卞(bian)壸(kǔn)(281-328年),字望(wang)之(zhi),濟陰郡冤句縣(xian)(今山東省菏澤市卞(bian)莊)人。東晉時(shi)期名臣(chen)、書(shu)法家,中書(shu)令卞(bian)粹(cui)之(zhi)子。
少(shao)有(you)清名,不(bu)(bu)應朝(chao)命(ming)。永嘉(jia)年(nian)間,卞壸出(chu)任(ren)(ren)著作(zuo)郎,襲封成(cheng)陽縣公。永嘉(jia)之(zhi)亂(luan)后(hou)(hou),投(tou)靠(kao)徐州刺史裴盾,出(chu)任(ren)(ren)廣(guang)陵相。投(tou)靠(kao)安(an)東將軍司(si)(si)馬睿,出(chu)任(ren)(ren)丞(cheng)相從事中郎。東晉建立后(hou)(hou),出(chu)任(ren)(ren)太子中庶子、散騎(qi)常侍,教導太子司(si)(si)馬紹。晉明帝即位,遷吏部尚書。平定王敦之(zhi)亂(luan),受封建興縣公,出(chu)任(ren)(ren)領軍將軍,選(xuan)為顧(gu)命(ming)大臣(chen)。晉成(cheng)帝登位后(hou)(hou),出(chu)任(ren)(ren)尚書令,聯合外戚庾(yu)亮共(gong)掌機要。禮法自居,糾(jiu)正當(dang)世,不(bu)(bu)畏強權。咸和(he)三(san)年(nian)(328年(nian)),帶兵平定蘇峻叛亂(luan),以身殉國(guo),獲贈(zeng)侍中、驃騎(qi)將軍,開(kai)府儀同三(san)司(si)(si),謚(shi)號(hao)忠貞,葬于南京朝(chao)天宮(gong)西側。
晉(jin)卞(bian)忠(zhong)(zhong)貞(zhen)公父子(zi)三仁英勇就義(yi),演繹了中華(hua)民(min)族(zu)“忠(zhong)(zhong)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)貞(zhen)”全(quan)節的家(jia)族(zu)忠(zhong)(zhong)烈史。歷代(dai)受到人們的敬仰(yang)、尊崇(chong)。卞(bian)忠(zhong)(zhong)貞(zhen)公父子(zi)是愛(ai)國主義(yi)、民(min)族(zu)精神的優秀代(dai)表人物(wu),是愛(ai)國主義(yi)家(jia)族(zu)精神的千古典范。卞(bian)壸后裔(yi)秉承“忠(zhong)(zhong)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)傳家(jia)”的家(jia)族(zu)遺風,將家(jia)族(zu)堂(tang)號為“忠(zhong)(zhong)貞(zhen)(孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao))堂(tang)”,成為歷史上以忠(zhong)(zhong)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)責任的價值(zhi)信仰(yang),培育“忠(zhong)(zhong)臣孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)子(zi)”的“忠(zhong)(zhong)貞(zhen)世(shi)家(jia)”。
卞壸[kǔn]出身(shen)官(guan)宦之家,祖父卞統曾任(ren)瑯邪內史(shi),父親卞粹(cui)兄弟(di)六(liu)人,“并登宰府”,世稱“卞氏(shi)六(liu)龍”。
卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)(kun)成(cheng)年(nian)時已(yi)有名(ming)譽,得司兗二(er)州(zhou)和齊王司馬冏辟命(ming),但卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)(kun)都(dou)不應命(ming)。后(hou)父親卞(bian)(bian)粹(cui)被長沙王司馬乂所(suo)殺,卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)(kun)回鄉。晉(jin)懷(huai)帝永(yong)嘉年(nian)間(jian),卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)(kun)出任(ren)著(zhu)作郎,并承襲父親成(cheng)陽(yang)公的(de)爵位。后(hou)來征東將軍周馥請(qing)卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)(kun)為從事中郎,但不應命(ming)。永(yong)嘉五年(nian)(311年(nian))發生永(yong)嘉之亂,都(dou)城洛陽(yang)被前趙所(suo)攻破,晉(jin)懷(huai)帝被擄。卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)(kun)投靠時任(ren)徐(xu)州(zhou)刺史(shi)的(de)妻兄(xiong)裴盾(dun)。裴盾(dun)于是(shi)讓卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)(kun)代理(li)廣陵(ling)相。
建(jian)(jian)武二年(公(gong)元(yuan)318年),司(si)(si)馬睿在建(jian)(jian)鄴建(jian)(jian)立基地,召(zhao)卞壸為從事中郎,委以官員(yuan)選拔之(zhi)責,深受寵信。后(hou)出任東中郎將司(si)(si)馬紹(即后(hou)來的(de)晉明帝)的(de)長(chang)史。后(hou)因繼母死(si)而離職服喪。及后(hou)當成為晉王(wang)世(shi)子(zi)的(de)司(si)(si)馬紹的(de)老師(shi)。
東(dong)晉(jin)建立后,任太子(zi)中(zhong)庶子(zi),后轉(zhuan)散騎常侍,侍講東(dong)宮。后又(you)先后擔任太子(zi)詹事、御史中(zhong)丞等職。卞壸(kun)前后居師佐之(zhi)位,盡匡輔之(zhi)節,頗為王公大臣(chen)敬畏(wei)。
太(tai)寧元年(323年),晉明帝即(ji)位,升為吏部尚書。
太寧二年(nian)(324年(nian)),王(wang)敦(dun)意圖(tu)奪位(wei)而再次起(qi)兵,但(dan)因病重(zhong)而交由(you)兄長王(wang)含等人領軍(jun),卞壸(kun)加(jia)中軍(jun)將軍(jun)防備王(wang)敦(dun)。及后叛亂(luan)平(ping)定,卞壸(kun)因功封建興縣公,不久遷任領軍(jun)將軍(jun)。
太寧三年(nian)(325年(nian)),明(ming)帝病重,卞壸與(yu)(yu)司徒王(wang)導(dao)、車騎(qi)將軍(jun)郗鑒、丹陽尹溫嶠、護軍(jun)將軍(jun)庾(yu)亮(liang)(liang)及領軍(jun)將軍(jun)陸曄一同(tong)遺詔輔助(zhu)太子,任顧命(ming)大(da)臣(chen),并任右(you)將軍(jun),加給事中、尚書令。成帝登位后,他與(yu)(yu)庾(yu)亮(liang)(liang)共掌機(ji)要。
卞(bian)壸(kun)(kun)為(wei)人剛正不(bu)阿,不(bu)畏權貴,維(wei)護朝(chao)廷(ting)(ting)綱紀不(bu)遺(yi)余力。晉成帝(di)即位舉行(xing)登(deng)基大典(dian)(dian)那天,元(yuan)老(lao)重臣王(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)竟以病缺席(xi)。卞(bian)壸(kun)(kun)在(zai)(zai)朝(chao)廷(ting)(ting)上(shang)(shang)嚴肅(su)(su)地說(shuo):“王(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong),社(she)稷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣邪!大行(xing)在(zai)(zai)殯,嗣皇未(wei)(wei)立(li),寧(ning)是人臣辭疾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時!”王(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)聽(ting)說(shuo)后(hou)連忙(mang)帶病趕來。皇太后(hou)臨(lin)朝(chao),卞(bian)壸(kun)(kun)與庚亮(liang)值班宮(gong)中(zhong),共(gong)參(can)機要。朝(chao)廷(ting)(ting)下(xia)令召南(nan)陽樂謨(mo)為(wei)郡中(zhong)丞,潁川庾(yu)(yu)怡(yi)為(wei)廷(ting)(ting)尉評。但二人都強調父命,拒不(bu)赴任。卞(bian)壸(kun)(kun)當即奏稟太后(hou),其(qi)中(zhong)提到:“如此則先圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言廢,王(wang)(wang)(wang)教之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訓塞,君臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道散,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化替矣。樂廣(guang)(謨(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父)以平夷稱,庾(yu)(yu)珉(怡(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)父)以忠(zhong)篤顯,受(shou)寵圣世(shi),身非已(yi)有,況及后(hou)世(shi)而可專哉!”由于卞(bian)壸(kun)(kun)的(de)奏章(zhang)很(hen)有說(shuo)服力,因而朝(chao)議(yi)一致(zhi)贊成。樂謨(mo)、庾(yu)(yu)怡(yi)不(bu)得(de)已(yi),只好上(shang)(shang)任。此后(hou),凡朝(chao)廷(ting)(ting)有命,不(bu)得(de)以私害公(gong),不(bu)得(de)以任何借(jie)口推延,遂形成了(le)一條永久性的(de)制度。當時,王(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)與庾(yu)(yu)亮(liang)不(bu)和(he),庾(yu)(yu)亮(liang)掌權,王(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)就(jiu)稱疾不(bu)上(shang)(shang)朝(chao)。一次(ci)王(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)不(bu)上(shang)(shang)朝(chao),卻私下(xia)為(wei)車騎將(jiang)軍郗(xi)鑒(jian)送(song)行(xing)。卞(bian)壸(kun)(kun)得(de)知,毫不(bu)顧忌王(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)的(de)權勢和(he)情面,上(shang)(shang)奏導(dao)“虧法從私,無大臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節”;御史中(zhong)丞鐘雅玩忽職(zhi)守,不(bu)按王(wang)(wang)(wang)典(dian)(dian)辦事,二人應該(gai)一塊免官。雖然皇帝(di)將(jiang)奏章(zhang)壓下(xia),未(wei)(wei)予處理,但已(yi)引(yin)起朝(chao)野(ye)震肅(su)(su)。
卞壸兢兢業(ye)業(ye)勤于(yu)吏事,以匡風(feng)正俗為(wei)(wei)已任,不(bu)肯隨(sui)波(bo)逐流。有(you)人(ren)說他(ta):“卿恒(heng)無(wu)閑泰,常如(ru)含(han)瓦石,不(bu)亦勞(lao)乎(hu)?”他(ta)說:“諸君以道德恢宏(hong)、風(feng)流相尚(shang),執(zhi)鄙吝(lin)者非壸而(er)誰!”由此可見(jian)他(ta)為(wei)(wei)國事任勞(lao)任怨的(de)博大(da)胸懷。當時貴族子弟(di)多以放浪形骸、清淡不(bu)倦(juan)的(de)王澄、謝鯤等(deng)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)曠達(da),壸卻認為(wei)(wei)這些人(ren)“悖禮傷(shang)教(jiao),罪莫斯(si)甚,中朝傾(qing)覆,實(shi)由于(yu)此。”此言大(da)有(you)見(jian)地(di),可謂(wei)入木三分。
卞壸后來面部(bu)受傷,多(duo)次要(yao)求辭職(zhi)。咸和二(er)年(nian)(327年(nian))改拜光(guang)祿大(da)夫,加散騎常(chang)侍。同時(shi)(shi)庾亮認為蘇(su)(su)峻屯兵(bing)歷陽,最終都會生禍亂,言:“大(da)將蘇(su)(su)峻,素有狼子野心,將來一定會作亂,如果不(bu)削弱其(qi)權(quan)力(li),多(duo)年(nian)后必不(bu)可(ke)(ke)治,這(zhe)是漢晁(chao)錯勸景帝早(zao)削七國兵(bing)權(quan)的原因。”建議朝(chao)廷召蘇(su)(su)峻任大(da)司馬,以(yi)(yi)收籠絡之效,并借機釋其(qi)兵(bing)權(quan)。朝(chao)廷諸(zhu)官皆無異議。卞壸固爭以(yi)(yi)為不(bu)可(ke)(ke),對庾亮說(shuo)蘇(su)(su)峻現(xian)擁(yong)有重兵(bing),且(qie)離(li)京邑較近,這(zhe)樣做將必定激發蘇(su)(su)峻提(ti)前叛(pan)亂,危及朝(chao)廷,應慢慢削其(qi)兵(bing)權(quan)。可(ke)(ke)庾亮不(bu)聽卞壸所(suo)言,最終決定要(yao)實(shi)行(xing)。卞壸知(zhi)道這(zhe)次此舉(ju)必定失敗,更向(xiang)時(shi)(shi)任平南將軍的溫(wen)嶠表(biao)示擔心。司馬任臺(tai)亦勸卞壸準備良馬作不(bu)時(shi)(shi)之需(xu),但卞壸笑(xiao)看回答說(shuo):“真(zhen)到那時(shi)(shi),要(yao)馬何(he)用?”
不(bu)(bu)久庾亮(liang)正式征召(zhao)蘇(su)(su)峻(jun),蘇(su)(su)峻(jun)于(yu)是聯合(he)祖約以討(tao)庾亮(liang)為(wei)名起(qi)兵。卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)便(bian)復任(ren)(ren)尚書令、右將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、領右衛將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。次年(nian),蘇(su)(su)峻(jun)進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)到(dao)東陵口,卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)再被(bei)任(ren)(ren)命為(wei)都督大(da)桁(heng)東諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事、假節(jie),加領軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、給事中。卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)后率領郭默和趙胤等在(zai)西陵與蘇(su)(su)峻(jun)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)戰(zhan),為(wei)蘇(su)(su)峻(jun)破(po)城而(er)入。卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)于(yu)是撤退,并歸遇符節(jie)謝罪。及后蘇(su)(su)峻(jun)攻青(qing)溪,卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)又與諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)抵抗(kang),但(dan)仍戰(zhan)敗(bai),更(geng)被(bei)蘇(su)(su)峻(jun)火(huo)燒宮寺。在(zai)戰(zhan)斗(dou)中,卞(bian)(bian)壸(kun)背瘡未合(he),但(dan)胸懷報國(guo)之心,身先士卒,英勇殺敵,終因不(bu)(bu)支,壯(zhuang)烈殉(xun)國(guo),時年(nian)四十八歲。其二子卞(bian)(bian)眕、卞(bian)(bian)盱,見父殉(xun)國(guo),為(wei)報父仇,相隨殺入敵軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),亦力戰(zhan)而(er)死。
咸和(he)四年(329年),蘇峻之亂平定(ding),經朝議,追贈卞壸侍(shi)中、驃騎(qi)(qi)將軍(jun)(jun)、開府(fu)儀同三司等榮(rong)銜,謚號“忠貞”,祀以太牢。贈子(zi)眕散騎(qi)(qi)侍(shi)郎,盱奉(feng)軍(jun)(jun)都(dou)尉(wei)。
卞(bian)壸(kun)是一(yi)位書(shu)法(fa)家,尤善草書(shu)。唐竇臬(nie)《述書(shu)賦》云(yun):“望之之草,聚(ju)古而老(lao)。落紙筋盤,分行羽(yu)抱。如(ru)充牛(niu)刃多士,交(jiao)連雜(za)寶(bao)。”《淳(chun)化閣法(fa)帖》卷三有(you)其草書(shu)一(yi)帖,六(liu)行,五十六(liu)字(zi)。卞(bian)壸(kun)書(shu)法(fa)現(xian)存于(yu)西安碑林的還(huan)有(you)一(yi)行書(shu)壁碑,內容是:“崔諒、史曜、陳淮可(ke)(ke)補吏部郎(lang),詔書(shu)可(ke)(ke)爾。此三人(ren)皆眾論所稱,諒尤質(zhi)止,少華可(ke)(ke)以敦教。雖大(da)化未(wei)可(ke)(ke)倉卒,風尚(shang)所勸(quan)為益者多,臣以為宜先用諒,謹隨事以聞(wen)。晉(jin)(jin)侍中卞(bian)壸(kun)書(shu)。”此碑亦為無價(jia)之寶(bao)。《全晉(jin)(jin)文》收錄有(you)其文。
東(dong)晉廢(fei)帝司馬(ma)奕書贊卞壼曰:“忠則(ze)順(shun)天,孝則(ze)盡命;守忠死國,孰不起敬?”
東(dong)晉孝武帝司馬曜敕命大臣翟湯(tang)書贊(zan)成卞(bian)壼(kun)遺(yi)像:“子死(si)于(yu)父,父喪于(yu)君;公均攤涉逝,公圖永(yong)存,潔之(zhi)(zhi)似玉,清之(zhi)(zhi)如水;節義忠孝,萃于(yu)一(yi)門(men)。”
《晉書》贊(zan)卞壼父子(zi)忠孝(xiao)行為曰(yue):“望之徇義,處(chu)死為易(yi)。惟子(zi)惟臣(chen),名節斯寄。”
唐太宗(zong)御撰《本傳》,稱(cheng)卞壼父子行為:“宜加鼎司之號(hao),以旌(jing)忠烈(lie)之勛(xun)”;
明成祖朱棣稱贊(zan)卞壼(kun)父(fu)子忠貞行為:“父(fu)將一死報君恩,二子臨戎忍自存。慨慷相隨同日盡,千古忠孝(xiao)表清門。”
清康熙(xi)帝巡視江南,至卞公柌祭祀卞壼父(fu)子(zi),御書“凜然正氣(qi)”匾額(e)。
乾隆帝(di)多次親往祭祀卞壼父子墓,于1751年(nian)為朝天宮卞公祠堂(tang)題寫(xie)“典午孤忠”匾額;
王導:刁玄亮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察察,戴若思之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巖(yan)巖(yan),卞望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)峰岠。
翟湯:父(fu)死(si)于(yu)君(jun),子死(si)于(yu)父(fu),忠孝之(zhi)道,萃于(yu)一門。”
弘訥:①死事(shi)之(zhi)臣(chen)古今所(suo)重,卞令忠(zhong)典之(zhi)節,當書(shu)于竹帛(bo)。②夫(fu)事(shi)親(qin)莫大于孝,事(shi)君(jun)莫尚于忠(zhong)。唯孝也(ye),故能(neng)(neng)盡敬竭(jie)誠(cheng);唯忠(zhong)也(ye),故能(neng)(neng)見危(wei)授命(ming)。此在三(san)之(zhi)大節,臣(chen)子(zi)之(zhi)極行也(ye)。案(an)壸委質三(san)朝,盡規翼亮,遭世險(xian)難(nan),存亡以(yi)之(zhi)。受(shou)顧(gu)托之(zhi)重,居(ju)端右之(zhi)任,擁衛至尊,則有保(bao)傅之(zhi)恩;正色在朝,則有匪躬(gong)之(zhi)節。賊峻造逆,戮力致討,身(shen)當矢旝,再對賊鋒,父子(zi)并命(ming),可謂破家為國,守死勤事(shi)。
司馬衍(yan):壸(kun)立朝忠恪。
房玄齡:卞壸束帶立朝,以匡(kuang)正為己任,褰裳衛主,蹈(dao)忠(zhong)義(yi)以成名。遂使(shi)臣死于君,子死于父,惟忠(zhong)與孝,萃其一門。古稱社(she)稷之臣,忠(zhong)貞之謂矣。望之徇義(yi),處死為易。惟子惟臣,名節斯寄。
宋代文天祥為(wei)卞氏族譜題跋:“卞氏自六龍之后(hou),數千(qian)年清白相(xiang)傳(chuan)”;
袁枚祭奠(dian)(dian)卞壼父子著文稱:“白(bai)骨一抔(pou),增宇宙山川之色(se);玉卮三(san)奠(dian)(dian),堅古今忠孝之心”;
兵部(bu)左侍郎張(zhang)伯鯨,為晉(jin)成陽侯忠貞卞公立(li):”千秋仰止”。
南京兵(bing)部(bu)尚(shang)書史(shi)可法,為(wei)晉成陽侯(hou)忠貞卞公立:“乾坤(kun)正(zheng)氣”。
詔(zhao)起南京宗伯正(zheng)郎前左(zuo)右諫議齊魯文衡彭惟成為晉代卞忠貞公立“父子三仁”。
鹺使后學馬大士(shi)敬題,史官胡士(shi)省薰沐拜書:“萬世(shi)人倫”。
直隸揚州(zhou)府(fu)(fu)知府(fu)(fu)徐伯徵,為晉光祿(lu)大夫成陽忠貞卞(bian)公立“忠節扶天”。
賜(si)進士第(di)文林郎知江都縣事遲大成,于崇禎三年歲次庚午(wu)仲春吉旦立“與河山俱”。
“先有卞公(gong)祠(ci)、后有朝(chao)(chao)天宮。”南(nan)(nan)京(jing)朝(chao)(chao)天宮是南(nan)(nan)京(jing)市(shi)博物(wu)館,歷經明、清(qing)兩朝(chao)(chao)數百(bai)年所形成建(jian)筑(zhu)結構的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)格(ge)局(ju),代(dai)表(biao)著華夏(xia)歷朝(chao)(chao)歷代(dai)千(qian)(qian)百(bai)年傳統文(wen)(wen)化(hua)內涵(han),構成朝(chao)(chao)天宮東、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)三(san)(san)路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民族傳統文(wen)(wen)化(hua)特點的(de)(de)格(ge)局(ju)分布,即東路(lu)江(jiang)寧(ning)府學,包括學署、名賢(xian)祠(ci)、鄉宦祠(ci),代(dai)表(biao)府學科考(kao)、培(pei)養名賢(xian)學士(shi)的(de)(de)仕途文(wen)(wen)化(hua):中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)路(lu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)寧(ning)府文(wen)(wen)廟(miao),代(dai)表(biao)孔子儒(ru)家(jia)禮教的(de)(de)品行(xing)道德(de),思想意識(shi)形態的(de)(de)主流(liu)(liu)儒(ru)學價值觀(guan);西(xi)路(lu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)卞壼父(fu)子的(de)(de)卞公(gong)祠(ci)、父(fu)子忠(zhong)(zhong)孝墓,代(dai)表(biao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華傳統忠(zhong)(zhong)孝貞(zhen)節、功(gong)德(de)千(qian)(qian)秋的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)生境界目標,以及“忠(zhong)(zhong)孝莉智信、仁(ren)義廉恥勇”的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)生行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)標準。以上寓(yu)意的(de)(de)三(san)(san)大傳統文(wen)(wen)化(hua)建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun),代(dai)表(biao)著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民族千(qian)(qian)余年主流(liu)(liu)傳統文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳承(cheng)、發展(zhan)的(de)(de)大格(ge)局(ju)。
卞(bian)壸堅(jian)守(shou)舊禮(li)(li),如繼母(mu)死后(hou)(hou),在(zai)她(ta)下葬(zang)后(hou)(hou)晉元(yuan)帝就命(ming)他復職,但他都一(yi)直不肯(ken),最后(hou)(hou)更(geng)上書元(yuan)帝,陳說自己(ji)一(yi)定要(yao)守(shou)孝(xiao),最終令元(yuan)帝讓他完成守(shou)喪期(qi)。又一(yi)次淮南(nan)郡中(zhong)正(zheng)王(wang)(wang)式(shi)有(you)一(yi)繼母(mu),其(qi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)夫(fu)逝世后(hou)(hou),嫁給了王(wang)(wang)式(shi)的(de)(de)父親(qin),后(hou)(hou)來王(wang)(wang)式(shi)的(de)(de)父親(qin)逝世,在(zai)服(fu)(fu)喪期(qi)滿后(hou)(hou),要(yao)回前(qian)(qian)(qian)夫(fu)家(jia)中(zhong),前(qian)(qian)(qian)夫(fu)家(jia)中(zhong)也有(you)繼子,對(dui)王(wang)(wang)式(shi)的(de)(de)繼母(mu)奉養(yang)至終,后(hou)(hou)與前(qian)(qian)(qian)夫(fu)合(he)(he)葬(zang)。王(wang)(wang)式(shi)自己(ji)說,在(zai)其(qi)父親(qin)臨(lin)終之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian),其(qi)繼母(mu)曾請(qing)求回前(qian)(qian)(qian)夫(fu)家(jia)中(zhong),而王(wang)(wang)式(shi)的(de)(de)父親(qin)已經(jing)答應。于(yu)是依禮(li)(li)制應當服(fu)(fu)“齊(qi)衰”之(zhi)喪,即(ji)服(fu)(fu)喪一(yi)年,未(wei)像對(dui)親(qin)母(mu)一(yi)樣服(fu)(fu)喪三年。但卞(bian)壸認為(wei)這不合(he)(he)禮(li)(li),更(geng)認為(wei)王(wang)(wang)式(shi)有(you)錯,不以禮(li)(li)法(fa)行事,沒資格任審核人的(de)(de)小中(zhong)正(zheng)一(yi)職。最終王(wang)(wang)式(shi)經(jing)鄉邑清議,終身(shen)不被任命(ming)為(wei)官。
卞(bian)壸(kun)除(chu)了遵從(cong)禮(li)法,更加(jia)不(bu)畏權(quan)貴。如在(zai)王式(shi)一事,他順道亦彈劾(he)司(si)徒(tu)荀組和(he)揚州(zhou)大(da)中正兼侍中陸曄和(he)淮(huai)南大(da)中正兼散騎侍郎(lang)胡(hu)弘不(bu)能崇(chong)正禮(li)法,失職應被免(mian)職和(he)削減封(feng)地,并由(you)廷(ting)(ting)尉定罪。最終由(you)元帝下令(ling)赦免(mian)三人(ren)。后明帝即位,王導(dao)因病(bing)而不(bu)參加(jia)登位進璽的儀式(shi),卞(bian)壸(kun)嚴肅地說:“王公還怎是(shi)國家重臣(chen)!皇帝正在(zai)舉殯,新君又未(wei)立,難道是(shi)人(ren)臣(chen)以(yi)病(bing)推(tui)托的時間(jian)!”王導(dao)聽后便(bian)抱病(bing)趕去(qu)。及后朝廷(ting)(ting)召(zhao)樂廣子樂謨和(he)庾(yu)珉之子庾(yu)怡分別任郡(jun)中正和(he)廷(ting)(ting)尉評,二人(ren)都(dou)以(yi)長輩有(you)命為由(you)推(tui)辭(ci),但卞(bian)壸(kun)卻上(shang)書認為人(ren)臣(chen)不(bu)應以(yi)私廢公,更指二人(ren)的父親(qin)既(ji)受晉室恩寵(chong),自(zi)己也(ye)(ye)不(bu)再(zai)是(shi)屬于自(zi)己一人(ren),其后代也(ye)(ye)是(shi)一樣。如此二人(ren)皆逼不(bu)得(de)已而接受任命。及后王導(dao)以(yi)病(bing)不(bu)上(shang)朝,卻私下為車騎將(jiang)軍(jun)郗鑒(jian)送行,卞(bian)壸(kun)便(bian)指王導(dao)徇私枉法,無大(da)臣(chen)的氣節;另指御史中丞鐘(zhong)雅曲解王典,監察不(bu)加(jia)準繩。卞(bian)壸(kun)并上(shang)奏(zou)將(jiang)王導(dao)和(he)鐘(zhong)雅免(mian)官,雖然最終都(dou)沒有(you)執行,但都(dou)令(ling)朝中震驚(jing)。
卞(bian)(bian)壸為官實干,以褒貶(bian)人事(shi)為己任,并且(qie)努力工作,試圖監督世間,將世道導入(ru)正軌,因而都(dou)不同(tong)意當時的風氣,因此在當時都(dou)沒(mei)什么稱譽。而且(qie)卞(bian)(bian)壸亦(yi)廉(lian)潔節(jie)儉,生活都(dou)簡約樸素。
晉安(an)(an)帝義熙九(jiu)年(nian)(413年(nian)),有盜墓(mu)者盜卞壸(kun)墓(mu),打(da)開棺(guan)木(mu)搜掠陪葬(zang)品(pin)時發現(xian)卞壸(kun)面色如同活著般,雙手(shou)握拳,指甲更長得延展穿過手(shou)背,(見晉書(shu)“爪(zhua)甲穿達(da)手(shou)背”)安(an)(an)帝下(xia)詔賜予錢(qian)十萬,修復其(qi)墓(mu)。
《晉(jin)書·卷七十·列傳第四十》
卞壸,字望(wang)之,濟陰冤(yuan)句人(ren)也(ye)。祖統,瑯邪內史。父粹(cui),以(yi)清(qing)辯鑒(jian)察稱(cheng)。兄弟六(liu)人(ren)并登宰(zai)府,世(shi)稱(cheng)“卞氏六(liu)龍,玄仁無雙(shuang)”。玄仁,粹(cui)字也(ye)。弟裒,嘗忤(wu)其郡將(jiang),郡將(jiang)怒訐其門(men)內之私(si),粹(cui)遂(sui)以(yi)不訓(xun)見譏議(yi),陵遲積(ji)年。惠帝初,為(wei)尚書郎。楊(yang)駿執政,人(ren)多附會,而粹(cui)正直不阿。及(ji)駿誅,超拜右丞,封成陽縣子,稍(shao)遷至右軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)。張華之誅,粹(cui)以(yi)華婿免(mian)官。齊王(wang)冏輔政,為(wei)侍中(zhong)、中(zhong)書令,進(jin)爵為(wei)公。及(ji)長沙王(wang)司馬乂(yi)專權,粹(cui)立朝正色,乂(yi)忌(ji)而害(hai)之。初,粹(cui)如廁,見物(wu)若兩(liang)眼,俄而難作(zuo)。
壸(kun)(kun)弱冠(guan)有名(ming)譽,司兗二州、齊王冏辟(pi),皆(jie)不(bu)就(jiu)(jiu)。遇家禍,還鄉里。永嘉中(zhong),除著作郎(lang),襲父爵(jue)。征東(dong)將軍周(zhou)馥(fu)請為(wei)從(cong)事中(zhong)郎(lang),不(bu)就(jiu)(jiu)。遭(zao)本州傾覆(fu),東(dong)依妻兄徐州刺(ci)史裴盾。盾以壸(kun)(kun)行廣陵(ling)相。元(yuan)帝鎮(zhen)建鄴,召為(wei)從(cong)事中(zhong)郎(lang),委以選舉,甚(shen)見親杖(zhang)。出為(wei)明帝東(dong)中(zhong)郎(lang)長史。遭(zao)繼(ji)母(mu)憂,既葬,起復舊(jiu)職,累辭不(bu)就(jiu)(jiu)。元(yuan)帝遣中(zhong)使敦(dun)逼,壸(kun)(kun)箋自陳曰:
壸(kun)天性(xing)狷(juan)狹,不能和(he)俗,退(tui)以情(qing)事,欲(yu)畢(bi)志家(jia)門(men)。亡父往(wang)為(wei)中書令,時壸(kun)蒙(meng)大例,望(wang)門(men)見(jian)辟,信其(qi)所(suo)執(zhi),得(de)(de)不祗就。門(men)戶遇禍,迸竄易名,得(de)(de)存視息,私志有(you)素。加嬰(ying)極難,流寄(ji)蘭陵,為(wei)茍晞所(suo)召(zhao),恐(kong)見(jian)逼(bi)迫,依下邳(pi)裴盾(dun),又(you)見(jian)假授,思(si)暫之郡,規得(de)(de)托(tuo)身。尋蒙(meng)見(jian)召(zhao),為(wei)從事中郎,豈曰貪榮(rong),直(zhi)欲(yu)自(zi)致,規暫恭(gong)命,行當(dang)乞(qi)退(tui)。屬華(hua)軼之難,不敢(gan)自(zi)陳。軼既梟懸,壸(kun)亦嬰(ying)病,具自(zi)歸(gui)聞,未蒙(meng)恕(shu)遣。世子北(bei)征,選寵顯望(wang),復以無施,忝充元(yuan)佐(zuo)。榮(rong)則榮(rong)矣,實非素懷。顧以命重人輕,不敢(gan)辭憚。聞西臺召(zhao)壸(kun)為(wei)尚書郎,實欲(yu)因此(ci)以避(bi)賢(xian)路,未及陳誠,奄丁窮罰。
壸(kun)年(nian)九歲,為先母弟表(biao)所(suo)見孤背。十二,蒙(meng)亡(wang)母張所(suo)見覆(fu)育。壸(kun)以陋賤,不(bu)能榮(rong)親,家(jia)產屢空,養道多闕,存無歡娛,終不(bu)備禮,拊(fu)心(xin)永恨,五內抽(chou)割。于公無效如彼,私(si)情(qing)艱(jian)苦如此,實無情(qing)顏昧冒榮(rong)進。若(ruo)廢壸(kun)一人,江北便有(you)傾危(wei)之(zhi)慮,壸(kun)居事(shi)之(zhi)日功績(ji)以隆者,誠不(bu)得私(si)其身。今(jin)東(dong)中郎岐嶷自然,神明日茂,軍司馬、諸(zhu)參佐并(bing)以明德宣力王事(shi),壸(kun)之(zhi)去(qu)留(liu),會無損益。賀循、謝端(duan)、顧景、丁(ding)琛、傅晞等皆荷恩(en)命,高枕家(jia)門。壸(kun)委質二府,漸(jian)冉(ran)五載,考效則不(bu)能已彰,論心(xin)則頻累恭順,奈何哀孤之(zhi)日不(bu)見愍恕哉(zai)!
帝以其(qi)辭苦,不奪(duo)其(qi)志(zhi)。
服闋(que),為世子(zi)師。壸前后居(ju)師佐(zuo)之任,盡匡輔之節,一(yi)府貴(gui)而憚(dan)焉。中興建,補太子(zi)中庶子(zi),轉(zhuan)散騎常(chang)侍,侍講東宮。遷太子(zi)詹事(shi),以公事(shi)免(mian)。尋復職,轉(zhuan)御(yu)史中丞。忠(zhong)于事(shi)上,權貴(gui)屏跡。
時(shi)(shi)淮南小(xiao)中正王(wang)式(shi)(shi)繼母(mu)(mu),前(qian)夫終(zhong)(zhong),更(geng)適(shi)式(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)(fu)。式(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)(fu)終(zhong)(zhong),喪(sang)服訖,議(yi)還前(qian)夫家(jia)。前(qian)夫家(jia)亦有繼子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),奉養(yang)至終(zhong)(zhong),遂合(he)葬(zang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)前(qian)夫。式(shi)(shi)自(zi)云(yun):“父(fu)(fu)(fu)臨終(zhong)(zhong),母(mu)(mu)求(qiu)(qiu)去(qu),父(fu)(fu)(fu)許(xu)(xu)諾。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是制(zhi)出(chu)母(mu)(mu)齊衰期。壸奏(zou)(zou)曰:“就如式(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)(fu)臨終(zhong)(zhong)許(xu)(xu)諾,必(bi)也(ye)正名,依禮為(wei)(wei)無所據。若夫有命,須(xu)顯七(qi)出(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責,當(dang)存(cun)時(shi)(shi)棄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),無緣以(yi)(yi)絕(jue)義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻留家(jia)制(zhi)服。若式(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)(fu)臨困(kun)謬(miu)亂,使去(qu)留自(zi)由者(zhe),此必(bi)為(wei)(wei)相(xiang)要以(yi)(yi)非(fei)(fei)(fei)禮,則(ze)存(cun)亡(wang)無所得從(cong),式(shi)(shi)宜正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)禮。魏(wei)顆(ke)父(fu)(fu)(fu)命不(bu)(bu)(bu)從(cong)其(qi)(qi)亂,陳乾(qian)昔(xi)欲以(yi)(yi)二(er)婢子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)殉,其(qi)(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)非(fei)(fei)(fei)禮不(bu)(bu)(bu)從(cong),《春秋》、《禮記》善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。并以(yi)(yi)妾(qie)勝,猶(you)正以(yi)(yi)禮,況其(qi)(qi)母(mu)(mu)乎(hu)!式(shi)(shi)母(mu)(mu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)夫,生事(shi)(shi)奉終(zhong)(zhong),非(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)既(ji)(ji)絕(jue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻。夫亡(wang)制(zhi)服,不(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)無義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)婦。自(zi)云(yun)守(shou)節,非(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)更(geng)嫁。離(li)絕(jue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)斷(duan),在(zai)夫沒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)。夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)既(ji)(ji)沒,是其(qi)(qi)從(cong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日(ri),而式(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)出(chu)母(mu)(mu),此母(mu)(mu)以(yi)(yi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)出(chu)也(ye)。致使存(cun)無所容居(ju),沒無所托也(ye)。寄(ji)命于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)他人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)(men),埋尸于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)無名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冢。若式(shi)(shi)父(fu)(fu)(fu)亡(wang)后(hou),母(mu)(mu)尋沒于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)式(shi)(shi)家(jia),必(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)出(chu)母(mu)(mu)明矣(yi)(yi)。許(xu)(xu)諾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命一耳,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)母(mu)(mu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)同居(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi),至沒前(qian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)(men)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)母(mu)(mu),此為(wei)(wei)制(zhi)離(li)絕(jue)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)二(er)居(ju),裁出(chu)否于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)意斷(duan)。離(li)絕(jue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)斷(duan),非(fei)(fei)(fei)式(shi)(shi)而誰(shui)!假使二(er)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)皆此母(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生,母(mu)(mu)戀前(qian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),求(qiu)(qiu)去(qu)求(qiu)(qiu)絕(jue),非(fei)(fei)(fei)禮于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)家(jia),還反又(you)非(fei)(fei)(fei)禮于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)前(qian)門(men)(men),去(qu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可去(qu),還不(bu)(bu)(bu)可還,則(ze)為(wei)(wei)無寄(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人也(ye)。式(shi)(shi)必(bi)內盡匡(kuang)諫,外極防閑,不(bu)(bu)(bu)絕(jue)明矣(yi)(yi)。何至守(shou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)移于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)至親,略情禮于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)假繼乎(hu)!繼母(mu)(mu)如母(mu)(mu),圣(sheng)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)。式(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)國士,閏(run)門(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內犯(fan)禮違(wei)義,開辟未有,于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)父(fu)(fu)(fu)則(ze)無追(zhui)亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善,于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)母(mu)(mu)則(ze)無孝(xiao)(xiao)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,存(cun)則(ze)去(qu)留自(zi)由,亡(wang)則(ze)合(he)葬(zang)路人,可謂(wei)生事(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)禮,死(si)葬(zang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)禮者(zhe)也(ye)。虧(kui)損世(shi)教(jiao)(jiao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以(yi)(yi)居(ju)人倫詮正之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任。案侍(shi)中、司徒、臨潁公組敷宣五教(jiao)(jiao),實在(zai)任人,而含(han)容違(wei)禮,曾不(bu)(bu)(bu)貶(bian)黜,揚州大中正、侍(shi)中、平望亭侯曄,淮南大中正、散騎侍(shi)郎(lang)弘,顯執邦論,朝野(ye)取信(xin),曾不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)率禮正違(wei),崇孝(xiao)(xiao)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao),并為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)勝其(qi)(qi)任。請以(yi)(yi)見(jian)事(shi)(shi)免(mian)組、曄、弘官,大鴻臚削爵土,廷尉結罪。”疏奏(zou)(zou),詔特原組等,式(shi)(shi)付(fu)鄉邑清議(yi),廢棄終(zhong)(zhong)身(shen)。壸遷吏部尚書。王(wang)含(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)難,加中軍(jun)將軍(jun)。含(han)滅,以(yi)(yi)功封建興(xing)縣公,尋遷領軍(jun)將軍(jun)。
明帝不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)豫,領尚書(shu)令(ling),與(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)(dao)等(deng)俱受顧命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)輔(fu)幼(you)主。復拜右將軍(jun),加給事中(zhong)、尚書(shu)令(ling)。帝崩,成帝即位,群臣(chen)(chen)進璽(xi),司徒王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)(dao)以(yi)(yi)疾不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至(zhi)。壸(kun)正(zheng)色于朝曰(yue):“王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)豈社稷之(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)邪!大行(xing)大殯,嗣(si)皇未立,寧是(shi)(shi)人臣(chen)(chen)辭(ci)疾之(zhi)時(shi)!”導(dao)(dao)聞之(zhi),乃輿疾而(er)(er)至(zhi)。皇太(tai)后臨朝,壸(kun)與(yu)庾亮對直省中(zhong),共(gong)參(can)機要。時(shi)召南陽(yang)樂(le)謨(mo)(mo)為(wei)(wei)郡中(zhong)正(zheng),潁(ying)川庾怡為(wei)(wei)廷(ting)尉評。謨(mo)(mo)、怡各稱(cheng)(cheng)父(fu)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)就。壸(kun)奏曰(yue):“人無(wu)非(fei)(fei)父(fu)而(er)(er)生,職無(wu)非(fei)(fei)事而(er)(er)立。有(you)父(fu)必有(you)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),居(ju)職必有(you)悔。有(you)家(jia)各私其子,此(ci)(ci)為(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)者(zhe)無(wu)人,職不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)軌物,官(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立政。如此(ci)(ci)則(ze)(ze)先圣之(zhi)言廢,五教之(zhi)訓塞,君臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)道(dao)散,上(shang)下之(zhi)化替矣(yi)。樂(le)廣以(yi)(yi)平夷稱(cheng)(cheng),庾珉以(yi)(yi)忠篤顯,受寵(chong)圣世(shi),身非(fei)(fei)己有(you),況及后嗣(si)而(er)(er)可(ke)專哉!所居(ju)之(zhi)職若(ruo)順(shun)夫群心,則(ze)(ze)戰戍者(zhe)之(zhi)父(fu)母皆(jie)當以(yi)(yi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)子,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)處(chu)也。若(ruo)順(shun)謨(mo)(mo)父(fu)之(zhi)意(yi),則(ze)(ze)人皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)郡中(zhong)正(zheng),人倫廢矣(yi)。順(shun)怡父(fu)之(zhi)意(yi),人皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)獄官(guan),則(ze)(ze)刑辟息矣(yi)。凡如是(shi)(shi)者(zhe),其可(ke)聽歟(yu)?若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)聽,何以(yi)(yi)許謨(mo)(mo)、怡之(zhi)得(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)父(fu)命(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)乎!此(ci)(ci)為(wei)(wei)謨(mo)(mo)以(yi)(yi)名(ming)父(fu)子可(ke)虧法,怡是(shi)(shi)親戚可(ke)以(yi)(yi)自(zi)專。以(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)二途服人示世(shi),臣(chen)(chen)所未悟也。宜一(yi)切班下,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)以(yi)(yi)私廢公(gong)。絕(jue)其表疏,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)永(yong)制(zhi)。”朝議以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)然。謨(mo)(mo)、怡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)已,各居(ju)所職。是(shi)(shi)時(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)(dao)稱(cheng)(cheng)疾不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朝,而(er)(er)私送車騎將軍(jun)郗鑒,壸(kun)奏以(yi)(yi)導(dao)(dao)虧法從私,無(wu)大臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)節。御史中(zhong)丞鐘雅阿撓王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)典(dian),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)加準繩(sheng),并請免官(guan)。雖(sui)事寢不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing),舉(ju)朝震肅。壸(kun)斷裁切直,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)畏強御,皆(jie)此(ci)(ci)類也。
壸(kun)(kun)干實當(dang)(dang)官,以褒(bao)貶為(wei)(wei)己任,勤于(yu)吏事,欲軌正督世(shi),不(bu)(bu)肯茍同(tong)時好。然性不(bu)(bu)弘(hong)(hong)裕,才(cai)不(bu)(bu)副意,故為(wei)(wei)諸名(ming)士(shi)所少,而無(wu)(wu)卓爾(er)(er)優譽(yu)。明帝(di)深器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)諸大臣而最任職。阮孚每謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue);“卿恒無(wu)(wu)閑(xian)泰,常如含瓦石,不(bu)(bu)亦勞乎?”壸(kun)(kun)曰(yue):“諸君以道德恢(hui)弘(hong)(hong),風(feng)流(liu)相尚,執鄙吝者,非壸(kun)(kun)而誰!”時貴游(you)子(zi)弟多慕王(wang)(wang)澄(cheng)、謝鯤為(wei)(wei)達,壸(kun)(kun)厲色于(yu)朝(chao)曰(yue):“悖禮傷教,罪(zui)莫(mo)斯(si)甚!中(zhong)朝(chao)傾覆,實由于(yu)此。”欲奏推之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。王(wang)(wang)導(dao)、庾亮不(bu)(bu)從,乃止,然而聞(wen)者莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)折節。時王(wang)(wang)導(dao)以勛德輔政,成帝(di)每幸(xing)其(qi)宅,嘗拜導(dao)婦(fu)曹(cao)氏。侍(shi)中(zhong)孔坦密表(biao)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)拜。導(dao)聞(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue):“王(wang)(wang)茂(mao)弘(hong)(hong)駑(nu)疴耳,若卞望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巖(yan)巖(yan),刁玄亮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察察,戴若思之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)峰岠(ju),當(dang)(dang)敢爾(er)(er)邪(xie)!”壸(kun)(kun)廉潔儉素,居甚貧(pin)約。息當(dang)(dang)婚,詔(zhao)特賜錢五十萬(wan),固辭不(bu)(bu)受。后患面創,累(lei)乞解職。
拜(bai)光祿大夫,加散騎常侍。時庾亮將(jiang)(jiang)征蘇峻(jun),言于(yu)朝曰(yue):“峻(jun)狼子野(ye)心,終必為(wei)亂。當下征之(zhi),縱不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)順命(ming),為(wei)禍猶淺。若(ruo)復(fu)經年,為(wei)惡滋蔓(man),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)復(fu)制。此(ci)是朝錯勸漢景帝(di)早削七國事也。”當時議(yi)者無(wu)以(yi)(yi)易(yi)之(zhi)。壸(kun)固爭(zheng),謂亮曰(yue):“峻(jun)擁(yong)強兵,多藏無(wu)賴,且(qie)(qie)逼近京(jing)邑,路不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)終朝,一旦有(you)變,易(yi)為(wei)蹉跌。宜深思遠慮,恐未可(ke)倉卒。”亮不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)納。壸(kun)知(zhi)必敗,與平南將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)溫(wen)嶠書曰(yue):“元(yuan)規(gui)召峻(jun)意(yi)定(ding),懷此(ci)於(wu)邑。溫(wen)生足下,柰此(ci)事何(he)!吾今(jin)所慮,是國之(zhi)大事,且(qie)(qie)峻(jun)已出狂意(yi),而召之(zhi)更速,必縱其群惡以(yi)(yi)向朝廷(ting)。朝廷(ting)威力誠桓(huan)桓(huan),交須接鋒(feng)履刃,尚(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)便可(ke)即(ji)擒不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)?王公(gong)亦同此(ci)情。吾與之(zhi)爭(zheng)甚(shen)懇切,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)如(ru)(ru)之(zhi)何(he)。本出足下為(wei)外籓任,而今(jin)恨(hen)出足下在(zai)外。若(ruo)卿在(zai)內(nei)(nei)俱諫,必當相(xiang)從。今(jin)內(nei)(nei)外戒嚴,四方有(you)備(bei),峻(jun)兇狂必無(wu)所至耳,恐不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)使無(wu)傷,如(ru)(ru)何(he)?”壸(kun)司馬任臺勸壸(kun)宜畜良馬,以(yi)(yi)備(bei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)虞。壸(kun)笑(xiao)曰(yue):“以(yi)(yi)順逆論之(zhi),理無(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)濟。若(ruo)萬一不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然,豈(qi)須馬哉!”峻(jun)果稱(cheng)兵。壸(kun)復(fu)為(wei)尚(shang)書令、右將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)、領右衛將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun),余(yu)官如(ru)(ru)故。
峻(jun)至東(dong)陵口,詔以(yi)壸(kun)都督大桁(heng)東(dong)諸軍事、假節,復加領軍將軍、給(gei)事中(zhong),壸(kun)率郭默、趙胤(yin)等(deng)與(yu)峻(jun)大戰于(yu)西陵,為峻(jun)所破。壸(kun)與(yu)鐘(zhong)雅皆退還,死傷者以(yi)千數。壸(kun)、雅并還節,詣闕謝(xie)罪(zui)。峻(jun)進攻青溪,壸(kun)與(yu)諸軍距擊,不(bu)能禁。賊放火燒宮(gong)寺,六軍敗績。壸(kun)時發背創(chuang),猶未合,力(li)疾而(er)戰,率厲散眾及左右吏數百人,攻賊麾(hui)下,苦戰,遂死之,時年四十八。二子眕、盱見(jian)父沒,相隨赴賊,同時見(jian)害。
峻平(ping),朝(chao)議贈(zeng)(zeng)壸左光(guang)祿大夫(fu)(fu)(fu),加散(san)騎常侍。尚(shang)書郎弘(hong)訥(ne)(ne)議以(yi)為(wei)“死事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)古今所重(zhong),卞令(ling)忠(zhong)(zhong)貞(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)節,當書于(yu)竹帛。今之(zhi)(zhi)追(zhui)贈(zeng)(zeng),實未副眾望,謂(wei)宜(yi)加鼎司(si)之(zhi)(zhi)號,以(yi)旌(jing)忠(zhong)(zhong)烈之(zhi)(zhi)勛(xun)”。司(si)徒王導見議,進贈(zeng)(zeng)驃騎將軍,加侍中。訥(ne)(ne)重(zhong)議曰:“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)事(shi)親莫大于(yu)孝(xiao)(xiao),事(shi)君莫尚(shang)于(yu)忠(zhong)(zhong)。唯孝(xiao)(xiao)也,故能盡敬(jing)竭誠;唯忠(zhong)(zhong)也,故能見危授命。此在(zai)三之(zhi)(zhi)大節,臣(chen)(chen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)極行(xing)也。案壸委質三朝(chao),盡規翼亮,遭世險(xian)難(nan),存亡以(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)。受顧托之(zhi)(zhi)重(zhong),居端右之(zhi)(zhi)任(ren),擁衛(wei)至尊,則(ze)有(you)保傅之(zhi)(zhi)恩(en);正(zheng)色在(zai)朝(chao),則(ze)有(you)匪躬之(zhi)(zhi)節。賊峻造逆,戮(lu)力致(zhi)討,身當矢旝(guai),再對賊鋒,父子(zi)(zi)(zi)并命,可謂(wei)破家為(wei)國,守死勤事(shi)。昔許男疾終,猶蒙二等之(zhi)(zhi)贈(zeng)(zeng),況壸伏節國難(nan)者乎!夫(fu)(fu)(fu)賞(shang)疑從重(zhong),況在(zai)不疑!謂(wei)可上準許穆,下同嵇(ji)紹,則(ze)允合典謨,克厭眾望。”于(yu)是(shi)改贈(zeng)(zeng)壸侍中、驃騎將軍、開府儀同三司(si),謚(shi)曰忠(zhong)(zhong)貞(zhen),祠以(yi)太牢。贈(zeng)(zeng)世子(zi)(zi)(zi)眕(zhen)散(san)騎侍郎,眕(zhen)弟盱奉(feng)車都尉。珍(zhen)母裴(pei)氏(shi)撫二子(zi)(zi)(zi)尸哭曰:“父為(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)臣(chen)(chen),汝為(wei)孝(xiao)(xiao)子(zi)(zi)(zi),夫(fu)(fu)(fu)何恨乎!”征士翟(zhai)湯聞(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)嘆(tan)曰:“父死于(yu)君,子(zi)(zi)(zi)死于(yu)父,忠(zhong)(zhong)孝(xiao)(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),萃于(yu)一(yi)門。”眕(zhen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)誕嗣。
咸康六年,成帝追思壸(kun),下詔(zhao)曰(yue):“壸(kun)立朝忠恪,喪(sang)身兇寇(kou),所封懸遠(yuan),租秩薄少,妻(qi)息不瞻(zhan),以為慨(kai)然!可(ke)給實口廩。”其后盜(dao)發壸(kun)墓,尸僵,鬢發蒼白,面(mian)如生,兩手(shou)悉拳,爪甲穿達(da)手(shou)背。安帝詔(zhao)給錢十萬,以修塋兆(zhao)。
祖(zu)父:卞統(tong),瑯邪內(nei)史。
父親:卞粹
妻子:裴(pei)氏(shi),徐州(zhou)刺史裴(pei)盾的(de)妹妹。
兒(er)子:卞眕,追贈(zeng)散(san)騎(qi)侍郎。卞盱,卞眕弟,追贈(zeng)盱奉車都尉。
孫(sun)子:卞誕,卞眕之子。