2001年4月(yue)中旬至5月(yue)初,由湖北省文物(wu)考(kao)古研究(jiu)所主持,荊門市和鐘(zhong)祥市的(de)文物(wu)考(kao)古工作者(zhe)參(can)加,共同對鐘(zhong)祥市長灘(tan)鎮大洪村(cun)梁莊王(wang)墓(mu)進行了發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)。發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)表明(ming),該墓(mu)是一座王(wang)與妃(fei)的(de)合葬墓(mu),有(you)其獨特的(de)葬俗,墓(mu)內隨葬品(pin)(pin)十分豐富。據初步統計,隨葬品(pin)(pin)有(you)金、銀、玉、(珠)寶(bao)石、銅(tong)、鐵、鉛錫、瓷、陶、漆(qi)木、石、骨角器等共計5300余(yu)件,其中金、銀、玉器有(you)1400余(yu)件,珠飾寶(bao)石則多達3400余(yu)件。一墓(mu)隨葬如(ru)此大量的(de)金銀珠寶(bao),在已發(fa)(fa)現的(de)明(ming)代(dai)親王(wang)墓(mu)中未(wei)見(jian),僅次于明(ming)代(dai)皇陵——定(ding)陵,是繼定(ding)陵之后的(de)又一明(ming)代(dai)重(zhong)要(yao)考(kao)古發(fa)(fa)現。
梁莊王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)原筑(zhu)有(you)(you)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)塋(ying)園(yuan)、園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)面建筑(zhu)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)宮(gong)(gong),歷經(jing)滄桑,現(xian)(xian)存只有(you)(you)地(di)(di)宮(gong)(gong)、內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)塋(ying)園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)北半(ban)部基址,園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)面建筑(zhu)蕩然無存,惟遍(bian)地(di)(di)散布的(de)(de)(de)(de)殘磚(zhuan)敗瓦表(biao)(biao)明(ming)(ming)它們曾(ceng)經(jing)有(you)(you)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌。內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)塋(ying)園(yuan)長(chang)方形,南(nan)北向(xiang)。現(xian)(xian)存外(wai)(wai)園(yuan)東(dong)(dong)西寬(kuan)250米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),內(nei)(nei)園(yuan)東(dong)(dong)西寬(kuan)55米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)塋(ying)垣基址的(de)(de)(de)(de)解剖證明(ming)(ming),外(wai)(wai)垣寬(kuan)1.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皮土(tu)(tu)心(xin)墻(qiang)(qiang)(即(ji)以大(da)小(xiao)不等的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊壘成(cheng)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)兩(liang)堵(du)墻(qiang)(qiang),再用(yong)(yong)土(tu)(tu)充填其(qi)間(jian)),并(bing)(bing)培土(tu)(tu)作護坡(po);內(nei)(nei)垣寬(kuan)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)磚(zhuan)皮石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)心(xin)墻(qiang)(qiang)(以磚(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)兩(liang)堵(du)墻(qiang)(qiang),其(qi)間(jian)充填小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊),也培土(tu)(tu)作護坡(po)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(地(di)(di)宮(gong)(gong))構筑(zhu)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)塋(ying)園(yuan)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座小(xiao)山(shan)坡(po)上,南(nan)北向(xiang),平面呈“中”字形,屬崖洞(dong)(dong)(dong)磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),設(she)有(you)(you)封土(tu)(tu)堆,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南(nan)端(duan)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)斜坡(po)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)豎穴(xue)式(shi),其(qi)底(di)南(nan)高北低斜坡(po)狀,平長(chang)10.6、口最寬(kuan)4.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),北端(duan)底(di)距地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)深(shen)7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。修筑(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)北端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直壁面向(xiang)北鑿巖(yan)掘進,形成(cheng)隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong),再在(zai)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)(nei)用(yong)(yong)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)成(cheng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),粘合料(liao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)為(wei)前(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),橫前(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),雙穹窿頂,前(qian)、后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)雙扇(shan)門和(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)空全長(chang)15.4、最寬(kuan)7.88、高5.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)填土(tu)(tu)分(fen)五層:第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層是(shi)(shi)(shi)從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)外(wai)(wai)精選運來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu),未(wei)夯(hang);第(di)二和(he)(he)四層為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)層,第(di)三和(he)(he)五層則(ze)系原坑(keng)紅褚巖(yan),均經(jing)夯(hang)實。鑿洞(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所掏出的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),最后(hou)(hou)回填成(cheng)封土(tu)(tu)堆,高約9、底(di)徑約50米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。門洞(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)六(liu)層磚(zhuan)券,封門墻(qiang)(qiang)厚達(da)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。券洞(dong)(dong)(dong)頂之上,砌(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)堵(du)擋土(tu)(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang),直達(da)第(di)二層石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)層底(di)。此(ci)墻(qiang)(qiang)頭外(wai)(wai)加砌(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)堵(du)高1.17米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碑墻(qiang)(qiang),碑墻(qiang)(qiang)腳(jiao)壓在(zai)第(di)四層石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)層面上。此(ci)碑墻(qiang)(qiang)嵌石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)志兩(liang)合,東(dong)(dong)西并(bing)(bing)列:東(dong)(dong)邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)志較大(da),是(shi)(shi)(shi)《梁莊王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)》墓(mu)(mu)(mu)志;西邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)志較小(xiao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)《大(da)明(ming)(ming)梁莊王(wang)(wang)妃壙志文》。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墻(qiang)(qiang)體厚近(jin)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),以六(liu)層磚(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)成(cheng),地(di)(di)磚(zhuan)則(ze)只平鋪(pu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層。前(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi),但(dan)只有(you)(you)東(dong)(dong)扇(shan)門,西扇(shan)門已佚(yi),門后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)磚(zhuan)面有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個長(chang)方形凹(ao)坑(keng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)支墊“自來(lai)(lai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)。后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門為(wei)漆(qi)木質(zhi),已朽。后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)有(you)(you)壁龕(kan)、棺床和(he)(he)燈臺:室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中砌(qi)(qi)兩(liang)座長(chang)方形棺床,中央用(yong)(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)砌(qi)(qi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棺床;其(qi)西側(ce)以磚(zhuan)接砌(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)略小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座則(ze)系妃的(de)(de)(de)(de)棺床。甬道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側(ce)各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個磚(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)燈臺,東(dong)(dong)、西、北壁各(ge)(ge)辟(pi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個壁龕(kan)。后(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穹窿頂有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)處被盜(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)子炸陷而未(wei)垮塌的(de)(de)(de)(de)盜(dao)洞(dong)(dong)(dong),說明(ming)(ming)盜(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)子未(wei)曾(ceng)進入墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)。
明(ming)梁莊王(wang)墓是(shi)明(ming)仁宗朱高熾的(de)第九(jiu)個兒子朱瞻垍與(yu)魏妃的(de)合葬(zang)(zang)墓,出(chu)土金器、玉器、瓷器等5300余(yu)件(jian),出(chu)土文物各種鑲嵌的(de)寶石有700多顆,是(shi)中國(guo)已發(fa)掘(jue)明(ming)代(dai)親王(wang)墓中等級最高的(de)一(yi)次,隨葬(zang)(zang)物品的(de)豐富與(yu)精美僅次于明(ming)十三(san)陵(ling)中的(de)定(ding)陵(ling)。
展(zhan)出(chu)的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)鑲寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)帶帶銙(kua)、云(yun)形金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)累(lei)絲鑲寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)簪、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)累(lei)絲鑲寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)青玉鏤空雙(shuang)鸞鳥牡丹簪、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)鑲寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)絳環等,其上(shang)鑲嵌(qian)的(de)紅寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)、藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)、祖(zu)母綠、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)綠寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)綠寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)貓眼、石(shi)(shi)英貓眼等寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)近百顆。在金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)鑲寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)帽頂上(shang),鑲嵌(qian)一(yi)顆約200克拉的(de)橄(gan)欖形無色藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi),是目前發現最(zui)大的(de)藍(lan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)石(shi)(shi)。
據初步統計,墓內的隨(sui)葬器(qi)(qi)物(wu)共(gong)計5340余件,其中(zhong)金(jin)、銀、玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)和珠(zhu)飾(shi)寶(bao)石(shi)有(you)4800余件粗(cu)略計算,這些(xie)珍(zhen)寶(bao)所使用的金(jin)量(liang)達到16公斤,用銀量(liang)達到13公斤,用玉(yu)量(liang)達到14公斤,出土的寶(bao)石(shi)700多(duo)(duo)顆,它們保存完(wan)好,燦燦生(sheng)輝,可(ke)謂金(jin)玉(yu)滿堂(tang),珠(zhu)光寶(bao)氣。這批金(jin)銀玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)既有(you)單件成器(qi)(qi)的,也有(you)由多(duo)(duo)飾(shi)件組成一(yi)器(qi)(qi)的,型式多(duo)(duo)樣。 梁莊王墓的發掘,使大批珍(zhen)貴文物(wu)重見天日,也提出了(le)一(yi)些(xie)新(xin)的研(yan)究課題(ti)。目(mu)前(qian),只完(wan)成了(le)室內整(zheng)理的第一(yi)階段(duan)工作,即將開始(shi)全面的整(zheng)理工作。