)邑名稱為(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。據史(shi)籍《晏(yan)子(zi)春秋·內篇問》記載(zai):“即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨氏(shi),據齊(qi)(qi)將田(tian)單(dan)守即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨,支孫氏(shi)焉。”在(zai)史(shi)籍《風俗通義·佚文》中引《姓(xing)解》記載(zai):“即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨氏(shi),漢(han)(han)有(you)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨威為(wei)(wei)咸陽令……漢(han)(han)有(you)單(dan)父令即(ji)(ji)(ji)費,其先食(shi)采即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨,因(yin)以命(ming)氏(shi)。”在(zai)史(shi)籍《漢(han)(han)書·儒林傳》也記載(zai):“戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城陽相即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨成,齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人。”田(tian)單(dan),是(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)王族田(tian)氏(shi)家族的(de)遠(yuan)房支親(qin),山(shan)東淄(zi)博臨淄(zi)人。齊(qi)(qi)湣王田(tian)地執政時期(公元前323~前283年在(zai)位),田(tian)單(dan)出任齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都城臨淄(zi)的(de)市(shi)掾(管理商貿市(shi)場的(de)官員),是(shi)(shi)一位資(zi)歷(li)淺、爵位低、名氣(qi)微的(de)小吏。但是(shi)(shi),田(tian)單(dan)善于學(xue)習,頗(po)愛兵法,對戰(zhan)略戰(zhan)術有(you)過精心研究,后率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)駐守即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(今山(shan)東青(qing)島(dao)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨)。在(zai)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)伐齊(qi)(qi)的(de)戰(zhan)爭中,以奇(qi)計制(zhi)勝(sheng),大敗燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),表現了一位軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事家的(de)非凡才(cai)能,被田(tian)齊(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)王封(feng)為(wei)(wei)安平(ping)君,是(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)家的(de)后起(qi)之秀。戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時期,列(lie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)爭雄,頻(pin)繁的(de)掠(lve)奪戰(zhan)爭,給人民造成了無窮的(de)災難。
周(zhou)慎靚王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)定三(san)(san)年(nian)(燕王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)噲(kuai)三(san)(san)年(nian),田(tian)齊宣王(wang)(wang)田(tian)辟疆三(san)(san)年(nian),公(gong)元前318年(nian)),燕王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)噲(kuai)將(jiang)王(wang)(wang)位(wei)禪讓給姬(ji)子(zi)之(zhi),實行政治改革。姬(ji)子(zi)之(zhi)行王(wang)(wang)事三(san)(san)年(nian),與反對(dui)改革的(de)勢(shi)力發生矛盾,燕國(guo)(guo)大(da)將(jiang)市被(bei)與太(tai)子(zi)姬(ji)平(ping)起兵(bing)(bing)反叛,雙方激戰數月,死者數萬,燕國(guo)(guo)大(da)亂(luan),市被(bei)及(ji)太(tai)子(zi)姬(ji)平(ping)被(bei)姬(ji)子(zi)之(zhi)攻殺(sha)。這時(shi),齊宣王(wang)(wang)田(tian)辟疆在孟柯的(de)勸說下,乘燕國(guo)(guo)危機之(zhi)時(shi)出(chu)兵(bing)(bing)伐(fa)燕國(guo)(guo),僅五(wu)十(shi)天即攻破燕國(guo)(guo)都(dou)城(cheng),燕王(wang)(wang)姬(ji)噲(kuai)和姬(ji)子(zi)之(zhi)皆被(bei)齊軍所殺(sha)。中山國(guo)(guo)也趁此機會(hui)奪占了燕國(guo)(guo)大(da)片(pian)土(tu)地,燕國(guo)(guo)幾(ji)乎亡(wang)國(guo)(guo)。
周赧王(wang)(wang)姬延三年(趙武(wu)(wu)靈王(wang)(wang)趙雍十四年,公(gong)元前312年),秦、魏、韓三國聯軍救燕(yan),擊敗齊軍于濮水之(zhi)上。第二年,趙武(wu)(wu)靈王(wang)(wang)派兵將(jiang)流亡在韓國的(de)燕(yan)公(gong)子(zi)姬職護送回(hui)燕(yan)國,立為(wei)燕(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)。燕(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)立志(zhi)報(bao)仇雪(xue)恨,卑身厚幣,高筑(zhu)黃金(jin)臺,招聚天下賢士,得樂毅等(deng)人相助,勵精(jing)圖(tu)治(zhi),燕(yan)國從此強大起(qi)來(lai)。這一段歷史時期,燕(yan)國北破東胡,將(jiang)領土擴大到遼東地區,設置了上古、漁陽、右(you)北平、遼西(xi)、遼東五郡,疆域有今滹沱以北的(de)河北中部、遼寧大部、山西(xi)一部,再次成為(wei)一方強國。
周(zhou)赧王(wang)(wang)(wang)三(san)十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)十七年(nian),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)姬(ji)職(zhi)二十八年(nian),公元(yuan)前284年(nian)),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)以樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)為上(shang)將軍(jun)(jun),聯合了(le)秦、楚、趙(zhao)、魏、韓五(wu)國共同伐齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國。田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)因國力不足,已(yi)毫(hao)無應戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力量(liang),只得棄都南逃莒(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)偏(pian)安(an)(an)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。因此,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)長驅(qu)直入(ru),連下齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國七十余(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),之(zhi)后(hou)在(zai)(zai)臨淄(zi)擊殺田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國只剩下了(le)高大堅固(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)莒(ju)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)日照莒(ju)縣(xian))和(he)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)平(ping)(ping)度)這兩座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi),使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國處在(zai)(zai)危亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)攻破臨淄(zi)后(hou),又(you)東(dong)渡淄(zi)河進(jin)取安(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)。安(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(又(you)名酃城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、石槽城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))位(wei)于(yu)淄(zi)水東(dong)岸(an),這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),早從臨淄(zi)退(tui)(tui)守(shou)安(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)正在(zai)(zai)積極(ji)籌劃拒敵方略。為使戰(zhan)(zhan)車進(jin)退(tui)(tui)方便,避免(mian)撞擊,他命令宗人(ren)部(bu)下疾(ji)速斷(duan)去(qu)車軸長頭(tou)(tou),并(bing)(bing)固(gu)(gu)上(shang)鐵籠(long),當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)許多齊(qi)(qi)(qi)兵都笑話他。但當安(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)失(shi)守(shou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),許多齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)兵將在(zai)(zai)撤退(tui)(tui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因車軸相撞,戰(zhan)(zhan)車被毀,紛紛落(luo)入(ru)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)之(zhi)手做了(le)俘虜,唯獨(du)田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)宗人(ren)及部(bu)下安(an)(an)然(ran)退(tui)(tui)居即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)。車軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革和(he)巧勝樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)謀略,使田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)在(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)宗人(ren)中名聲(sheng)大振,威望更(geng)高。在(zai)(zai)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)大夫戰(zhan)(zhan)死(si)疆(jiang)場后(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)便被宗族及部(bu)下們(men)推為拒燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)統帥。足智(zhi)多謀的(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan),并(bing)(bing)沒(mei)有因暫時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)利(li)(li)而(er)(er)氣(qi)餒,他肩負眾托,決(jue)心復(fu)國,從而(er)(er)細心分析戰(zhan)(zhan)爭發展變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)形勢,窺測出(chu)(chu)戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)良機。就在(zai)(zai)這個時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候,傳來了(le)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)病死(si),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)即(ji)(ji)(ji)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消息。于(yu)是,田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)利(li)(li)用(yong)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)與樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)有裂隙,派人(ren)去(qu)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)面(mian)前讒言(yan)挑撥,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步激(ji)化了(le)君臣間的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾(dun),致(zhi)使燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)猜忌(ji)樂(le)毅(yi)(yi),很快就改(gai)用(yong)騎劫為統帥。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)自毀長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),撤換了(le)智(zhi)勇雙全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)毅(yi)(yi),樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)后(hou)來怒(nu)而(er)(er)棄燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國,奔(ben)(ben)赴趙(zhao)國。在(zai)(zai)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)變更(geng)領軍(jun)(jun)將帥之(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)抓住燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)將驕(jiao)傲的(de)(de)(de)(de)弱(ruo)點,用(yong)以金錢賄(hui)賂,渙散燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)軍(jun)(jun)紀(ji),進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步使燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)放松戒備。而(er)(er)自己卻(que)積極(ji)作應戰(zhan)(zhan)計(ji)劃和(he)出(chu)(chu)擊準備。他還集(ji)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏(shi)宗人(ren)登(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),親眼目睹燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)對齊(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)燒(shao)掠、削(xue)鼻屠殺和(he)掘墳辱尸的(de)(de)(de)(de)殘無人(ren)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)暴行,從而(er)(er)激(ji)發了(le)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)兵同仇敵愾、收復(fu)失(shi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)士氣(qi)。之(zhi)后(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)組織老弱(ruo)女子乘(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),以示降燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組織甲(jia)卒精(jing)兵埋伏(fu)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)四(si)周(zhou),又(you)將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)千余(yu)頭(tou)(tou)牛,雙角裝上(shang)鋒利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)匕首(shou),身(shen)著畫(hua)有龍紋圖案的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)彩繒衣,尾束(shu)灌(guan)足脂油的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆葦,后(hou)隨(sui)精(jing)甲(jia)壯士五(wu)千余(yu)人(ren),布下了(le)火牛陣。當夜(ye)深人(ren)靜燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)酣睡之(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭(tou)(tou)鑼(luo)鼓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)嗚,火燒(shao)牛尾,數千頭(tou)(tou)火牛四(si)面(mian)奔(ben)(ben)出(chu)(chu),直沖燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)大營,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)將士則在(zai)(zai)吶喊聲(sheng)中隨(sui)牛沖殺,頓時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)大亂,統帥騎劫一(yi)(yi)命鳴乎。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)乘(cheng)勝直追(zhui),一(yi)(yi)連串地(di)取得了(le)敗燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)復(fu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部(bu)勝利(li)(li)。之(zhi)后(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)返回(hui)營城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)東(dong)營廣饒(rao)),于(yu)周(zhou)赧王(wang)(wang)(wang)三(san)十二年(nian)(田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)法章元(yuan)年(nian),公元(yuan)前283年(nian))迎田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)還都臨淄(zi)。“火牛那可問,風雨夜(ye)燒(shao)青(qing),巌(yan)巌(yan)七十城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),一(yi)(yi)夜(ye)息金刁!”田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)因復(fu)國之(zhi)功,被田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)封(feng)任為相國、安(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)君。在(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)逝(shi)世后(hou)安(an)(an)葬于(yu)安(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)淄(zi)博(bo)臨淄(zi)區皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村(cun)東(dong)南部(bu))。
春秋戰國(guo)時期,齊國(guo)以邑為姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe)有即(ji)(ji)墨氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、崔氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、盧氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鮑氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、來(lai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、棠(tang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、檀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、晏(yan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、梁邱氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等二十三氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。即(ji)(ji)墨氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族人(ren)大多是(shi)田(tian)單(dan)的(de)庶(shu)支子孫,以先祖(zu)守即(ji)(ji)墨而得(de)姓(xing),后有省文(wen)簡(jian)化為單(dan)姓(xing)即(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、墨氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者(zhe),皆世代相傳。即(ji)(ji)墨氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以及(ji)分(fen)衍的(de)即(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、墨氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族人(ren),大多尊奉田(tian)單(dan)為得(de)姓(xing)始祖(zu)。
源于(yu)(yu)姬(ji)姓,出自東(dong)漢(han)初期著名大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)賈復之(zhi)(zhi)子賈宗,屬于(yu)(yu)以(yi)封邑名稱(cheng)為(wei)氏。賈復,公(gong)元?~55年待考,字君文,南陽冠軍人。少好學,通習《尚書》。開始(shi)事(shi)(shi)從舞陰李生,李生奇之(zhi)(zhi),對自己(ji)的門人說(shuo):“賈君之(zhi)(zhi)容貌志氣如(ru)此,而(er)(er)勤于(yu)(yu)學,將(jiang)(jiang)相(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)也(ye)。”王(wang)莽末期,賈復為(wei)縣掾,即管理市場的小官(guan)。不(bu)(bu)久(jiu),下江、新市兵起(qi),賈復也(ye)聚眾數百(bai)人于(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山,自號將(jiang)(jiang)軍。漢(han)更始(shi)帝立,賈復率(lv)其部眾歸漢(han)中王(wang)劉嘉,官(guan)為(wei)校尉(wei)。不(bu)(bu)久(jiu),賈復見漢(han)更始(shi)帝政權混亂,諸將(jiang)(jiang)放縱,乃(nai)對漢(han)中王(wang)說(shuo):“臣聞圖堯、舜之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)至者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),湯(tang)、武是(shi)也(ye);圖湯(tang)、武之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)至者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),桓(huan)、文是(shi)也(ye);圖桓(huan)、文之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)至者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),六(liu)國(guo)是(shi)也(ye);定(ding)六(liu)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)規,欲(yu)安守之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)至者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),亡六(liu)國(guo)是(shi)也(ye)。今漢(han)室中興,大(da)王(wang)以(yi)親戚為(wei)籓輔,天下未(wei)定(ding)而(er)(er)安守所保(bao),所保(bao)得(de)無不(bu)(bu)可保(bao)乎?”漢(han)中王(wang)感嘆(tan)道:“卿言(yan)大(da),非吾任也(ye)。大(da)司馬劉公(gong)在(zai)河北,必能(neng)相(xiang)(xiang)施,第持我(wo)書往。”賈復遂辭別漢(han)中王(wang),受書北度河。
及至(zhi)漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)起兵(bing),鄧禹(yu)向劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)推(tui)薦賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)見到(dao)(dao)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)后(hou)(hou)奇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),鄧禹(yu)亦稱賈(jia)(jia)(jia)有(you)將(jiang)(jiang)帥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節,于(yu)是劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)任命賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)破(po)(po)虜(lu)將(jiang)(jiang)軍督盜(dao)賊(zei)。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)迅速平(ping)定(ding)(ding)了當地(di)的(de)(de)盜(dao)賊(zei),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)以(yi)左驂賜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。當吏部(bu)以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)后(hou)(hou)來而好陵折等輩,調(diao)補其為(wei)(wei)鄗尉,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)馬上制止說:“賈(jia)(jia)(jia)督有(you)折沖千里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威,方(fang)(fang)任以(yi)職,勿得(de)(de)擅(shan)除(chu)。”后(hou)(hou)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)至(zhi)信都(今(jin)河(he)北(bei)冀縣(xian)(xian)),以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)偏(pian)將(jiang)(jiang)軍。不久賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)率軍攻(gong)克邯鄲,遷升都護將(jiang)(jiang)軍。在(zai)一(yi)次(ci)跟隨劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)擊(ji)青(qing)犢于(yu)射犬時(shi)(shi),雙方(fang)(fang)大(da)戰(zhan)至(zhi)中午,敵(di)(di)軍首領陳(chen)堅堅守(shou)不退。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)傳召賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu):“吏士皆饑,可且朝飯。”賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)卻回(hui)答:“先(xian)破(po)(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)食耳!”于(yu)是被羽(yu)先(xian)登,所(suo)向皆靡,陳(chen)堅不敵(di)(di)而潰(kui)敗。諸將(jiang)(jiang)皆佩服賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)又在(zai)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)與(yu)五校(xiao)戰(zhan)于(yu)真定(ding)(ding)(今(jin)河(he)北(bei)正定(ding)(ding)),大(da)破(po)(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。但賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)也受了重(zhong)傷(shang)。當時(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)得(de)(de)知賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)重(zhong)傷(shang)后(hou)(hou)大(da)驚:“我(wo)(wo)(wo)所(suo)以(yi)不令(ling)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)別將(jiang)(jiang)者,為(wei)(wei)其輕敵(di)(di)也。果然(ran),失吾名(ming)將(jiang)(jiang)。聞其婦有(you)孕,生(sheng)女邪,我(wo)(wo)(wo)子(zi)娶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),生(sheng)男邪,我(wo)(wo)(wo)女嫁(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不令(ling)其憂(you)(you)妻(qi)子(zi)也。”誰知賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)很快就傷(shang)愈,一(yi)好就立即追到(dao)(dao)薊縣(xian)(xian)去見劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)見到(dao)(dao)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)沒事了,“甚歡,大(da)饗士卒,令(ling)復(fu)(fu)居前,擊(ji)鄴賊(zei),破(po)(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀(xiu)(xiu)即位(wei)為(wei)(wei)漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),拜(bai)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)執金(jin)吾,封冠軍侯。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)先(xian)領軍度河(he)攻(gong)朱鮪于(yu)洛(luo)陽,再(zai)與(yu)白虎(hu)公(gong)陳(chen)僑鏖戰(zhan),連(lian)破(po)(po)降(jiang)(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。東(dong)漢(han)(han)建武(wu)(wu)(wu)二年(公(gong)元26年),益封賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)穰(今(jin)河(he)南(nan)鄧州)、朝陽二縣(xian)(xian)。當時(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)更(geng)始帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)屬(shu)下(xia)郾(yan)(yan)王尹尊(zun)及諸大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)未(wei)降(jiang)(jiang)者尚(shang)多(duo),漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)召集(ji)諸將(jiang)(jiang)議兵(bing)事。當時(shi)(shi)大(da)家竇不說話(hua)言,沉吟久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)以(yi)檄叩地(di)曰:“郾(yan)(yan)最強,宛(wan)為(wei)(wei)次(ci),誰當擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)率然(ran)回(hui)答:“臣(chen)請擊(ji)郾(yan)(yan)。”漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)一(yi)見賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu),就笑(xiao)了:“執金(jin)吾擊(ji)郾(yan)(yan),吾復(fu)(fu)何(he)憂(you)(you)!卿謀略過人,今(jin)則(ze)其以(yi)便宜從事,勿復(fu)(fu)先(xian)請。”遂派遣賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)與(yu)騎都尉陰(yin)識、驍(xiao)騎將(jiang)(jiang)軍劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)植南(nan)度五社津(今(jin)河(he)南(nan)鞏(gong)縣(xian)(xian)北(bei)部(bu))出(chu)擊(ji)郾(yan)(yan)王尹尊(zun),賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)領軍連(lian)連(lian)破(po)(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。一(yi)個來月(yue),郾(yan)(yan)王尹尊(zun)歸降(jiang)(jiang),盡(jin)定(ding)(ding)其地(di)。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)再(zai)引軍東(dong)擊(ji)漢(han)(han)更(geng)始帝(di)(di)屬(shu)下(xia)的(de)(de)淮(huai)陽太守(shou)暴汜(si),暴汜(si)也歸降(jiang)(jiang),屬(shu)縣(xian)(xian)悉(xi)定(ding)(ding)。到(dao)(dao)了秋(qiu)天,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)再(zai)次(ci)領軍南(nan)擊(ji)召陵(今(jin)河(he)南(nan)漯(luo)河(he)召陵)、新(xin)(xin)息(今(jin)河(he)南(nan)息縣(xian)(xian)),皆平(ping)定(ding)(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。東(dong)漢(han)(han)建武(wu)(wu)(wu)三年(公(gong)元27年)春季,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)因功(gong)官遷左將(jiang)(jiang)軍,再(zai)領軍出(chu)擊(ji)赤眉(mei)于(yu)新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(今(jin)湖北(bei)大(da)悟(wu))、澠(min)池(今(jin)河(he)南(nan)澠(min)池)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,連(lian)破(po)(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。不久與(yu)漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)會師于(yu)宜陽(今(jin)河(he)南(nan)洛(luo)陽宜陽),降(jiang)(jiang)服了所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)赤眉(mei)軍,完(wan)全穩定(ding)(ding)了東(dong)漢(han)(han)王朝。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)一(yi)生(sheng)征戰(zhan),從未(wei)又敗績,他數次(ci)解(jie)除(chu)了諸將(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)潰(kui)圍解(jie)急,曾身受十二次(ci)重(zhong)傷(shang)。漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)善用兵(bing)、敢深入,凡(fan)沒把握的(de)(de)遠(yuan)征之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan),皆帶著賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)而壯其勇節,常自從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故而賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)一(yi)直沒有(you)什么單方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)特殊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勛。后(hou)(hou)來諸將(jiang)(jiang)每論功(gong)自伐,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)未(wei)嘗有(you)言。漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)卻說:“賈(jia)(jia)(jia)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),我(wo)(wo)(wo)自知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”
東(dong)漢(han)(han)建武(wu)(wu)十三年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)37年(nian)),定封膠(jiao)東(dong)侯(hou)(hou),食郁秩(zhi)、壯武(wu)(wu)、下密(mi)、即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)、梃、觀陽(yang),凡六縣。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)深知漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)一(yi)直(zhi)欲(yu)偃干戈,修(xiu)文德,不(bu)欲(yu)功臣擁眾京師,乃與(yu)高密(mi)侯(hou)(hou)鄧(deng)禹并剽甲兵,敦儒學。漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)深然之,遂罷(ba)左右將軍(jun)。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)以列(lie)侯(hou)(hou)就第,加位特進(jin)。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)為(wei)(wei)人剛毅方直(zhi),多大節。既還私第,闔門養(yang)威重。漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)最信(xin)任(ren)的同窗朱(zhu)祐大力推薦賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)宜為(wei)(wei)宰相(xiang)(xiang),漢(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)方以吏(li)事責三公(gong),故(gu)功臣并不(bu)用(yong)。是時,列(lie)侯(hou)(hou)中惟高密(mi)、固始、膠(jiao)東(dong)三侯(hou)(hou)與(yu)公(gong)卿參議國家大事,恩遇甚厚。東(dong)漢(han)(han)建武(wu)(wu)三十一(yi)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)55年(nian)),賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)逝世,賜謚“剛侯(hou)(hou)”。到了(le)東(dong)漢(han)(han)漢(han)(han)章(zhang)帝(di)(di)劉(liu)炟(da)即(ji)(ji)位(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)76~87年(nian)在(zai)位),封賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)的兒子賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)邯為(wei)(wei)膠(jiao)東(dong)侯(hou)(hou),封賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)邯的弟(di)弟(di)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗(zong)為(wei)(wei)即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)侯(hou)(hou),各領一(yi)縣。即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)侯(hou)(hou)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗(zong),字武(wu)(wu)孺(ru),少有操行,多智(zhi)略。初拜郎中,稍(shao)遷,東(dong)漢(han)(han)建初五年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)80年(nian))為(wei)(wei)朔方太守。舊內(nei)郡徙人在(zai)邊者,率多貧弱,為(wei)(wei)居(ju)人所仆役,不(bu)得(de)為(wei)(wei)吏(li)。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗(zong)擢用(yong)其任(ren)職(zhi)者,與(yu)邊吏(li)參選,轉相(xiang)(xiang)監(jian)司,以揭發其奸(jian),或以功次補長(chang)吏(li),故(gu)各愿(yuan)盡死。匈奴當時十分懼怕(pa)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗(zong),不(bu)敢入塞。后征為(wei)(wei)長(chang)水校尉。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗(zong)還精通儒術,每(mei)宴見,常使(shi)與(yu)少府丁鴻(hong)等論(lun)議于前(qian)。
東漢章和二年(nian)(公元88年(nian)),賈宗逝世,東漢朝廷(ting)上(shang)下都(dou)為他的(de)去(qu)世而十分愍(min)惜。賈宗的(de)兒子叫賈參。在賈參的(de)庶支子孫(sun)中(zhong),有(you)以(yi)先祖爵(jue)號“即墨侯(hou)”為姓氏者,稱即墨氏,后(hou)有(you)一部分人省文簡改為單姓墨氏,一部分復(fu)為賈氏,皆世代相傳至(zhi)今。
田單、賈復。
即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)氏(shi)復姓是非常古老(lao)的姓氏(shi)之一(yi),但今已經多省(sheng)文簡改為單姓即(ji)(ji)氏(shi)、墨(mo)氏(shi),即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)氏(shi)復姓反而難(nan)見(jian)了。
膠東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡(jun):西漢時(shi)期設置膠東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡(jun),之后有時(shi)是國,治所在即墨(今山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)平度)。
即墨(mo)縣(xian):春秋、戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期即墨(mo)屬(shu)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。秦朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期設即墨(mo)縣(xian),屬(shu)齊郡。西漢時(shi)(shi)(shi)期,即墨(mo)縣(xian)城同時(shi)(shi)(shi)為膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong)王國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都城。東(dong)(dong)漢及兩(liang)晉時(shi)(shi)(shi)期屬(shu)青州(zhou)。隋(sui)、唐、明、清(qing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期均(jun)屬(shu)萊(lai)(lai)州(zhou)。民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三十二年(nian)(癸未,公元1943年(nian))分設即東(dong)(dong)、即墨(mo)兩(liang)縣(xian),民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三十三年(nian)(甲(jia)申,公元1944年(nian))4月(yue)即東(dong)(dong)縣(xian)并(bing)入(ru)即墨(mo)縣(xian),民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三十四年(nian)(乙酉,公元1945年(nian))7月(yue),恢復即東(dong)(dong)縣(xian)。中華人民(min)(min)共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初期,屬(shu)膠(jiao)(jiao)州(zhou)專(zhuan)區。1956年(nian)3月(yue)即東(dong)(dong)縣(xian)并(bing)入(ru)即墨(mo)縣(xian),改屬(shu)萊(lai)(lai)陽專(zhuan)區。1958年(nian)10月(yue)改屬(shu)青島(dao)市。1961年(nian)3月(yue),改屬(shu)煙(yan)臺專(zhuan)區。1978年(nian)12月(yue)改屬(shu)青島(dao)市。1989年(nian)9月(yue)撤縣(xian)設市。
膠東堂:以望立堂。
即墨堂:以望(wang)立堂。
即墨威:(生(sheng)卒年(nian)待考),山東即墨人(ren)。著名漢朝咸陽令。